Bureaucracy .........................................................................................................................................................1

In Paris, where men of thought and study bear a certain likeness to one another, living as they do in a

common centre, you must have met with several resembling Monsieur Rabourdin, whose acquaintance we

are about to make at a moment when he is head of a bureau in one of our most important ministries. At this

period he was forty years old, with gray hair of so pleasing a shade that women might at a pinch fall in love

with it for it softened a somewhat melancholy countenance, blue eyes full of fire, a skin that was still fair,

though rather ruddy and touched here and there with strong red marks; a forehead and nose a la Louis XV., a

serious mouth, a tall figure, thin, or perhaps wasted, like that of a man just recovering from illness, and

finally, a bearing that was midway between the indolence of a mere idler and the thoughtfulness of a busy

man. If this portrait serves to depict his character, a sketch of this man's dress will bring it still further into

relief. Rabourdin wore habitually a blue surcoat, a white cravat, a waistcoat crossed a la Robespierre, black

trousers without straps, gray silk stockings and low shoes. Wellshaved, and with his stomach warmed by a

cup of coffee, he left home at eight in the morning with the regularity of clockwork, always passing along

the same streets on his way to the ministry: so neat was he, so formal, so starched that he might have been

From these general signs you will readily discern a family man, harassed by vexations in his own household,

worried by annoyances at the ministry, yet philosopher enough to take life as he found it; an honest man,

loving his country and serving it, not concealing from himself the obstacles in the way of those who seek to

do right; prudent, because he knew men; exquisitely courteous with women, of whom he asked nothing,a

man full of acquirements, affable with his inferiors, holding his equals at great distance, and dignified

towards his superiors. At the epoch of which we write, you would have noticed in him the coldly resigned air

of one who has buried the illusions of his youth and renounced every secret ambition; you would have

recognized a discouraged, but not disgusted man, one who still clings to his first projects,more perhaps to

employ his faculties than in the hope of a doubtful success. He was not decorated with any order, and always

accused himself of weakness for having worn that of the Fleurdelis in the early days of the Restoration.

The life of this man was marked by certain mysterious peculiarities. He had never known his father; his

mother, a woman to whom luxury was everything, always elegantly dressed, always on pleasure bent, whose

beauty seemed to him miraculous and whom he very seldom saw, left him little at her death; but she had

given him that too common and incomplete education which produces so much ambition and so little ability.

A few days before his mother's death, when he was just sixteen, he left the Lycee Napoleon to enter as

supernumerary a government office, where an unknown protector had provided him with a place. At

twentytwo years of age Rabourdin became underheadclerk; at twentyfive, headclerk, or, as it was

termed, head of the bureau. From that day the hand that assisted the young man to start in life was never felt

again in his career, except as to a single circumstance; it led him, poor and friendless, to the house of a

Monsieur Leprince, formerly an auctioneer, a widower said to be extremely rich, and father of an only

daughter. Xavier Rabourdin fell desperately in love with Mademoiselle Celestine Leprince, then seventeen

years of age, who had all the matrimonial claims of a dowry of two hundred thousand francs. Carefully

educated by an artistic mother, who transmitted her own talents to her daughter, this young lady was fitted to

attract distinguished men. Tall, handsome, and finelyformed, she was a good musician, drew and painted,

spoke several languages, and even knew something of science,a dangerous advantage, which requires a

woman to avoid carefully all appearance of pedantry. Blinded by mistaken tenderness, the mother gave the

daughter false ideas as to her probable future; to the maternal eyes a duke or an ambassador, a marshal of

France or a minister of State, could alone give her Celestine her due place in society. The young lady had,

moreover, the manners, language, and habits of the great world. Her dress was richer and more elegant than

was suitable for an unmarried girl; a husband could give her nothing more than she now had, except

happiness. Besides all such indulgences, the foolish spoiling of the mother, who died a year after the girl's

marriage, made a husband's task all the more difficult. What coolness and composure of mind were needed to

rule such a woman! Commonplace suitors held back in fear. Xavier Rabourdin, without parents and without

fortune other than his situation under government, was proposed to Celestine by her father. She resisted for a

long time; not that she had any personal objection to her suitor, who was young, handsome, and much in

love, but she shrank from the plain name of Madame Rabourdin. Monsieur Leprince assured his daughter that

Xavier was of the stock that statesmen came of. Celestine answered that a man named Rabourdin would

never be anything under the government of the Bourbons, etc. Forced back to his intrenchments, the father

made the serious mistake of telling his daughter that her future husband was certain of becoming Rabourdin

"de something or other" before he reached the age of admission to the Chamber. Xavier was soon to be

appointed Master of petitions, and generalsecretary at his ministry. From these lower steps of the ladder the

young man would certainly rise to the higher ranks of the administration, possessed of a fortune and a name

bequeathed to him in a certain will of which he, Monsieur Leprince, was cognizant. On this the marriage took

Rabourdin and his wife believed in the mysterious protector to whom the auctioneer alluded. Led away by

such hopes and by the natural extravagance of happy love, Monsieur and Madame Rabourdin spent nearly

one hundred thousand francs of their capital in the first five years of married life. By the end of this time

Celestine, alarmed at the nonadvancement of her husband, insisted on investing the remaining hundred

thousand francs of her dowry in landed property, which returned only a slender income; but her future

inheritance from her father would amply repay all present privations with perfect comfort and ease of life.

When the worthy auctioneer saw his soninlaw disappointed of the hopes they had placed on the nameless

protector, he tried, for the sake of his daughter, to repair the secret loss by risking part of his fortune in a

speculation which had favourable chances of success. But the poor man became involved in one of the

liquidations of the house of Nucingen, and died of grief, leaving nothing behind him but a dozen fine pictures

which adorned his daughter's salon, and a few oldfashioned pieces of furniture, which she put in the garret.

Eight years of fruitless expectation made Madame Rabourdin at last understand that the paternal protector of

her husband must have died, and that his will, if it ever existed, was lost or destroyed. Two years before her

father's death the place of chief of division, which became vacant, was given, over her husband's head, to a

certain Monsieur de la Billardiere, related to a deputy of the Right who was made minister in 1823. It was

enough to drive Rabourdin out of the service; but how could he give up his salary of eight thousand francs

and perquisites, when they constituted three fourths of his income and his household was accustomed to

spend them? Besides, if he had patience for a few more years he would then be entitled to a pension. What a

fall was this for a woman whose high expectations at the opening of her life were more or less warranted, and

Madame Rabourdin had justified the expectations formed of Mademoiselle Leprince; she possessed the

elements of that apparent superiority which pleases the world; her liberal education enabled her to speak to

every one in his or her own language; her talents were real; she showed an independent and elevated mind;

her conversation charmed as much by its variety and ease as by the oddness and originality of her ideas. Such

qualities, useful and appropriate in a sovereign or an ambassadress, were of little service to a household

compelled to jog in the common round. Those who have the gift of speaking well desire an audience; they

like to talk, even if they sometimes weary others. To satisfy the requirements of her mind Madame Rabourdin

took a weekly receptionday and went a great deal into society to obtain the consideration her selflove was

accustomed to enjoy. Those who know Parisian life will readily understand how a woman of her

temperament suffered, and was martyrized at heart by the scantiness of her pecuniary means. No matter what

foolish declarations people make about money, they one and all, if they live in Paris, must grovel before

accounts, do homage to figures, and kiss the forked hoof of the golden calf. What a problem was hers! twelve

thousand francs a year to defray the costs of a household consisting of father, mother, two children, a

chambermaid and cook, living on the second floor of a house in the rue Duphot, in an apartment costing two

thousand francs a year. Deduct the dress and the carriage of Madame before you estimate the gross expenses

of the family, for dress precedes everything; then see what remains for the education of the children (a girl of

eight and a boy of nine, whose maintenance must cost at least two thousand francs besides) and you will find

that Madame Rabourdin could barely afford to give her husband thirty francs a month. That is the position of

Thus it was that this woman who believed herself destined to shine in the world was condemned to use her

mind and her faculties in a sordid struggle, fighting hand to hand with an accountbook. Already, terrible

sacrifice of pride! she had dismissed her manservant, not long after the death of her father. Most women

grow weary of this daily struggle; they complain but they usually end by giving up to fate and taking what

comes to them; Celestine's ambition, far from lessening, only increased through difficulties, and led her,

when she found she could not conquer them, to sweep them aside. To her mind this complicated tangle of the

affairs of life was a Gordian knot impossible to untie and which genius ought to cut. Far from accepting the

pettiness of middleclass existence, she was angry at the delay which kept the great things of life from her

grasp,blaming fate as deceptive. Celestine sincerely believed herself a superior woman. Perhaps she was

right; perhaps she would have been great under great circumstances; perhaps she was not in her right place.

Let us remember there are as many varieties of woman as there are of man, all of which society fashions to

meet its needs. Now in the social order, as in Nature's order, there are more young shoots than there are trees,

more spawn than fullgrown fish, and many great capacities (Athanase Granson, for instance) which die

withered for want of moisture, like seeds on stony ground. There are, unquestionably, household women,

accomplished women, ornamental women, women who are exclusively wives, or mothers, or sweethearts,

women purely spiritual or purely material; just as there are soldiers, artists, artisans, mathematicians, poets,

merchants, men who understand money, or agriculture, or government, and nothing else. Besides all this, the

eccentricity of events leads to endless crosspurposes; many are called and few are chosen is the law of earth

as of heaven. Madame Rabourdin conceived herself fully capable of directing a statesman, inspiring an artist,

helping an inventor and pushing his interests, or of devoting her powers to the financial politics of a

Nucingen, and playing a brilliant part in the great world. Perhaps she was only endeavouring to excuse to her

own mind a hatred for the laundry lists and the duty of overlooking the housekeeping bills, together with the

petty economies and cares of a small establishment. She was superior only in those things where it gave her

pleasure to be so. Feeling as keenly as she did the thorns of a position which can only be likened to that of

SaintLaurence on his gridiron, is it any wonder that she sometimes cried out? So, in her paroxysms of

thwarted ambition, in the moments when her wounded vanity gave her terrible shooting pains, Celestine

turned upon Xavier Rabourdin. Was it not her husband's duty to give her a suitable position in the world? If

she were a man she would have had the energy to make a rapid fortune for the sake of rendering an adored

wife happy! She reproached him for being too honest a man. In the mouth of some women this accusation is a

charge of imbecility. She sketched out for him certain brilliant plans in which she took no account of the

hindrances imposed by men and things; then, like all women under the influence of vehement feeling, she

became in thought as Machiavellian as Gondreville, and more unprincipled than Maxime de Trailles. At such

times Celestine's mind took a wide range, and she imagined herself at the summit of her ideas.

When these fine visions first began Rabourdin, who saw the practical side, was cool. Celestine, much

grieved, thought her husband narrow minded, timid, unsympathetic; and she acquired, insensibly, a wholly

false opinion of the companion of her life. In the first place, she often extinguished him by the brilliancy of

her arguments. Her ideas came to her in flashes, and she sometimes stopped him short when he began an

explanation, because she did not choose to lose the slightest sparkle of her own mind. From the earliest days

of their marriage Celestine, feeling herself beloved and admired by her husband, treated him without

ceremony; she put herself above conjugal laws and the rules of private courtesy by expecting love to pardon

all her little wrongdoings; and, as she never in any way corrected herself, she was always in the ascendant.

In such a situation the man holds to the wife very much the position of a child to a teacher when the latter

cannot or will not recognize that the mind he has ruled in childhood is becoming mature. Like Madame de

Stael, who exclaimed in a room full of people, addressing, as we may say, a greater man than herself, "Do

you know you have really said something very profound!" Madame Rabourdin said of her husband: "He

certainly has a good deal of sense at times." Her disparaging opinion of him gradually appeared in her

behavior through almost imperceptible motions. Her attitude and manners expressed a want of respect.

Without being aware of it she injured her husband in the eyes of others; for in all countries society, before

making up its mind about a man, listens for what his wife thinks of him, and obtains from her what the

When Rabourdin became aware of the mistakes which love had led him to commit it was too late,the

groove had been cut; he suffered and was silent. Like other men in whom sentiments and ideas are of equal

strength, whose souls are noble and their brains well balanced, he was the defender of his wife before the

tribunal of his own judgment; he told himself that nature doomed her to a disappointed life through his fault;

HIS; she was like a thoroughbred English horse, a racer harnessed to a cart full of stones; she it was who

suffered; and he blamed himself. His wife, by dint of constant repetition, had inoculated him with her own

belief in herself. Ideas are contagious in a household; the ninth thermidor, like so many other portentous

events, was the result of female influence. Thus, goaded by Celestine's ambition, Rabourdin had long

considered the means of satisfying it, though he hid his hopes, so as to spare her the tortures of uncertainty.

The man was firmly resolved to make his way in the administration by bringing a strong light to bear upon it.

He intended to bring about one of those revolutions which send a man to the head of either one party or

another in society; but being incapable of so doing in his own interests, he merely pondered useful thoughts

and dreamed of triumphs won for his country by noble means. His ideas were both generous and ambitious;

few officials have not conceived the like; but among officials as among artists there are more miscarriages

Placed in a position where he could study French administration and observe its mechanism, Rabourdin

worked in the circle where his thought revolved, which, we may remark parenthetically, is the secret of much

human accomplishment; and his labor culminated finally in the invention of a new system for the Civil

Service of government. Knowing the people with whom he had to do, he maintained the machine as it then

worked, so it still works and will continue to work; for everybody fears to remodel it, though no one,

according to Rabourdin, ought to be unwilling to simplify it. In his opinion, the problem to be resolved lay in

a better use of the same forces. His plan, in its simplest form, was to revise taxation and lower it in a way that

should not diminish the revenues of the State, and to obtain, from a budget equal to the budgets which now

excite such rabid discussion, results that should be twofold greater than the present results. Long practical

experience had taught Rabourdin that perfection is brought about in all things by changes in the direction of

simplicity. To economize is to simplify. To simplify means to suppress unnecessary machinery; removals

naturally follow. His system, therefore, depended on the weeding out of officials and the establishment of a

new order of administrative offices. No doubt the hatred which all reformers incur takes its rise here.

Removals required by this perfecting process, always illunderstood, threaten the wellbeing of those on

whom a change in their condition is thus forced. What rendered Rabourdin really great was that he was able

to restrain the enthusiasm that possesses all reformers, and to patiently seek out a slow evolving medium for

all changes so as to avoid shocks, leaving time and experience to prove the excellence of each reform. The

grandeur of the result anticipated might make us doubt its possibility if we lose sight of this essential point in

our rapid analysis of his system. It is, therefore, not unimportant to show through his selfcommunings,

however incomplete they might be, the point of view from which he looked at the administrative horizon.

This tale, which is evolved from the very heart of the Civil Service, may also serve to show some of the evils

Xavier Rabourdin, deeply impressed by the trials and poverty which he witnessed in the lives of the

government clerks, endeavored to ascertain the cause of their growing deterioration. He found it in those

petty partial revolutions, the eddies, as it were, of the storm of 1789, which the historians of great social

movements neglect to inquire into, although as a matter of fact it is they which have made our manners and

Formerly, under the monarchy, the bureaucratic armies did not exist. The clerks, few in number, were under

the orders of a prime minister who communicated with the sovereign; thus they directly served the king. The

superiors of these zealous servants were simply called head clerks. In those branches of administration

which the king did not himself direct, such for instance as the "fermes" (the public domains throughout the

country on which a revenue was levied), the clerks were to their superior what the clerks of a businesshouse

are to their employer; they learned a science which would one day advance them to prosperity. Thus, all

points of the circumference were fastened to the centre and derived their life from it. The result was devotion

and confidence. Since 1789 the State, call it the Nation if you like, has replaced the sovereign. Instead of

looking directly to the chief magistrate of this nation, the clerks have become, in spite of our fine patriotic

ideas, the subsidiaries of the government; their superiors are blown about by the winds of a power called "the

administration," and do not know from day to day where they may be on the morrow. As the routine of public

business must go on, a certain number of indispensable clerks are kept in their places, though they hold these

places on sufferance, anxious as they are to retain them. Bureaucracy, a gigantic power set in motion by

dwarfs, was generated in this way. Though Napoleon, by subordinating all things and all men to his will,

retarded for a time the influence of bureaucracy (that ponderous curtain hung between the service to be done

and the man who orders it), it was permanently organized under the constitutional government, which was,

inevitably, the friend of all mediocrities, the lover of authentic documents and accounts, and as meddlesome

as an old tradeswoman. Delighted to see the various ministers constantly struggling against the four hundred

petty minds of the Elected of the Chamber, with their ten or a dozen ambitious and dishonest leaders, the

Civil Service officials hastened to make themselves essential to the warfare by adding their quota of

assistance under the form of written action; they created a power of inertia and named it "Report." Let us

When the kings of France took to themselves ministers, which first happened under Louis XV., they made

them render reports on all important questions, instead of holding, as formerly, grand councils of state with

the nobles. Under the constitutional government, the ministers of the various departments were insensibly led

by their bureaus to imitate this practice of kings. Their time being taken up in defending themselves before

the two Chambers and the court, they let themselves be guided by the leadingstrings of the Report. Nothing

important was ever brought before the government that a minister did not say, even when the case was

urgent, "I have called for a report." The Report thus became, both as to the matter concerned and for the

minister himself, the same as a report to the Chamber of Deputies on a question of laws,namely, a

disquisition in which the reasons for and against are stated with more or less partiality. No real result is

attained; the minister, like the Chamber, is fully as well prepared before as after the report is rendered. A

determination, in whatever matter, is reached in an instant. Do what we will, the moment comes when the

decision must be made. The greater the array of reasons for and against, the less sound will be the judgment.

The finest things of which France can boast have been accomplished without reports and where decisions

were prompt and spontaneous. The dominant law of a statesman is to apply precise formula to all cases, after

Rabourdin, who said to himself: "A minister should have decision, should know public affairs, and direct

their course," saw "Report" rampant throughout France, from the colonel to the marshal, from the

commissary of police to the king, from the prefects to the ministers of state, from the Chamber to the courts.

After 1818 everything was discussed, compared, and weighed, either in speech or writing; public business

took a literary form. France went to ruin in spite of this array of documents; dissertations stood in place of

action; a million of reports were written every year; bureaucracy was enthroned! Records, statistics,

documents, failing which France would have been ruined, circumlocution, without which there could be no

advance, increased, multiplied, and grew majestic. From that day forth bureaucracy used to its own profit the

mistrust that stands between receipts and expenditures; it degraded the administration for the benefit of the

administrators; in short, it spun those lilliputian threads which have chained France to Parisian

centralization,as if from 1500 to 1800 France had undertaken nothing for want of thirty thousand

government clerks! In fastening upon public offices, like a mistletoe on a peartree, these officials

The ministers, compelled to obey the princes or the Chambers who impose upon them the distribution of the

public moneys, and forced to retain the workers in office, proceeded to diminish salaries and increase the

number of those workers, thinking that if more persons were employed by government the stronger the

government would be. And yet the contrary law is an axiom written on the universe; there is no vigor except

where there are few active principles. Events proved in July, 1830, the error of the materialism of the

Restoration. To plant a government in the hearts of a nation it is necessary to bind INTERESTS to it, not

MEN. The governmentclerks being led to detest the administrations which lessened both their salaries and

their importance, treated them as a courtesan treats an aged lover, and gave them mere work for money; a

state of things which would have seemed as intolerable to the administration as to the clerks, had the two

parties dared to feel each other's pulse, or had the higher salaries not succeeded in stifling the voices of the

lower. Thus wholly and solely occupied in retaining his place, drawing his pay, and securing his pension, the

government official thought everything permissible that conduced to these results. This state of things led to

servility on the part of the clerks and to endless intrigues within the various departments, where the humbler

clerks struggled vainly against degenerate members of the aristocracy, who sought positions in the

Superior men could scarcely bring themselves to tread these tortuous ways, to stoop, to cringe, and creep

through the mire of these cloacas, where the presence of a fine mind only alarmed the other denizens. The

ambitious man of genius grows old in obtaining his triple crown; he does not follow in the steps of Sixtus the

Fifth merely to become head of a bureau. No one comes or stays in the government offices but idlers,

incapables, or fools. Thus the mediocrity of French administration has slowly come about. Bureaucracy,

made up entirely of petty minds, stands as an obstacle to the prosperity of the nation; delays for seven years,

by its machinery, the project of a canal which would have stimulated the production of a province; is afraid of

everything, prolongs procrastination, and perpetuates the abuses which in turn perpetuate and consolidate

itself. Bureaucracy holds all things and the administration itself in leading strings; it stifles men of talent who

are bold enough to be independent of it or to enlighten it on its own follies. About the time of which we write

the pension list had just been issued, and on it Rabourdin saw the name of an underling in office rated for a

larger sum than the old colonels, maimed and wounded for their country. In that fact lies the whole history of

Another evil, brought about by modern customs, which Rabourdin counted among the causes of this secret

demoralization, was the fact that there is no real subordination in the administration in Paris; complete

equality reigns between the head of an important division and the humblest copyingclerk; one is as powerful

as the other in an arena outside of which each lords it in his own way. Education, equally distributed through

the masses, brings the son of a porter into a government office to decide the fate of some man of merit or

some landed proprietor whose doorbell his father may have answered. The last comer is therefore on equal

terms with the oldest veteran in the service. A wealthy supernumerary splashes his superior as he drives his

tilbury to Longchamps and points with his whip to the poor father of a family, remarking to the pretty woman

at his side, "That's my chief." The Liberals call this state of things Progress; Rabourdin thought it Anarchy at

the heart of power. He saw how it resulted in restless intrigues, like those of a harem between eunuchs and

women and imbecile sultans, or the petty troubles of nuns full of underhand vexations, or college tyrannies,

or diplomatic manoeuvrings fit to terrify an ambassador, all put in motion to obtain a fee or an increase in

salary; it was like the hopping of fleas harnessed to pasteboard cars, the spitefulness of slaves, often visited

on the minister himself. With all this were the really useful men, the workers, victims of such parasites; men

sincerely devoted to their country, who stood vigorously out from the background of the other incapables, yet

All the higher offices were gained through parliamentary influence, royalty had nothing to do now with them,

and the subordinate clerks became, after a time, merely the runninggear of the machine; the most important

considerations with them being to keep the wheels well greased. This fatal conviction entering some of the

best minds smothered many statements conscientiously written on the secret evils of the national government;

lowered the courage of many hearts, and corrupted sterling honesty, weary of injustice and won to

indifference by deteriorating annoyances. A clerk in the employ of the Rothchilds corresponds with all

England; another, in a government office, may communicate with all the prefects; but where the one learns

the way to make his fortune, the other loses time and health and life to no avail. An undermining evil lies

here. Certainly a nation does not seem threatened with immediate dissolution because an able clerk is sent

away and a middling sort of man replaces him. Unfortunately for the welfare of nations individual men never

seem essential to their existence. But in the long run when the belittling process is fully carried out nations

will disappear. Every one who seeks instruction on this point can look at Venice, Madrid, Amsterdam,

Stockholm, Rome; all places which were formerly resplendent with mighty powers and are now destroyed by

the infiltrating littleness which gradually attained the highest eminence. When the day of struggle came, all

was found rotten, the State succumbed to a weak attack. To worship the fool who succeeds, and not to grieve

over the fall of an able man is the result of our melancholy education, of our manners and customs which

What a difficult undertaking is the rehabilitation of the Civil Service while the liberal cries aloud in his

newspapers that the salaries of clerks are a standing theft, calls the items of the budget a cluster of leeches,

and every year demands why the nation should be saddled with a thousand millions of taxes. In Monsieur

Rabourdin's eyes the clerk in relation to the budget was very much what the gambler is to the game; that

which he wins he puts back again. All remuneration implies something furnished. To pay a man a thousand

francs a year and demand his whole time was surely to organize theft and poverty. A galleyslave costs

nearly as much, and does less. But to expect a man whom the State remunerated with twelve thousand francs

a year to devote himself to his country was a profitable contract for both sides, fit to allure all capacities.

These reflections had led Rabourdin to desire the recasting of the clerical official staff. To employ fewer man,

to double or treble salaries, and do away with pensions, to choose only young clerks (as did Napoleon, Louis

XIV., Richelieu, and Ximenes), but to keep them long and train them for the higher offices and greatest

honors, these were the chief features of a reform which if carried out would be as beneficial to the State as to

the clerks themselves. It is difficult to recount in detail, chapter by chapter, a plan which embraced the whole

budget and continued down through the minutest details of administration in order to keep the whole

synthetical; but perhaps a slight sketch of the principal reforms will suffice for those who understand such

matters, as well as for those who are wholly ignorant of the administrative system. Though the historian's

position is rather hazardous in reproducing a plan which may be thought the politics of a chimneycorner, it

is, nevertheless, necessary to sketch it so as to explain the author of it by his own work. Were the recital of

his efforts to be omitted, the reader would not believe the narrator's word if he merely declared the talent and

Rabourdin's plan divided the government into three ministries, or departments. He thought that if the France

of former days possessed brains strong enough to comprehend in one system both foreign and domestic

affairs, the France of today was not likely to be without its Mazarin, its Suger, its Sully, its de Choiseul, or

its Colbert to direct even vast administrative departments. Besides, constitutionally speaking, three ministries

will agree better than seven; and, in the restricted number there is less chance for mistaken choice; moreover,

it might be that the kingdom would some day escape from those perpetual ministerial oscillations which

interfered with all plans of foreign policy and prevented all ameliorations of home rule. In Austria, where

many diverse united nations present so many conflicting interests to be conciliated and carried forward under

one crown, two statesmen alone bear the burden of public affairs and are not overwhelmed by it. Was France

less prolific of political capacities than Germany? The rather silly game of what are called "constitutional

institutions" carried beyond bounds has ended, as everybody knows, in requiring a great many offices to

satisfy the multifarious ambition of the middle classes. It seemed to Rabourdin, in the first place, natural to

unite the ministry of war with the ministry of the navy. To his thinking the navy was one of the current

expenses of the war department, like the artillery, cavalry, infantry, and commissariat. Surely it was an

absurdity to give separate administrations to admirals and marshals when both were employed to one end,

namely, the defense of the nation, the overthrow of an enemy, and the security of the national possessions.

The ministry of the interior ought in like manner to combine the departments of commerce, police, and

finances, or it belied its own name. To the ministry of foreign affairs belonged the administration of justice,

the household of the king, and all that concerned arts, sciences, and belles lettres. All patronage ought to flow

directly from the sovereign. Such ministries necessitated the supremacy of a council. Each required the work

of two hundred officials, and no more, in its central administration offices, where Rabourdin proposed that

they should live, as in former days under the monarchy. Taking the sum of twelve thousand francs a year for

each official as an average, he estimated seven millions as the cost of the whole body of such officials, which

By thus reducing the ministers to three heads he suppressed departments which had come to be useless,

together with the enormous costs of their maintenance in Paris. He proved that an arrondissement could be

managed by ten men; a prefecture by a dozen at the most; which reduced the entire civil service force

throughout France to five thousand men, exclusive of the departments of war and justice. Under this plan the

clerks of the court were charged with the system of loans, and the ministry of the interior with that of

registration and the management of domains. Thus Rabourdin united in one centre all divisions that were

allied in nature. The mortgage system, inheritance, and registration did not pass outside of their own sphere

of action and only required three additional clerks in the justice courts and three in the royal courts. The

steady application of this principle brought Rabourdin to reforms in the finance system. He merged the

collection of revenue into one channel, taxing consumption in bulk instead of taxing property. According to

his ideas, consumption was the sole thing properly taxable in times of peace. Landtaxes should always be

held in reserve in case of war; for then only could the State justly demand sacrifices from the soil, which was

in danger; but in times of peace it was a serious political fault to burden it beyond a certain limit; otherwise it

could never be depended on in great emergencies. Thus a loan should be put on the market when the country

was tranquil, for at such times it could be placed at par, instead of at fifty per cent loss as in bad times; in war

"The invasion of 1814 and 1815," Rabourdin would say to his friends, "founded in France and practically

explained an institution which neither Law nor Napoleon had been able to establish,I mean Credit."

Unfortunately, Xavier considered the true principles of this admirable machine of civil service very little

understood at the period when he began his labor of reform in 1820. His scheme levied a toll on the

consumption by means of direct taxation and suppressed the whole machinery of indirect taxation. The

levying of the taxes was simplified by a single classification of a great number of articles. This did away with

the more harassing customs at the gates of the cities, and obtained the largest revenues from the remainder,

by lessening the enormous expense of collecting them. To lighten the burden of taxation is not, in matters of

finance, to diminish the taxes, but to assess them better; if lightened, you increase the volume of business by

giving it freer play; the individual pays less and the State receives more. This reform, which may seem

immense, rests on very simple machinery. Rabourdin regarded the tax on personal property as the most

trustworthy representative of general consumption. Individual fortunes are usually revealed in France by

rentals, by the number of servants, horses, carriages, and luxuries, the costs of which are all to the interest of

the public treasury. Houses and what they contain vary comparatively but little, and are not liable to

disappear. After pointing out the means of making a tax list on personal property which should be more

impartial than the existing list, Rabourdin assessed the sums to be brought into the treasury by indirect

taxation as so much per cent on each individual share. A tax is a levy of money on things or persons under

disguises that are more or less specious. These disguises, excellent when the object is to extort money,

become ridiculous in the present day, when the class on which the taxes weigh the heaviest knows why the

State imposes them and by what machinery they are given back. In fact the budget is not a strongbox to hold

what is put into it, but a wateringpot; the more it takes in and the more it pours out the better for the

prosperity of the country. Therefore, supposing there are six millions of taxpayers in easy circumstances

(Rabourdin proved their existence, including the rich) is it not better to make them pay a duty on the

consumption of wine, which would not be more offensive than that on doors and windows and would return a

hundred millions, rather than harass them by taxing the thing itself. By this system of taxation, each

individual taxpayer pays less in reality, while the State receives more, and consumers profit by a vast

reduction in the price of things which the State releases from its perpetual and harassing interference.

Rabourdin's scheme retained a tax on the cultivation of vineyards, so as to protect that industry from the too

great abundance of its own products. Then, to reach the consumption of the poorer taxpayers, the licences of

retail dealers were taxed according to the population of the neighborhoods in which they lived.

In this way, the State would receive without cost or vexatious hindrances an enormous revenue under three

forms; namely, a duty on wine, on the cultivation of vineyards, and on licenses, where now an irritating array

of taxes existed as a burden on itself and its officials. Taxation was thus imposed upon the rich without

overburdening the poor. To give another example. Suppose a share assessed to each person of one or two

francs for the consumption of salt and you obtain ten or a dozen millions; the modern "gabelle" disappears,

the poor breathe freer, agriculture is relieved, the State receives as much, and no taxpayer complains. All

persons, whether they belong to the industrial classes or to the capitalists, will see at once the benefits of a tax

so assessed when they discover how commerce increases, and life is ameliorated in the country districts. In

short, the State will see from year to year the number of her well todo taxpayers increasing. By doing

away with the machinery of indirect taxation, which is very costly (a State, as it were, within a State), both

the public finances and the individual taxpayer are greatly benefited, not to speak of the saving in costs of

The whole subject is indeed less a question of finance than a question of government. The State should

possess nothing of its own, neither forests, nor mines, nor public works. That it should be the owner of

domains was, in Rabourdin's opinion, an administrative contradiction. The State cannot turn its possessions to

profit and it deprives itself of taxes; it thus loses two forms of production. As to the manufactories of the

government, they are just as unreasonable in the sphere of industry. The State obtains products at a higher

cost than those of commerce, produces them more slowly, and loses its tax upon the industry, the

maintenance of which it, in turn, reduces. Can it be thought a proper method of governing a country to

manufacture instead of promoting manufactures? to possess property instead of creating more possessions

and more diverse ones? In Rabourdin's system the State exacted no money security; he allowed only

mortgage securities; and for this reason: Either the State holds the security in specie, and that embarrasses

business and the movement of money; or it invests it at a higher rate than the State itself pays, and that is a

contemptible robbery; or else it loses on the transaction, and that is folly; moreover, if it is obliged at any

time to dispose of a mass of these securities it gives rises in certain cases to terrible bankruptcy.

The territorial tax did not entirely disappear in Rabourdin's plan, he kept a minute portion of it as a point of

departure in case of war; but the productions of the soil were freed, and industry, finding raw material at a

low price, could compete with foreign nations without the deceptive help of customs. The rich carried on the

administration of the provinces without compensation except that of receiving a peerage under certain

conditions. Magistrates, learned bodies, officers of the lower grades found their services honorably rewarded;

no man employed by the government failed to obtain great consideration through the value and extent of his

labors and the excellence of his salary; every one was able to provide for his own future and France was

delivered from the cancer of pensions. As a result Rabourdin's scheme exhibited only seven hundred millions

of expenditures and twelve hundred millions of receipts. A saving of five hundred millions annually had far

more virtue than the accumulation of a sinking fund whose dangers were plainly to be seen. In that fund the

State, according to Rabourdin, became a stockholder, just as it persisted in being a landholder and a

manufacturer. To bring about these reforms without too roughly jarring the existing state of things or

incurring a SaintBartholomew of clerks, Rabourdin considered that an evolution of twenty years would be

Such were the thoughts maturing in Rabourdin's mind ever since his promised place had been given to

Monsieur de la Billardiere, a man of sheer incapacity. This plan, so vast apparently yet so simple in point of

fact, which did away with so many large staffs and so many little offices all equally useless, required for its

presentation to the public mind close calculations, precise statistics, and selfevident proof. Rabourdin had

long studied the budget under its doubleaspect of ways and means and of expenditure. Many a night he had

lain awake unknown to his wife. But so far he had only dared to conceive the plan and fit it prospectively to

the administrative skeleton; all of which counted for nothing,he must gain the ear of a minister capable of

appreciating his ideas. Rabourdin's success depended on the tranquil condition of political affairs, which up

to this time were still unsettled. He had not considered the government as permanently secure until three

hundred deputies at least had the courage to form a compact majority systematically ministerial. An

administration founded on that basis had come into power since Rabourdin had finished his elaborate plan. At

this time the luxury of peace under the Bourbons had eclipsed the warlike luxury of the days when France

shone like a vast encampment, prodigal and magnificent because it was victorious. After the Spanish

campaign, the administration seemed to enter upon an era of tranquillity in which some good might be

accomplished; and three months before the opening of our story a new reign had begun without any apparent

opposition; for the liberalism of the Left had welcomed Charles X. with as much enthusiasm as the Right.

Even clear sighted and suspicious persons were misled. The moment seemed propitious for Rabourdin.

What could better conduce to the stability of the government than to propose and carry through a reform

Never had Rabourdin seemed so anxious and preoccupied as he now did in the mornings as he walked from

his house to the ministry, or at half past four in the afternoon, when he returned. Madame Rabourdin, on her

part, disconsolate over her wasted life, weary of secretly working to obtain a few luxuries of dress, never

appeared so bitterly discontented as now; but, like any wife who is really attached to her husband, she

considered it unworthy of a superior woman to condescend to the shameful devices by which the wives of

some officials eke out the insufficiency of their husband's salary. This feeling made her refuse all intercourse

with Madame Colleville, then very intimate with Francois Keller, whose parties eclipsed those of the rue

Duphot. Nevertheless, she mistook the quietude of the political thinker and the preoccupation of the intrepid

worker for the apathetic torpor of an official broken down by the dulness of routine, vanquished by that most

hateful of all miseries, the mediocrity that simply earns a living; and she groaned at being married to a man

Thus it was that about this period in their lives she resolved to take the making of her husband's fortune on

herself; to thrust him at any cost into a higher sphere, and to hide from him the secret springs of her

machinations. She carried into all her plans the independence of ideas which characterized her, and was

proud to think that she could rise above other women by sharing none of their petty prejudices and by

keeping herself untrammelled by the restraints which society imposes. In her anger she resolved to fight fools

with their own weapons, and to make herself a fool if need be. She saw things coming to a crisis. The time

was favorable. Monsieur de la Billardiere, attacked by a dangerous illness, was likely to die in a few days. If

Rabourdin succeeded him, his talents (for Celestine did vouchsafe him an administrative gift) would be so

thoroughly appreciated that the office of Master of petitions, formerly promised, would now be given to him;

she fancied she saw him the king's commissioner, presenting bills to the Chambers and defending them; then

indeed she could help him; she would even be, if needful, his secretary; she would sit up all night to do the

work! All this to drive in the Bois in a pretty carriage, to equal Madame Delphine de Nucingen, to raise her

salon to the level of Madame Colleville's, to be invited to the great ministerial solemnities, to win listeners

and make them talk of her as "Madame Rabourdin DE something or other" (she had not yet determined on

the estate), just as they did of Madame Firmiani, Madame d'Espard, Madame d'Aiglemont, Madame de

These secret schemes brought some changes into the household. Madame Rabourdin began to walk with a

firm step in the path of DEBT. She set up a manservant, and put him in livery of brown cloth with red pipins,

she renewed parts of her furniture, hung new papers on the walls, adorned her salon with plants and flowers,

always fresh, and crowded it with knickknacks that were then in vogue; then she, who had always shown

scruples as to her personal expenses, did not hesitate to put her dress in keeping with the rank to which she

aspired, the profits of which were discounted in several of the shops where she equipped herself for war. To

make her "Wednesdays" fashionable she gave a dinner on Fridays, the guests being expected to pay their

return visit and take a cup of tea on the following Wednesday. She chose her guests cleverly among

influential deputies or other persons of note who, sooner or later, might advance her interests. In short, she

gathered an agreeable and befitting circle about her. People amused themselves at her house; they said so at

least, which is quite enough to attract society in Paris. Rabourdin was so absorbed in completing his great and

serious work that he took no notice of the sudden reappearance of luxury in the bosom of his family.

Thus the wife and the husband were besieging the same fortress, working on parallel lines, but without each

At the ministry to which Rabourdin belonged there flourished, as generalsecretary, a certain Monsieur

Clement Chardin des Lupeaulx, one of those men whom the tide of political events sends to the surface for a

few years, then engulfs on a stormy night, but whom we find again on a distant shore, tossed up like the

carcass of a wrecked ship which still seems to have life in her. We ask ourselves if that derelict could ever

have held goodly merchandise or served a high emprize, cooperated in some defence, held up the trappings

of a throne, or borne away the corpse of a monarchy. At this particular time Clement des Lupeaulx (the

"Lupeaulx" absorbed the "Chardin") had reached his culminating period. In the most illustrious lives as in the

most obscure, in animals as in secretarygenerals, there is a zenith and there is a nadir, a period when the fur

is magnificent, the fortune dazzling. In the nomenclature which we derive from fabulists, des Lupeaulx

belonged to the species Bertrand, and was always in search of Ratons. As he is one of the principal actors in

this drama he deserves a description, all the more precise because the revolution of July has suppressed his

Moralists usually employ their weapons against obstructive administrations. In their eyes, crime belongs to

the assizes or the policecourts; but the socially refined evils escape their ken; the adroitness that triumphs

under shield of the Code is above them or beneath them; they have neither eyeglass nor telescope; they want

good stout horrors easily visible. With their eyes fixed on the carnivora, they pay no attention to the reptiles;

happily, they abandon to the writers of comedy the shading and colorings of a Chardin des Lupeaulx. Vain

and egotistical, supple and proud, libertine and gourmand, grasping from the pressure of debt, discreet as a

tomb out of which nought issues to contradict the epitaph intended for the passer's eye, bold and fearless

when soliciting, goodnatured and witty in all acceptations of the word, a timely jester, full of tact, knowing

how to compromise others by a glance or a nudge, shrinking from no mudhole, but gracefully leaping it,

intrepid Voltairean, yet punctual at mass if a fashionable company could be met in Saint Thomas

Aquinas,such a man as this secretary general resembled, in one way or another, all the mediocrities who

form the kernel of the political world. Knowing in the science of human nature, he assumed the character of a

listener, and none was ever more attentive. Not to awaken suspicion he was flattering ad nauseum,

Des Lupeaulx was just forty years old. His youth had long been a vexation to him, for he felt that the making

of his career depended on his becoming a deputy. How had he reached his present position? may be asked.

By very simple means. He began by taking charge of certain delicate missions which can be given neither to

a man who respects himself nor to a man who does not respect himself, but are confided to grave and

enigmatic individuals who can be acknowledged or disavowed at will. His business was that of being always

compromised; but his fortunes were pushed as much by defeat as by success. He well understood that under

the Restoration, a period of continual compromises between men, between things, between accomplished

facts and other facts looking on the horizon, it was allimportant for the ruling powers to have a household

drudge. Observe in a family some old charwoman who can make beds, sweep the floors, carry away the dirty

linen, who knows where the silver is kept, how the creditors should be pacified, what persons should be let in

and who must be kept out of the house, and such a creature, even if she has all the vices, and is dirty,

decrepit, and toothless, or puts into the lottery and steals thirty sous a day for her stake, and you will find the

masters like her from habit, talk and consult in her hearing upon even critical matters; she comes and goes,

suggests resources, gets on the scent of secrets, brings the rouge or the shawl at the right moment, lets herself

be scolded and pushed downstairs, and the next morning reappears smiling with an excellent bouillon. No

matter how high a statesman may stand, he is certain to have some household drudge, before whom he is

weak, undecided, disputations with fate, self questioning, selfanswering, and buckling for the fight. Such a

familiar is like the soft wood of savages, which, when rubbed against the hard wood, strikes fire. Sometimes

great geniuses illumine themselves in this way. Napoleon lived with Berthier, Richelieu with Pere Joseph;

des Lupeaulx was the familiar of everybody. He continued friends with fallen ministers and made himself

their intermediary with their successors, diffusing thus the perfume of the last flattery and the first

compliment. He well understood how to arrange all the little matters which a statesman has no leisure to

attend to. He saw necessities as they arose; he obeyed well; he could gloss a base act with a jest and get the

whole value of it; and he chose for the services he thus rendered those that the recipients were not likely to

Thus, when it was necessary to cross the ditch between the Empire and the Restoration, at a time when every

one was looking about for planks, and the curs of the Empire were howling their devotion right and left, des

Lupeaulx borrowed large sums from the usurers and crossed the frontier. Risking all to win all, he bought up

Louis XVIII.'s most pressing debts, and was the first to settle nearly three million of them at twenty per

centfor he was lucky enough to be backed by Gobseck in 1814 and 1815. It is true that Messrs. Gobseck,

Werdet, and Gigonnet swallowed the profits, but des Lupeaulx had agreed that they should have them; he was

not playing for a stake; he challenged the bank, as it were, knowing very well that the king was not a man to

forget this debt of honor. Des Lupeaulx was not mistaken; he was appointed Master of petitions, Knight of

the order of Saint Louis, and officer of the Legion of honor. Once on the ladder of political success, his clever

mind looked about for the means to maintain his foothold; for in the fortified city into which he had wormed

himself, generals do not long keep useless mouths. So to his general trade of household drudge and

gobetween he added that of gratuitous consultation on the secret maladies of power.

After discovering in the socalled superior men of the Restoration their utter inferiority in comparison with

the events which had brought them to the front, he overcame their political mediocrity by putting into their

mouths, at a crisis, the word of command for which men of real talent were listening. It must not be thought

that this word was the outcome of his own mind. Were it so, des Lupeaulx would have been a man of genius,

whereas he was only a man of talent. He went everywhere, collected opinions, sounded consciences, and

caught all the tones they gave out. He gathered knowledge like a true and indefatigable political bee. This

walking Bayle dictionary did not act, however, like that famous lexicon; he did not report all opinions

without drawing his own conclusions; he had the talent of a fly which drops plumb upon the best bit of meat

in the middle of a kitchen. In this way he came to be regarded as an indispensable helper to statesmen. A

belief in his capacity had taken such deep root in all minds that the more ambitious public men felt it was

necessary to compromise des Lupeaulx in some way to prevent his rising higher; they made up to him for his

Nevertheless, feeling that such men were dependent on him, this gleaner of ideas exacted certain dues. He

received a salary on the staff of the National Guard, where he held a sinecure which was paid for by the city

of Paris; he was government commissioner to a secret society; and filled a position of superintendence in the

royal household. His two official posts which appeared on the budget were those of secretarygeneral to his

ministry and Master of petitions. What he now wanted was to be made commander of the Legion of honor,

gentleman of the bedchamber, count, and deputy. To be elected deputy it was necessary to pay taxes to the

amount of a thousand francs; and the miserable homestead of the des Lupeaulx was rated at only five

hundred. Where could he get money to build a mansion and surround it with sufficient domain to throw dust

in the eyes of a constituency? Though he dined out every day, and was lodged for the last nine years at the

cost of the State, and driven about in the minister's equipage, des Lupeaulx possessed absolutely nothing, at

the time when our tale opens, but thirty thousand francs of debtundisputed property. A marriage might

float him and pump the waters of debt out of his bark; but a good marriage depended on his advancement,

and his advancement required that he should be a deputy. Searching about him for the means of breaking

through this vicious circle, he could think of nothing better than some immense service to render or some

delicate intrigue to carry through for persons in power. Alas! conspiracies were out of date; the Bourbons

were apparently on good terms with all parties; and, unfortunately, for the last few years the government had

been so thoroughly held up to the light of day by the silly discussions of the Left, whose aim seemed to be to

make government of any kind impossible in France, that no good strokes of business could be made. The last

In addition to all this, des Lupeaulx complicated matters by believing in the friendship of his minister, to

whom he had the imprudence to express the wish to sit on the ministerial benches. The minister guessed at

the real meaning of the desire, which simply was that des Lupeaulx wanted to strengthen a precarious

position, so that he might throw off all dependence on his chief. The harrier turned against the huntsman; the

minister gave him cuts with the whip and caresses, alternately, and set up rivals to him. But des Lupeaulx

behaved like an adroit courtier with all competitors; he laid traps into which they fell, and then he did prompt

justice upon them. The more he felt himself in danger the more anxious he became for an irremovable

position; yet he was compelled to play low; one moment's indiscretion, and he might lose everything. A

penstroke might demolish his civilian epaulets, his place at court, his sinecure, his two offices and their

advantages; in all, six salaries retained under fire of the law against pluralists. Sometimes he threatened his

minister as a mistress threatens her lover; telling him he was about to marry a rich widow. At such times the

minister petted and cajoled des Lupeaulx. After one of these reconciliations he received the formal promise of

a place in the Academy of Belleslettres on the first vacancy. "It would pay," he said, "the keep of a horse."

His position, so far as it went, was a good one, and Clement Chardin des Lupeaulx flourished in it like a tree

planted in good soil. He could satisfy his vices, his caprices, his virtues and his defects.

The following were the toils of his life. He was obliged to choose, among five or six daily invitations, the

house where he could be sure of the best dinner. Every morning he went to his minister's morning reception

to amuse that official and his wife, and to pet their children. Then he worked an hour or two; that is to say, he

lay back in a comfortable chair and read the newspapers, dictated the meaning of a letter, received visitors

when the minister was not present, explained the work in a general way, caught or shed a few drops of the

holywater of the court, looked over the petitions with an eyeglass, or wrote his name on the margin,a

signature which meant "I think it absurd; do what you like about it." Every body knew that when des

Lupeaulx was interested in any person or in any thing he attended to the matter personally. He allowed the

headclerks to converse privately about affairs of delicacy, but he listened to their gossip. From time to time

he went to the Tuileries to get his cue. And he always waited for the minister's return from the Chamber, if in

session, to hear from him what intrigue or manoeuvre he was to set about. This official sybarite dressed,

dined, and visited a dozen or fifteen salons between eight at night and three in the morning. At the opera he

talked with journalists, for he stood high in their favor; a perpetual exchange of little services went on

between them; he poured into their ears his misleading news and swallowed theirs; he prevented them from

attacking this or that minister on such or such a matter, on the plea that it would cause real pain to their wives

"Say that his bill is worth nothing, and prove it if you can, but do not say that Mariette danced badly. The

devil! haven't we all played our little plays; and which of us knows what will become of him in times like

these? You may be minister yourself tomorrow, you who are spicing the cakes of the 'Constitutionel'

Sometimes, in return, he helped editors, or got rid of obstacles to the performances of some play; gave

gratuities and good dinners at the right moment, or promised his services to bring some affair to a happy

conclusion. Moreover, he really liked literature and the arts; he collected autographs, obtained splendid

albums gratis, and possessed sketches, engravings, and pictures. He did a great deal of good to artists by

simply not injuring them and by furthering their wishes on certain occasions when their selflove wanted

some rather costly gratification. Consequently, he was much liked in the world of actors and actresses,

journalists and artists. For one thing, they had the same vices and the same indolence as himself. Men who

could all say such witty things in their cups or in company with a danseuse, how could they help being

friends? If des Lupeaulx had not been a general secretary he would certainly have been a journalist. Thus, in

that fifteen years' struggle in which the harlequin sabre of epigram opened a breach by which insurrection

As the young fry of clerks looked at this man playing bowls in the gardens of the ministry with the minister's

children, they cracked their brains to guess the secret of his influence and the nature of his services; while, on

the other hand, the aristocrats in all the various ministries looked upon him as a dangerous Mephistopheles,

courted him, and gave him back with usury the flatteries he bestowed in the higher sphere. As difficult to

decipher as a hieroglyphic inscription to the clerks, the vocation of the secretary and his usefulness were as

plain as the rule of three to the selfinterested. This lesser Prince de Wagram of the administration, to whom

the duty of gathering opinions and ideas and making verbal reports thereon was entrusted, knew all the

secrets of parliamentary politics; dragged in the lukewarm, fetched, carried, and buried propositions, said the

Yes and the No that the ministers dared not say for themselves. Compelled to receive the first fire and the

first blows of despair and wrath, he laughed or bemoaned himself with the minister, as the case might be.

Mysterious link by which many interests were in some way connected with the Tuileries, and safe as a

confessor, he sometimes knew everything and sometimes nothing; and, in addition to all these functions came

that of saying for the minister those things that a minister cannot say for himself. In short, with his political

Hephaestion the minister might dare to be himself; to take off his wig and his false teeth, lay aside his

scruples, put on his slippers, unbutton his conscience, and give way to his trickery. However, it was not all a

bed of roses for des Lupeaulx; he flattered and advised his master, forced to flatter in order to advise, to

advise while flattering, and disguise the advice under the flattery. All politicians who follow this trade have

bilious faces; and their constant habit of giving affirmative nods acquiescing in what is said to them, or

seeming to do so, gives a certain peculiar turn to their heads. They agree indifferently with whatever is said

before them. Their talk is full of "buts," "notwithstandings," "for myself I should," "were I in your place"

(they often say "in your place"), phrases, however, which pave the way to opposition.

In person, Clement des Lupeaulx had the remains of a handsome man; five feet six inches tall, tolerably stout,

complexion flushed with good living, powdered head, delicate spectacles, and a wornout air; the natural

skin blond, as shown by the hand, puffy like that of an old woman, rather too square, and with short

nailsthe hand of a satrap. His foot was elegant. After five o'clock in the afternoon des Lupeaulx was

always to be seen in openworked silk stockings, low shoes, black trousers, cashmere waistcoat, cambric

handkerchief (without perfume), gold chain, blue coat of the shade called "king's blue," with brass buttons

and a string of orders. In the morning he wore creaking boots and gray trousers, and the short close surtout

coat of the politician. His general appearance early in the day was that of a sharp lawyer rather than that of a

ministerial officer. Eyes glazed by the constant use of spectacles made him plainer than he really was, if by

chance he took those appendages off. To real judges of character, as well as to upright men who are at ease

only with honest natures, des Lupeaulx was intolerable. To them, his gracious manners only draped his lies;

his amiable protestations and hackneyed courtesies, new to the foolish and ignorant, too plainly showed their

texture to an observing mind. Such minds considered him a rotten plank, on which no foot should trust itself.

No sooner had the beautiful Madame Rabourdin decided to interfere in her husband's administrative

advancement than she fathomed Clement des Lupeaulx's true character, and studied him thoughtfully to

discover whether in this thin strip of deal there were ligneous fibres strong enough to let her lightly trip across

it from the bureau to the department, from a salary of eight thousand a year to twelve thousand. The clever

woman believed she could play her own game with this political roue; and Monsieur des Lupeaulx was partly

the cause of the unusual expenditures which now began and were continued in the Rabourdin household.

The rue Duphot, built up under the Empire, is remarkable for several houses with handsome exteriors, the

apartments of which are skilfully laid out. That of the Rabourdins was particularly well arranged,a

domestic advantage which has much to do with the nobleness of private lives. A pretty and rather wide

antechamber, lighted from the courtyard, led to the grand salon, the windows of which looked on the street.

To the right of the salon were Rabourdin's study and bedroom, and behind them the diningroom, which was

entered from the antechamber; to the left was Madame's bedroom and dressingroom, and behind them her

daughter's little bedroom. On reception days the door of Rabourdin's study and that of his wife's bedroom

were thrown open. The rooms were thus spacious enough to contain a select company, without the absurdity

which attends many middleclass entertainments, where unusual preparations are made at the expense of the

daily comfort, and consequently give the effect of exceptional effort. The salon had lately been rehung in

goldcolored silk with carmelite touches. Madame's bedroom was draped in a fabric of true blue and

furnished in a rococo manner. Rabourdin's study had inherited the late hangings of the salon, carefully

cleaned, and was adorned by the fine pictures once belonging to Monsieur Leprince. The daughter of the late

auctioneer had utilized in her diningroom certain exquisite Turkish rugs which her father had bought at a

bargain; panelling them on the walls in ebony, the cost of which has since become exorbitant. Elegant buffets

made by Boulle, also purchased by the auctioneer, furnished the sides of the room, at the end of which

sparkled the brass arabesques inlaid in tortoiseshell of the first tall clock that reappeared in the nineteenth

century to claim honor for the masterpieces of the seventeenth. Flowers perfumed these rooms so full of good

taste and of exquisite things, where each detail was a work of art well placed and well surrounded, and where

Madame Rabourdin, dressed with that natural simplicity which artists alone attain, gave the impression of a

woman accustomed to such elegancies, though she never spoke of them, but allowed the charms of her mind

to complete the effect produced upon her guests by these delightful surroundings. Thanks to her father,

Celestine was able to make society talk of her as soon as the rococo became fashionable.

Accustomed as des Lupeaulx was to false as well as real magnificence in all their stages, he was,

nevertheless, surprised at Madame Rabourdin's home. The charm it exercised over this Parisian Asmodeus

can be explained by a comparison. A traveller wearied with the rich aspects of Italy, Brazil, or India, returns

to his own land and finds on his way a delightful little lake, like the Lac d'Orta at the foot of Monte Rosa,

with an island resting on the calm waters, bewitchingly simple; a scene of nature and yet adorned; solitary,

but well surrounded with choice plantations and foliage and statues of fine effect. Beyond lies a vista of

shores both wild and cultivated; tumultuous grandeur towers above, but in itself all proportions are human.

The world that the traveller has lately viewed is here in miniature, modest and pure; his soul, refreshed, bids

him remain where a charm of melody and poesy surrounds him with harmony and awakens ideas within his

A few days earlier the beautiful Madame Firmiani, one of the charming women of the faubourg

SaintGermain who visited and liked Madame Rabourdin, had said to des Lupeaulx (invited expressly to hear

this remark), "Why do you not call on Madame ?" with a motion towards Celestine; "she gives delightful

Des Lupeaulx allowed himself to be drawn into an engagement by the handsome Madame Rabourdin, who,

for the first time, turned her eyes on him as she spoke. He had, accordingly, gone to the rue Duphot, and that

tells the tale. Woman has but one trick, cries Figaro, but that's infallible. After dining once at the house of this

unimportant official, des Lupeaulx made up his mind to dine there often. Thanks to the perfectly proper and

becoming advances of the beautiful woman, whom her rival, Madame Colleville, called the Celimene of the

rue Duphot, he had dined there every Friday for the last month, and returned of his own accord for a cup of

Within a few days Madame Rabourdin, having watched him narrowly and knowingly, believed she had found

on the secretarial plank a spot where she might safely set her foot. She was no longer doubtful of success. Her

inward joy can be realized only in the families of government officials where for three or four years

prosperity has been counted on through some appointment, long expected and long sought. How many

troubles are to be allayed! how many entreaties and pledges given to the ministerial divinities! how many

visits of selfinterest paid! At last, thanks to her boldness, Madame Rabourdin heard the hour strike when she

"And I shall have managed well," she said to herself. "I have had to make a little outlay; but these are times

when hidden merit is overlooked, whereas if a man keeps himself well in sight before the world, cultivates

social relations and extends them, he succeeds. After all, ministers and their friends interest themselves only

in the people they see; but Rabourdin knows nothing of the world! If I had not cajoled those three deputies

they might have wanted La Billardiere's place themselves; whereas, now that I have invited them here, they

will be ashamed to do so and will become our supporters instead of rivals. I have rather played the coquette,

butit is delightful that the first nonsense with which one fools a man sufficed."

The day on which a serious and unlookedfor struggle about this appointment began, after a ministerial

dinner which preceded one of those receptions which ministers regard as public, des Lupeaulx was standing

beside the fireplace near the minister's wife. While taking his coffee he once more included Madame

Rabourdin among the seven or eight really superior women in Paris. Several times already he had staked

"Don't say that too often, my dear friend, or you will injure her," said the minister's wife, halflaughing.

Women never like to hear the praise of other women; they keep silence themselves to lessen its effect.

"Poor La Billardiere is dying," remarked his Excellency the minister; "that place falls to Rabourdin, one of

our most able men, and to whom our predecessors did not behave well, though one of them actually owed his

position in the prefecture of police under the Empire to a certain great personage who was interested in

Rabourdin. But, my dear friend, you are still young enough to be loved by a pretty woman for yourself"

"If La Billardiere's place is given to Rabourdin I may be believed when I praise the superiority of his wife,"

replied des Lupeaulx, piqued by the minister's sarcasm; "but if Madame la Comtesse would be willing to

"You want me to invite her to my next ball, don't you? Your clever woman will meet a knot of other women

who only come here to laugh at us, and when they hear 'Madame Rabourdin' announced"

"Ah, but she was born a Cadignan!" said the newly created count, with a savage look at his generalsecretary,

The persons present thought important matters were being talked over, and the solicitors for favors and

appointments kept at a little distance. When des Lupeaulx left the room the countess said to her husband, "I

"For the first time in his life, then," he replied, shrugging his shoulders, as much as to inform his wife that des

Just then the minister saw a deputy of the Right Centre enter the room, and he left his wife abruptly to cajole

an undecided vote. But the deputy, under the blow of a sudden and unexpected disaster, wanted to make sure

of a protector and he had come to announce privately that in a few days he should be compelled to resign.

Thus forewarned, the minister would be able to open his batteries for the new election before those of the

The minister, or to speak correctly, des Lupeaulx had invited to dinner on this occasion one of those

irremovable officials who, as we have said, are to be found in every ministry; an individual much

embarrassed by his own person, who, in his desire to maintain a dignified appearance, was standing erect and

rigid on his two legs, held well together like the Greek hermae. This functionary waited near the fireplace to

thank the secretary, whose abrupt and unexpected departure from the room disconcerted him at the moment

when he was about to turn a compliment. This official was the cashier of the ministry, the only clerk who did

At the time of which we write, the Chamber did not meddle shabbily with the budget, as it does in the

deplorable days in which we now live; it did not contemptibly reduce ministerial emoluments, nor save, as

they say in the kitchen, the candleends; on the contrary, it granted to each minister taking charge of a public

department an indemnity, called an "outfit." It costs, alas, as much to enter on the duties of a minister as to

retire from them; indeed, the entrance involves expenses of all kinds which it is quite impossible to inventory.

This indemnity amounted to the pretty little sum of twenty five thousand francs. When the appointment of a

new minister was gazetted in the "Moniteur," and the greater or lesser officials, clustering round the stoves or

before the fireplaces and shaking in their shoes, asked themselves: "What will he do? will he increase the

number of clerks? will he dismiss two to make room for three?" the cashier tranquilly took out twentyfive

clean bankbills and pinned them together with a satisfied expression on his beadle face. The next day he

mounted the private staircase and had himself ushered into the minister's presence by the lackeys, who

considered the money and the keeper of money, the contents and the container, the idea and the form, as one

and the same power. The cashier caught the ministerial pair at the dawn of official delight, when the newly

appointed statesman is benign and affable. To the minister's inquiry as to what brings him there, he replies

with the banknotes,informing his Excellency that he hastens to pay him the customary indemnity.

Moreover, he explains the matter to the minister's wife, who never fails to draw freely upon the fund, and

sometimes takes all, for the "outfit" is looked upon as a household affair. The cashier then proceeds to turn a

compliment, and to slip in a few politic phrases: "If his Excellency would deign to retain him; if, satisfied

with his purely mechanical services, he would," etc. As a man who brings twentyfive thousand francs is

always a worthy official, the cashier is sure not to leave without his confirmation to the post from which he

has seen a succession of ministers come and go during a period of, perhaps, twentyfive years. His next step

is to place himself at the orders of Madame; he brings the monthly thirteen thousand francs whenever wanted;

he advances or delays the payment as requested, and thus manages to obtain, as they said in the monasteries,

Formerly bookkeeper at the Treasury, when that establishment kept its books by double entry, the Sieur

Saillard was compensated for the loss of that position by his appointment as cashier of a ministry. He was a

bulky, fat man, very strong in the matter of bookkeeping, and very weak in everything else; round as a

round O, simple as howdoyoudo, a man who came to his office with measured steps, like those of an

elephant, and returned with the same measured tread to the place Royale, where he lived on the groundfloor

of an old mansion belonging to him. He usually had a companion on the way in the person of Monsieur

Isidore Baudoyer, head of a bureau in Monsieur de la Billardiere's division, consequently one of Rabourdin's

colleagues. Baudoyer was married to Elisabeth Saillard, the cashier's only daughter, and had hired, very

naturally, the apartments above those of his fatherinlaw. No one at the ministry had the slightest doubt that

Saillard was a blockhead, but neither had any one ever found out how far his stupidity could go; it was too

compact to be examined; it did not ring hollow; it absorbed everything and gave nothing out. Bixiou (a clerk

of whom more anon) caricatured the cashier by drawing a head in a wig at the top of an egg, and two little

legs at the other end, with this inscription: "Born to pay out and take in without blundering. A little less luck,

and he might have been lackey to the bank of France; a little more ambition, and he could have been

At the moment of which we are now writing, the minister was looking at his cashier very much as we gaze at

a window or a cornice, without supposing that either can hear us, or fathom our secret thoughts.

"I am all the more anxious that we should settle everything with the prefect in the quietest way, because des

Lupeaulx has designs upon the place for himself," said the minister, continuing his talk with the deputy; "his

"That may be; but you know how it was decided for Casimir Perier as to age; and as to worldly possessions,

des Lupeaulx does possess something,not much, it is true, but the law does not take into account increase,

which he may very well obtain; commissions have wide margins for the deputies of the Centre, you know,

"How did Manuel manage to become the owner of a house in Paris?" cried the minister.

The cashier listened and heard, but reluctantly and against his will. These rapid remarks, murmured as they

were, struck his ear by one of those acoustic rebounds which are very little studied. As he heard these

political confidences, however, a keen alarm took possession of his soul. He was one of those simpleminded

beings, who are shocked at listening to anything they are not intended to hear, or entering where they are not

invited, and seeming bold when they are really timid, inquisitive where they are truly discreet. The cashier

accordingly began to glide along the carpet and edge himself away, so that the minister saw him at a distance

when he first took notice of him. Saillard was a ministerial henchman absolutely incapable of indiscretion;

even if the minister had known that he had overheard a secret he had only to whisper "motus" in his ear to be

sure it was perfectly safe. The cashier, however, took advantage of an influx of officeseekers, to slip out and

get into his hackneycoach (hired by the hour for these costly entertainments), and to return to his home in

While old Saillard was driving across Paris his soninlaw, Isidore Baudoyer, and his daughter, Elisabeth,

Baudoyer's wife, were playing a virtuous game of boston with their confessor, the Abbe Gaudron, in

company with a few neighbors and a certain Martin Falleix, a brass founder in the fauborg SaintAntoine,

to whom Saillard had loaned the necessary money to establish a business. This Falleix, a respectable

Auvergnat who had come to seek his fortune in Paris with his smelting pot on his back, had found

immediate employment with the firm of Brezac, collectors of metals and other relics from all chateaux in the

provinces. About twentyseven years of age, and spoiled, like others, by success, Martin Falleix had had the

luck to become the active agent of Monsieur Saillard, the sleepingpartner in the working out of a discovery

made by Falleix in smelting (patent of invention and gold medal granted at the exposition of 1825). Madame

Baudoyer, whose only daughter was treadingto use an expression of old Saillard'son the tail of her

twelve years, laid claim to Falleix, a thickset, swarthy, active young fellow, of shrewd principles, whose

education she was superintending. The said education, according to her ideas, consisted in teaching him to

play boston, to hold his cards properly, and not to let others see his game; to shave himself regularly before

he came to the house, and to wash his hands with good cleansing soap; not to swear, to speak her kind of

French, to wear boots instead of shoes, cotton shirts instead of sacking, and to brush up his hair instead of

plastering it flat. During the preceding week Elisabeth had finally succeeded in persuading Falleix to give up

"You go too far, Madame Baudoyer," he said, seeing her satisfaction at the final sacrifice; "you order me

about too much. You make me clean my teeth, which loosens them; presently you will want me to brush my

nails and curl my hair, which won't do at all in our business; we don't like dandies."

Elisabeth Baudoyer, nee Saillard, is one of those persons who escape portraiture through their utter

commonness; yet who ought to be sketched, because they are specimens of that secondrate Parisian

bourgeoisie which occupies a place above the welltodo artisan and below the upper middle classes,a

tribe whose virtues are wellnigh vices, whose defects are never kindly, but whose habits and manners, dull

and insipid though they be, are not without a certain originality. Something pinched and puny about Elisabeth

Saillard was painful to the eye. Her figure, scarcely over four feet in height, was so thin that the waist

measured less than twenty inches. Her small features, which clustered close about the nose, gave her face a

vague resemblance to a weasel's snout. Though she was past thirty years old she looked scarcely more than

sixteen. Her eyes, of porcelain blue, overweighted by heavy eyelids which fell nearly straight from the arch

of the eyebrows, had little light in them. Everything about her appearance was commonplace: witness her

flaxen hair, tending to whiteness; her flat forehead, from which the light did not reflect; and her dull

complexion, with gray, almost leaden, tones. The lower part of the face, more triangular than oval, ended

irregularly the otherwise irregular outline of her face. Her voice had a rather pretty range of intonation, from

sharp to sweet. Elisabeth was a perfect specimen of the secondrate little bourgeoisie who lectures her

husband behind the curtains; obtains no credit for her virtues; is ambitious without intelligent object, and

solely through the development of her domestic selfishness. Had she lived in the country she would have

bought up adjacent land; being, as she was, connected with the administration, she was determined to push

her way. If we relate the life of her father and mother, we shall show the sort of woman she was by a picture

Monsieur Saillard married the daughter of an upholsterer keeping shop under the arcades of the Market.

Limited means compelled Monsieur and Madame Saillard at their start in life to bear constant privation. After

thirtythree years of married life, and twentynine years of toil in a government office, the property of "the

Saillards"their circle of acquaintance called them soconsisted of sixty thousand francs entrusted to

Falleix, the house in the place Royale, bought for forty thousand in 1804, and thirtysix thousand francs

given in dowry to their daughter Elisabeth. Out of this capital about fifty thousand came to them by the will

of the widow Bidault, Madame Saillard's mother. Saillard's salary from the government had always been four

thousand five hundred francs a year, and no more; his situation was a blind alley that led nowhere, and had

tempted no one to supersede him. Those ninety thousand francs, put together sou by sou, were the fruit

therefore of a sordid economy unintelligently employed. In fact, the Saillards did not know how better to

manage their savings than to carry them, five thousand francs at a time, to their notary, Monsieur Sorbier,

Cardot's predecessor, and let him invest them at five per cent in first mortgages, with the wife's rights

reserved in case the borrower was married! In 1804 Madame Saillard obtained a government office for the

sale of stamped papers, a circumstance which brought a servant into the household for the first time. At the

time of which we write, the house, which was worth a hundred thousand francs, brought in a rental of eight

thousand. Falleix paid seven per cent for the sixty thousand invested in the foundry, besides an equal division

of profits. The Saillards were therefore enjoying an income of not less than seventeen thousand francs a year.

The whole ambition of the good man now centred on obtaining the cross of the Legion and his retiring

Elisabeth, the only child, had toiled steadily from infancy in a home where the customs of life were rigid and

the ideas simple. A new hat for Saillard was a matter of deliberation; the time a coat could last was estimated

and discussed; umbrellas were carefully hung up by means of a brass buckle. Since 1804 no repairs of any

kind had been done to the house. The Saillards kept the groundfloor in precisely the state in which their

predecessor left it. The gilding of the pierglasses was rubbed off; the paint on the cornices was hardly

visible through the layers of dust that time had collected. The fine large rooms still retained certain sculptured

marble mantelpieces and ceilings, worthy of Versailles, together with the old furniture of the widow

Bidault. The latter consisted of a curious mixture of walnut armchairs, disjointed, and covered with tapestry;

rosewood bureaus; round tables on single pedestals, with brass railings and cracked marble tops; one superb

Boulle secretary, the value of which style had not yet been recognized; in short, a chaos of bargains picked up

by the worthy widow,pictures bought for the sake of the frames, china services of a composite order; to

wit, a magnificent Japanese dessert set, and all the rest porcelains of various makes, unmatched silver plate,

old glass, fine damask, and a fourpost bedstead, hung with curtains and garnished with plumes.

Amid these curious relics, Madame Saillard always sat on a sofa of modern mahogany, near a fireplace full of

ashes and without fire, on the mantelshelf of which stood a clock, some antique bronzes, candelabra with

paper flowers but no candles, for the careful housewife lighted the room with a tall tallow candle always

guttering down into the flat brass candlestick which held it. Madame Saillard's face, despite its wrinkles, was

expressive of obstinacy and severity, narrowness of ideas, an uprightness that might be called quadrangular, a

religion without piety, straightforward, candid avarice, and the peace of a quiet conscience. You may see in

certain Flemish pictures the wives of burgomasters cut out by nature on the same pattern and wonderfully

reproduced on canvas; but these dames wear fine robes of velvet and precious stuffs, whereas Madame

Saillard possessed no robes, only that venerable garment called in Touraine and Picardy "cottes," elsewhere

petticoats, or skirts pleated behind and on each side, with other skirts hanging over them. Her bust was

inclosed in what was called a "casaquin," another obsolete name for a short gown or jacket. She continued to

wear a cap with starched wings, and shoes with high heels. Though she was now fiftyseven years old, and

her lifetime of vigorous household work ought now to be rewarded with wellearned repose, she was

incessantly employed in knitting her husband's stockings and her own, and those of an uncle, just as her

countrywomen knit them, moving about the room, talking, pacing up and down the garden, or looking round

The Saillard's avarice, which was really imposed on them in the first instance by dire necessity, was now a

second nature. When the cashier got back from the office, he laid aside his coat, and went to work in the large

garden, shut off from the courtyard by an iron railing, and which the family reserved to itself. For years

Elisabeth, the daughter, went to market every morning with her mother, and the two did all the work of the

house. The mother cooked well, especially a duck with turnips; but, according to Saillard, no one could equal

Elisabeth in hashing the remains of a leg of mutton with onions. "You might eat your boots with those onions

and not know it," he remarked. As soon as Elisabeth knew how to hold a needle, her mother had her mend the

household linen and her father's coats. Always at work, like a servant, she never went out alone. Though

living close by the boulevard du Temple, where Franconi, La Gaite, and l'AmbiguComique were within a

stone's throw, and, further on, the PorteSaintMartin, Elisabeth had never seen a comedy. When she asked

to "see what it was like" (with the Abbe Gaudron's permission, be it understood), Monsieur Baudoyer took

herfor the glory of the thing, and to show her the finest that was to be seento the Opera, where they

were playing "The Chinese Laborer." Elisabeth thought "the comedy" as wearisome as the plague of flies,

and never wished to see another. On Sundays, after walking four times to and fro between the place Royale

and Saint Paul's church (for her mother made her practise the precepts and the duties of religion), her

parents took her to the pavement in front of the Cafe Ture, where they sat on chairs placed between a railing

and the wall. The Saillards always made haste to reach the place early so as to choose the best seats, and

found much entertainment in watching the passersby. In those days the Cafe Ture was the rendezvous of the

fashionable society of the Marais, the faubourg SaintAntoine, and the circumjacent regions.

Elisabeth never wore anything but cotton gowns in summer and merino in the winter, which she made

herself. Her mother gave her twenty francs a month for her expenses, but her father, who was very fond of

her, mitigated this rigorous treatment with a few presents. She never read what the Abbe Gaudron, vicar of

SaintPaul's and the family director, called profane books. This discipline had borne fruit. Forced to employ

her feelings on some passion or other, Elisabeth became eager after gain. Though she was not lacking in

sense or perspicacity, religious theories, and her complete ignorance of higher emotions had encircled all her

faculties with an iron hand; they were exercised solely on the commonest things of life; spent in a few

directions they were able to concentrate themselves on a matter in hand. Repressed by religious devotion, her

natural intelligence exercised itself within the limits marked out by cases of conscience, which form a mine

of subtleties among which selfinterest selects its subterfuges. Like those saintly personages in whom

religion does not stifle ambition, Elisabeth was capable of requiring others to do a blamable action that she

might reap the fruits; and she would have been, like them again, implacable as to her dues and dissembling in

her actions. Once offended, she watched her adversaries with the perfidious patience of a cat, and was

capable of bringing about some cold and complete vengeance, and then laying it to the account of God. Until

her marriage the Saillards lived without other society than that of the Abbe Gaudron, a priest from Auvergne

appointed vicar of SaintPaul's after the restoration of Catholic worship. Besides this ecclesiastic, who was a

friend of the late Madame Bidault, a paternal uncle of Madame Saillard, an old paperdealer retired from

business ever since the year II. of the Republic, and now sixtynine years old, came to see them on Sundays

This little old man, with a livid face blazoned by the red nose of a tippler and lighted by two gleaming vulture

eyes, allowed his gray hair to hang loose under a threecornered hat, wore breeches with straps that extended

beyond the buckles, cotton stockings of mottled thread knitted by his niece, whom he always called "the little

Saillard," stout shoes with silver buckles, and a surtout coat of mixed colors. He looked very much like those

vergerbeadlebell ringinggravediggingparishclerks who are taken to be caricatures until we see them

performing their various functions. On the present occasion he had come on foot to dine with the Saillards,

intending to return in the same way to the rue Greneta, where he lived on the third floor of an old house. His

business was that of discounting commercial paper in the quartier SaintMartin, where he was known by the

nickname of "Gigonnet," from the nervous convulsive movement with which he lifted his legs in walking,

like a cat. Monsieur Bidault began this business in the year II. in partnership with a dutchman named

Some time later Saillard made the acquaintance of Monsieur and Madame Transon, wholesale dealers in

pottery, with an establishment in the rue de Lesdiguieres, who took an interest in Elisabeth and introduced

young Isadore Baudoyer to the family with the intention of marrying her. Gigonnet approved of the match,

for he had long employed a certain Mitral, uncle of the young man, as clerk. Monsieur and Madame

Baudoyer, father and mother of Isidore, highly respected leather dressers in the rue Censier, had slowly

made a moderate fortune out of a small trade. After marrying their only son, on whom they settled fifty

thousand francs, they determined to live in the country, and had lately removed to the neighborhood of

Iled'Adam, where after a time they were joined by Mitral. They frequently came to Paris, however, where

they kept a corner in the house in the rue Censier which they gave to Isidore on his marriage. The elder

Baudoyers had an income of about three thousand francs left to live upon after establishing their son.

Mitral was a being with a sinister wig, a face the color of Seine water, lighted by a pair of

Spanishtobaccocolored eyes, cold as a wellrope, always smelling a rat, and closemouthed about his

property. He probably made his fortune in his own hole and corner, just as Werbrust and Gigonnet made

Though the Saillards' circle of acquaintance increased, neither their ideas nor their manners and customs

changed. The saint'sdays of father, mother, daughter, soninlaw, and grandchild were carefully observed,

also the anniversaries of birth and marriage, Easter, Christmas, New Year's day, and Epiphany. These

festivals were preceded by great domestic sweepings and a universal clearing up of the house, which added

an element of usefulness to the ceremonies. When the festival day came, the presents were offered with much

pomp and an accompaniment of flowers,silk stockings or a fur cap for old Saillard; gold earrings and

articles of plate for Elisabeth or her husband, for whom, little by little, the parents were accumulating a whole

silver service; silk petticoats for Madame Saillard, who laid the stuff by and never made it up. The recipient

of these gifts was placed in an armchair and asked by those present for a certain length of time, "Guess what

we have for you!" Then came a splendid dinner, lasting at least five hours, to which were invited the Abbe

Gaudron, Falleix, Rabourdin, Monsieur Godard, underheadclerk to Monsieur Baudoyer, Monsieur

Bataille, captain of the company of the National Guard to which Saillard and his soninlaw belonged.

Monsieur Cardot, who was invariably asked, did as Rabourdin did, namely, accepted one invitation out of

six. The company sang at dessert, shook hands and embraced with enthusiasm, wishing each other all manner

of happiness; the presents were exhibited and the opinion of the guests asked about them. The day Saillard

received his fur cap he wore it during the dessert, to the satisfaction of all present. At night, mere ordinary

acquaintances were bidden, and dancing went on till very late, formerly to the music of one violin, but for the

last six years Monsieur Godard, who was a great flute player, contributed the piercing tones of a flageolet to

the festivity. The cook, Madame Baudoyer's nurse, and old Catherine, Madame Saillard's womanservant,

together with the porter or his wife, stood looking on at the door of the salon. The servants always received

This little circle looked upon Saillard and Baudoyer as transcendent beings; they were government officers;

they had risen by their own merits; they worked, it was said, with the minister himself; they owed their

fortune to their talents; they were politicians. Baudoyer was considered the more able of the two; his position

as head of a bureau presupposed labor that was more intricate and arduous than that of a cashier. Moreover,

Isidore, though the son of a leatherdresser, had had the genius to study and to cast aside his father's business

and find a career in politics, which had led him to a post of eminence. In short, silent and uncommunicative

as he was, he was looked upon as a deep thinker, and perhaps, said the admiring circle, he would some day

become deputy of the eighth arrondissement. As Gigonnet listened to such remarks as these, he pressed his

already pinched lips closer together, and threw a glance at his greatniece, Elisabeth.

In person, Isidore was a tall, stout man of thirtyseven, who perspired freely, and whose head looked as if he

had water on the brain. This enormous head, covered with chestnut hair cropped close, was joined to the neck

by rolls of flesh which overhung the collar of his coat. He had the arms of Hercules, hands worthy of

Domitian, a stomach which sobriety held within the limits of the majestic, to use a saying of BrillaetSavarin.

His face was a good deal like that of the Emperor Alexander. The Tartar type was in the little eyes and the

flattened nose turned slightly up, in the frigid lips and the short chin. The forehead was low and narrow.

Though his temperament was lymphatic, the devout Isidore was under the influence of a conjugal passion

In spite, however, of his resemblance to the handsome Russian Emperor and the terrible Domitian, Isidore

Baudoyer was nothing more than a political officeholder, of little ability as head of his department, a

cutanddried routine man, who concealed the fact that he was a flabby cipher by so ponderous a personality

that no scalpel could cut deep enough to let the operator see into him. His severe studies, in which he had

shown the patience and sagacity of an ox, and his square head, deceived his parents, who firmly believed him

an extraordinary man. Pedantic and hypercritical, meddlesome and faultfinding, he was a terror to the clerks

under him, whom he worried in their work, enforcing the rules rigorously, and arriving himself with such

terrible punctuality that not one of them dared to be a moment late. Baudoyer wore a blue coat with gilt

buttons, a chamois waistcoat, gray trousers and cravats of various colors. His feet were large and illshod.

From the chain of his watch depended an enormous bunch of old trinkets, among which in 1824 he still wore

In the bosom of this family, bound together by the force of religious ties, by the inflexibility of its customs,

by one solitary emotion, that of avarice, a passion which was now as it were its compass, Elisabeth was

forced to commune with herself, instead of imparting her ideas to those around her, for she felt herself

without equals in mind who could comprehend her. Though facts compelled her to judge her husband, her

religious duty led her to keep up as best she could a favorable opinion of him; she showed him marked

respect; honored him as the father of her child, her husband, the temporal power, as the vicar of SaintPaul's

told her. She would have thought it a mortal sin to make a single gesture, or give a single glance, or say a

single word which would reveal to others her real opinion of the imbecile Baudoyer. She even professed to

obey passively all his wishes. But her ears were receptive of many things; she thought them over, weighed

and compared them in the solitude of her mind, and judged so soberly of men and events that at the time

when our history begins she was the hidden oracle of the two functionaries, her husband and father, who had,

unconsciously, come to do nothing whatever without consulting her. Old Saillard would say, innocently,

"Isn't she clever, that Elisabeth of mine?" But Baudoyer, too great a fool not to be puffed up by the false

reputation the quartier SaintAntoine bestowed upon him, denied his wife's cleverness all the while that he

Elisabeth had long felt sure that her uncle Bidault, otherwise called Gigonnet, was rich and handled vast sums

of money. Enlightened by selfinterest, she had come to understand Monsieur des Lupeaulx far better than

the minister understood him. Finding herself married to a fool, she never allowed herself to think that life

might have gone better with her, she only imagined the possibility of better things without expecting or

wishing to attain them. All her best affections found their vocation in her love for her daughter, to whom she

spared the pains and privations she had borne in her own childhood; she believed that in this affection she had

her full share in the world of feeling. Solely for her daughter's sake she had persuaded her father to take the

important step of going into partnership with Falleix. Falleix had been brought to the Saillard's house by old

Bidault, who lent him money on his merchandise. Falleix thought his old countryman extortionate, and

complained to the Saillards that Gigonnet demanded eighteen per cent from an Auvergnat. Madame Saillard

"It is just because he is an Auvergnat that I take only eighteen per cent," said Gigonnet, when she spoke of

Falleix, who had made a discovery at the age of twentyeight, and communicated it to Saillard, seemed to

carry his heart in his hand (an expression of old Saillard's), and also seemed likely to make a great fortune.

Elisabeth determined to husband him for her daughter and train him herself, having, as she calculated, seven

years to do it in. Martin Falleix felt and showed the deepest respect for Madame Baudoyer, whose superior

qualities he was able to recognize. If he were fated to make millions he would always belong to her family,

where he had found a home. The little Baudoyer girl was already trained to bring him his tea and to take his

On the evening of which we write, Monsieur Saillard, returning from the ministry, found a game of boston in

full blast; Elisabeth was advising Falleix how to play; Madame Saillard was knitting in the chimneycorner

and overlooking the cards of the vicar; Monsieur Baudoyer, motionless as a milestone, was employing his

mental capacity in calculating how the cards were placed, and sat opposite to Mitral, who had come up from

Iled'Adam for the Christmas holidays. No one moved as the cashier entered, and for some minutes he

"He is always so when he dines at the ministry," remarked Madame Saillard; "happily, it is only twice a year,

or he'd die of it. Saillard was never made to be in the government Well, now, I do hope, Saillard," she

continued in a loud tone, "that you are not going to keep on those silk breeches and that handsome coat. Go

"Your father has something on his mind," said Baudoyer to his wife, when the cashier was in his bedroom,

"Perhaps Monsieur de la Billardiere is dead," said Elisabeth, simply; "and as he is anxious you should have

"Can I be useful in any way?" said the vicar of SaintPaul's; "if so, pray use my services. I have the honor to

be known to Madame la Dauphine. These are days when public offices should be given only to faithful men,

"Dear me!" said Falleix, "do men of merit need protectors and influence to get places in the government

service? I am glad I am an ironmaster; my customers know where to find a good article"

"Monsieur," interrupted Baudoyer, "the government is the government; never attack it in this house."

"The 'Constitutionel' never says anything different from that," replied Baudoyer, who never read it.

The cashier believed his soninlaw to be as superior in talent to Rabourdin as God was greater than

SaintCrepin, to use his own expression; but the good man coveted this appointment in a straightforward,

honest way. Influenced by the feeling which leads all officials to seek promotion,a violent, unreflecting,

almost brutal passion,he desired success, just as he desired the cross of the Legion of honor, without doing

anything against his conscience to obtain it, and solely, as he believed, on the strength of his sonin law's

merits. To his thinking, a man who had patiently spent twenty five years in a government office behind an

iron railing had sacrificed himself to his country and deserved the cross. But all that he dreamed of doing to

promote his soninlaw's appointment in La Billardiere's place was to say a word to his Excellency's wife

"Well, Saillard, you look as if you had lost all your friends! Do speak; do, pray, tell us something," cried his

Saillard, after making a little sign to his daughter, turned on his heel to keep himself from talking politics

before strangers. When Monsieur Mitral and the vicar had departed, Saillard rolled back the cardtable and

sat down in an armchair in the attitude he always assumed when about to tell some officegossip,a series

of movements which answered the purpose of the three knocks given at the Theatre Francais. After binding

his wife, daughter, and soninlaw to the deepest secrecy,for, however petty the gossip, their places, as he

thought, depended on their discretion,he related the incomprehensible enigma of the resignation of a

deputy, the very legitimate desire of the generalsecretary to get elected to the place, and the secret

opposition of the minister to this wish of a man who was one of his firmest supporters and most zealous

workers. This, of course, brought down an avalanche of suppositions, flooded with the sapient arguments of

the two officials, who sent back and forth to each other a wearisome flood of nonsense. Elisabeth quietly

"If Monsieur des Lupeaulx is on our side, will Monsieur Baudoyer be appointed in Monsieur de la

"My uncle Bidault and Monsieur Gobseck helped in him 1814," thought she. "Is he in debt?" she asked,

"Yes," cried the cashier with a hissing and prolonged sound on the last letter; "his salary was attached, but

"Why, don't you know? in the part of the country where your grandfather and your greatuncle Bidault

When her colossus of a husband had gone to bed, Elisabeth leaned over him, and though he always treated

her remarks as women's nonsense, she said, "Perhaps you will really get Monsieur de la Billardiere's place."

"There you go with your imaginations!" said Baudoyer; "leave Monsieur Gaudron to speak to the Dauphine

At eleven o'clock, when all were asleep in the place Royale, Monsieur des Lupeaulx was leaving the Opera

for the rue Duphot. This particular Wednesday was one of Madame Rabourdin's most brilliant evenings.

Many of her customary guests came in from the theatres and swelled the company already assembled, among

whom were several celebrities, such as: Canalis the poet, Schinner the painter, Dr. Bianchon, Lucien de

Rubempre, Octave de Camps, the Comte de Granville, the Vicomte de Fontaine, du Bruel the vaudevillist,

Andoche Finot the journalist, Derville, one of the best heads in the law courts, the Comte du Chatelet, deputy,

du Tillet, banker, and several elegant young men, such as Paul de Manerville and the Vicomte de

Portenduere. Celestine was pouring out tea when the generalsecretary entered. Her dress that evening was

very becoming; she wore a black velvet robe without ornament of any kind, a black gauze scarf, her hair

smoothly bound about her head and raised in a heavy braided mass, with long curls a l'Anglaise falling on

either side of her face. The charms which particularly distinguished this woman were the Italian ease of her

artistic nature, her ready comprehension, and the grace with which she welcomed and promoted the least

appearance of a wish on the part of others. Nature had given her an elegant, slender figure, which could sway

lightly at a word, black eyes of oriental shape, able, like those of the Chinese women, to see out of their

corners. She well knew how to manage a soft, insinuating voice, which threw a tender charm into every word,

even such as she merely chanced to utter; her feet were like those we see in portraits where the painter boldly

lies and flatters his sitter in the only way which does not compromise anatomy. Her complexion, a little

yellow by day, like that of most brunettes, was dazzling at night under the wax candles, which brought out

the brilliancy of her black hair and eyes. Her slender and welldefined outlines reminded an artist of the

Venus of the Middle Ages rendered by Jean Goujon, the illustrious sculptor of Diane de Poitiers.

Des Lupeaulx stopped in the doorway, and leaned against the woodwork. This ferret of ideas did not deny

himself the pleasure of spying upon sentiment, and this woman interested him more than any of the others to

whom he had attached himself. Des Lupeaulx had reached an age when men assert pretensions in regard to

women. The first white hairs lead to the latest passions, all the more violent because they are astride of

vanishing powers and dawning weakness. The age of forty is the age of folly,an age when man wants to be

loved for himself; whereas at twentyfive life is so full that he has no wants. At twentyfive he overflows

with vigor and wastes it with impunity, but at forty he learns that to use it in that way is to abuse it. The

thoughts that came into des Lupeaulx's mind at this moment were melancholy ones. The nerves of the old

beau relaxed; the agreeable smile, which served as a mask and made the character of his countenance, faded;

the real man appeared, and he was horrible. Rabourdin caught sight of him and thought, "What has happened

to him? can he be disgraced in any way?" The generalsecretary was, however, only thinking how the pretty

Madame Colleville, whose intentions were exactly those of Madame Rabourdin, had summarily abandoned

him when it suited her to do so. Rabourdin caught the sham statesman's eyes fixed on his wife, and he

recorded the look in his memory. He was too keen an observer not to understand des Lupeaulx to the bottom,

and he deeply despised him; but, as with most busy men, his feelings and sentiments seldom came to the

surface. Absorption in a beloved work is practically equivalent to the cleverest dissimulation, and thus it was

that the opinions and ideas of Rabourdin were a sealed book to des Lupeaulx. The former was sorry to see the

man in his house, but he was never willing to oppose his wife's wishes. At this particular moment, while he

talked confidentially with a supernumerary of his office who was destined, later, to play an unconscious part

in a political intrigue resulting from the death of La Billardiere, he watched, though half abstractedly, his

Here we must explain, as much for foreigners as for our own grandchildren, what a supernumerary in a

The supernumerary is to the administration what a choirboy is to a church, what the company's child is to

the regiment, what the figurante is to a theatre; something artless, naive, innocent, a being blinded by

illusions. Without illusions what would become of any of us? They give strength to bear the res angusta domi

of arts and the beginnings of all science by inspiring us with faith. Illusion is illimitable faith. Now the

supernumerary has faith in the administration; he never thinks it cold, cruel, and hard, as it really is. There are

two kinds of supernumeraries, or hangerson,one poor, the other rich. The poor one is rich in hope and

wants a place, the rich one is poor in spirit and wants nothing. A wealthy family is not so foolish as to put its

able men into the administration. It confides an unfledged scion to some headclerk, or gives him in charge

of a directory who initiates him into what Bilboquet, that profound philosopher, called the high comedy of

government; he is spared all the horrors of drudgery and is finally appointed to some important office. The

rich supernumerary never alarms the other clerks; they know he does not endanger their interests, for he seeks

only the highest posts in the administration. About the period of which we write many families were saying

to themselves: "What can we do with our sons?" The army no longer offered a chance for fortune. Special

careers, such as civil and military engineering, the navy, mining, and the professorial chair were all fenced

about by strict regulations or to be obtained only by competition; whereas in the civil service the revolving

wheel which turned clerks into prefects, subprefects, assessors, and collectors, like the figures in a magic

lantern, was subjected to no such rules and entailed no drudgery. Through this easy gap emerged into life the

rich supernumeraries who drove their tilburys, dressed well, and wore moustachios, all of them as impudent

as parvenus. Journalists were apt to persecute the tribe, who were cousins, nephews, brothers, or other

relatives of some minister, some deputy, or an influential peer. The humbler clerks regarded them as a means

The poor supernumerary, on the other hand, who is the only real worker, is almost always the son of some

former clerk's widow, who lives on a meagre pension and sacrifices herself to support her son until he can get

a place as copyingclerk, and then dies leaving him no nearer the head of his department than writer of

deeds, order clerks, or, possibly, underheadclerk. Living always in some locality where rents are low, this

humble supernumerary starts early from home. For him the Eastern question relates only to the morning

skies. To go on foot and not get muddied, to save his clothes, and allow for the time he may lose in standing

under shelter during a shower, are the preoccupations of his mind. The street pavements, the flaggings of the

quays and the boulevards, when first laid down, were a boon to him. If, for some extraordinary reason, you

happen to be in the streets of Paris at halfpast seven or eight o'clock of a winter's morning, and see through

piercing cold or fog or rain a timid, pale young man loom up, cigarless, take notice of his pockets. You will

be sure to see the outline of a roll which his mother has given him to stay his stomach between breakfast and

dinner. The guilelessness of the supernumerary does not last long. A youth enlightened by gleams by Parisian

life soon measures the frightful distance that separates him from the head clerkship, a distance which no

mathematician, neither Archimedes, nor Leibnitz, nor Laplace has ever reckoned, the distance that exists

between 0 and the figure 1. He begins to perceive the impossibilities of his career; he hears talk of favoritism;

he discovers the intrigues of officials: he sees the questionable means by which his superiors have pushed

their way,one has married a young woman who made a false step; another, the natural daughter of a

minister; this one shouldered the responsibility of another's fault; that one, full of talent, risks his health in

doing, with the perseverance of a mole, prodigies of work which the man of influence feels incapable of

doing for himself, though he takes the credit. Everything is known in a government office. The incapable man

has a wife with a clear head, who has pushed him along and got him nominated for deputy; if he has not

talent enough for an office, he cabals in the Chamber. The wife of another has a statesman at her feet. A third

is the hidden informant of a powerful journalist. Often the disgusted and hopeless supernumerary sends in his

resignation. About three fourths of his class leave the government employ without ever obtaining an

appointment, and their number is winnowed down to either those young men who are foolish or obstinate

enough to say to themselves, "I have been here three years, and I must end sooner or later by getting a place,"

or to those who are conscious of a vocation for the work. Undoubtedly the position of supernumerary in a

government office is precisely what the novitiate is in a religious order,a trial. It is a rough trial. The State

discovers how many of them can bear hunger, thirst, and penury without breaking down, how many can toil

without revolting against it; it learns which temperaments can bear up under the horrible experience or if

you like, the diseaseof government official life. From this point of view the apprenticeship of the

supernumerary, instead of being an infamous device of the government to obtain labor gratis, becomes a

The young man with whom Rabourdin was talking was a poor supernumerary named Sebastien de la Roche,

who had picked his way on the points of his toes, without incurring the least splash upon his boots, from the

rue du RoiDore in the Marais. He talked of his mamma, and dared not raise his eyes to Madame Rabourdin,

whose house appeared to him as gorgeous as the Louvre. He was careful to show his gloves, well cleaned

with indiarubber, as little as he could. His poor mother had put five francs in his pocket in case it became

absolutely necessary that he should play cards; but she enjoined him to take nothing, to remain standing, and

to be very careful not to knock over a lamp or the bricabrac from an etagere. His dress was all of the

strictest black. His fair face, his eyes, of a fine shade of green with golden reflections, were in keeping with a

handsome head of auburn hair. The poor lad looked furtively at Madame Rabourdin, whispering to himself,

Rabourdin had noted a vocation for his work in the lad, and as he himself took the whole service seriously, he

felt a lively interest in him. He guessed the poverty of his mother's home, kept together on a widow's pension

of seven hundred francs a yearfor the education of the son, who was just out of college, had absorbed all

her savings. He therefore treated the youth almost paternally; often endeavoured to get him some fee from the

Council, or paid it from his own pocket. He overwhelmed Sebastien with work, trained him, and allowed him

to do the work of du Bruel's place, for which that vaudevillist, otherwise known as Cursy, paid him three

hundred francs out of his salary. In the minds of Madame de la Roche and her son, Rabourdin was at once a

great man, a tyrant, and an angel. On him all the poor fellow's hopes of getting an appointment depended, and

the lad's devotion to his chief was boundless. He dined once a fortnight in the rue Duphot; but always at a

family dinner, invited by Rabourdin himself; Madame asked him to evening parties only when she wanted

At that moment Rabourdin was scolding poor Sebastien, the only human being who was in the secret of his

immense labors. The youth copied and recopied the famous "statement," written on a hundred and fifty folio

sheets, besides the corroborative documents, and the summing up (contained in one page), with the estimates

bracketed, the captions in a running hand, and the subtitles in a round one. Full of enthusiasm, in spite of his

merely mechanical participation in the great idea, the lad of twenty would rewrite whole pages for a single

blot, and made it his glory to touch up the writing, regarding it as the element of a noble undertaking.

Sebastien had that afternoon committed the great imprudence of carrying into the general office, for the

purpose of copying, a paper which contained the most dangerous facts to make known prematurely, namely, a

memorandum relating to the officials in the central offices of all ministries, with facts concerning their

fortunes, actual and prospective, together with the individual enterprises of each outside of his government

All government clerks in Paris who are not endowed, like Rabourdin, with patriotic ambition or other marked

capacity, usually add the profits of some industry to the salary of their office, in order to eke out a living. A

number do as Monsieur Saillard did,put their money into a business carried on by others, and spend their

evenings in keeping the books of their associates. Many clerks are married to milliners, licensed tobacco

dealers, women who have charge of the public lotteries or readingrooms. Some, like the husband of

Madame Colleville, Celestine's rival, play in the orchestra of a theatre; others like du Bruel, write vaudeville,

comic operas, melodramas, or act as prompters behind the scenes. We may mention among them Messrs.

Planard, Sewrin, etc. PigaultLebrun, Piis, Duvicquet, in their day, were in government employ. Monsieur

Besides such information as this, Rabourdin's memorandum contained an inquiry into the moral and physical

capacities and faculties necessary in those who were to examine the intelligence, aptitude for labor, and

sound health of the applicants for government service,three indispensable qualities in men who are to bear

the burden of public affairs and should do their business well and quickly. But this careful study, the result of

ten years' observation and experience, and of a long acquaintance with men and things obtained by

intercourse with the various functionaries in the different ministries, would assuredly have, to those who did

not see its purport and connection, an air of treachery and police espial. If a single page of these papers were

to fall under the eye of those concerned, Monsieur Rabourdin was lost. Sebastien, who admired his chief

without reservation, and who was, as yet, wholly ignorant of the evils of bureaucracy, had the follies of

guilelessness as well as its grace. Blamed on a former occasion for carrying away these papers, he now

bravely acknowledged his fault to its fullest extent; he related how he had put away both the memorandum

and the copy carefully in a box in the office where no one would ever find them. Tears rolled from his eyes as

"Come, come!" said Rabourdin, kindly. "Don't be so imprudent again, but never mind now. Go to the office

very early tomorrow morning; here is the key of a small safe which is in my roller secretary; it shuts with a

combination lock. You can open it with the word 'sky'; put the memorandum and your copy into it and shut it

This proof of confidence dried the poor fellow's tears. Rabourdin advised him to take a cup of tea and some

"Well, then, my dear child," said the imposing Madame Rabourdin, who wished to appear gracious, "here are

She made Sebastien sit down beside her, and the lad's heart rose in his throat as he felt the robe of this

divinity brush the sleeve of his coat. Just then the beautiful woman caught sight of Monsieur des Lupeaulx

standing in the doorway. She smiled, and not waiting till he came to her, she went to him.

"I am not sulking," he returned; "I came to announce some good news, but the thought has overtaken me that

it will only add to your severity towards me. I fancy myself six months hence almost a stranger to you. Yes,

you are too clever, and I too experienced,too blase, if you like,for either of us to deceive the other. Your

end is attained without its costing you more than a few smiles and gracious words."

"Yes; Monsieur de la Billardiere is dying, and from what the minister told me this evening I judge that your

He thereupon related what he called his scene at the ministry and the jealousy of the countess, repeating her

"Monsieur des Lupeaulx," said Madame Rabourdin, with dignity, "permit me to tell you that my husband is

the oldest headclerk as well as the most capable man in the division; also that the appointment of La

Billardiere over his head made much talk in the service, and that my husband has stayed on for the last year

"Well, then," she resumed, smiling and showing her handsome teeth, "how can you suppose that the

friendship I feel for you is marred by a thought of selfinterest? Why should you think me capable of that?"

"Ah!" she continued, "the heart of woman will always remain a secret for even the cleverest of men. Yes, I

welcomed you to my house with the greatest pleasure; and there was, I admit, a motive of self interest

"You have a career before you," she whispered in his ear, "a future without limit; you will be deputy,

minister!" (What happiness for an ambitious man when such things as these are warbled in his ear by the

sweet voice of a pretty woman!) "Oh, yes! I know you better than you know yourself. Rabourdin is a man

who could be of immense service to you in such a career; he could do the steady work while you were in the

Chamber. Just as you dream of the ministry, so I dream of seeing Rabourdin in the Council of State, and

general director. It is therefore my object to draw together two men who can never injure, but, on the

contrary, must greatly help each other. Isn't that a woman's mission? If you are friends, you will both rise the

faster, and it is surely high time that each of you made hay. I have burned my ships," she added, smiling. "But

"You would not listen to me if I were," he replied, with a melancholy air, in spite of the deep inward

satisfaction her remarks gave him. "What would such future promotions avail me, if you dismiss me now?"

"Before I listen to you," she replied, with naive Parisian liveliness, "we must be able to understand each

And she left the old fop to go and speak with Madame de Chessel, a countess from the provinces, who

"That is a very extraordinary woman," said des Lupeaulx to himself. "I don't know my own self when I am

Accordingly, this man of no principle, who six years earlier had kept a balletgirl, and who now, thanks to

his position, made himself a seraglio with the pretty wives of the underclerks, and lived in the world of

journalists and actresses, became devotedly attentive all the evening to Celestine, and was the last to leave the

"At last!" thought Madame Rabourdin, as she undressed that night, "we have the place! Twelve thousand

francs a year and perquisites, beside the rents of our farms at Grajeux,nearly twenty thousand francs a

If it were possible for literature to use the microscope of the Leuwenhoeks, the Malpighis, and the Raspails

(an attempt once made by Hoffman, of Berlin), and if we could magnify and then picture the teredos navalis,

in other words, those shipworms which brought Holland within an inch of collapsing by honeycombing

her dykes, we might have been able to give a more distinct idea of Messieurs Gigonnet, Baudoyer, Saillard,

Gaudron, Falleix, Transon, Godard and company, borers and burrowers, who proved their undermining

But now it is time to show another set of teredos, who burrowed and swarmed in the government offices

In Paris nearly all these government bureaus resemble each other. Into whatever ministry you penetrate to ask

some slight favor, or to get redress for a trifling wrong, you will find the same dark corridors, illlighted

stairways, doors with oval panes of glass like eyes, as at the theatre. In the first room as you enter you will

find the office servant; in the second, the underclerks; the private office of the second headclerk is to the

right or left, and further on is that of the head of the bureau. As to the important personage called, under the

Empire, head of division, then, under the Restoration, director, and now by the former name, head or chief of

division, he lives either above or below the offices of his three or four different bureaus.

Speaking in the administrative sense, a bureau consists of a man servant, several supernumeraries (who do

the work gratis for a certain number of years), various copying clerks, writers of bills and deeds, order clerks,

principal clerks, second or under headclerk, and head clerk, otherwise called head or chief of the bureau.

These denominational titles vary under some administrations; for instance, the orderclerks are sometimes

Paved like the corridor, and hung with a shabby paper, the first room, where the servant is stationed, is

furnished with a stove, a large black table with inkstand, pens, and paper, and benches, but no mats on which

to wipe the public feet. The clerk's office beyond is a large room, tolerably well lighted, but seldom floored

with wood. Wooden floors and fireplaces are commonly kept sacred to heads of bureaus and divisions; and so

are closets, wardrobes, mahogany tables, sofas and armchairs covered with red or green morocco, silk

curtains, and other articles of administrative luxury. The clerk's office contents itself with a stove, the pipe of

which goes into the chimney, if there be a chimney. The wall paper is plain and all of one color, usually green

or brown. The tables are of black wood. The private characteristics of the several clerks often crop out in their

method of settling themselves at their desks,the chilly one has a wooden footstool under his feet; the man

with a bilious temperament has a metal mat; the lymphatic being who dreads draughts constructs a

fortification of boxes on a screen. The door of the underheadclerk's office always stands open so that he

Perhaps an exact description of Monsieur de la Billardiere's division will suffice to give foreigners and

provincials an idea of the internal manners and customs of a government office; the chief features of which

In the first place, picture to yourself the man who is thus described in the Yearly Register:

"Chief of Division.Monsieur la baron Flamet de la Billardiere (AthanaseJeanFrancoisMichel) formerly

provostmarshal of the department of the Correze, gentleman in ordinary of the bed chamber, president of

the college of the department of the Dordogne, officer of the Legion of honor, knight of Saint Louis and of

the foreign orders of Christ, Isabella, Saint Wladimir, etc., member of the Academy of Gers, and other

learned bodies, vicepresident of the Society of Belleslettres, member of the Association of SaintJoseph

The person who requires so much typographic space was at this time occupying an area five feet six in length

by thirtysix inches in width in a bed, his head adorned with a cotton nightcap tied on by flamecolored

ribbons; attended by Despleins, the King's surgeon, and young doctor Bianchon, flanked by two old female

relatives, surrounded by phials of all kinds, bandages, appliances, and various mortuary instruments, and

watched over by the curate of SaintRoch, who was advising him to think of his salvation.

La Billardiere's division occupied the upper floor of a magnificent mansion, in which the vast official ocean

of a ministry was contained. A wide landing separated its two bureaus, the doors of which were duly labelled.

The private offices and antechambers of the heads of the two bureaus, Monsieur Rabourdin and Monsieur

Baudoyer, were below on the second floor, and beyond that of Monsieur Rabourdin were the antechamber,

On the first floor, divided in two by an entresol, were the living rooms and office of Monsieur Ernest de la

Briere, an occult and powerful personage who must be described in a few words, for he well deserves the

parenthesis. This young man held, during the whole time that this particular administration lasted, the

position of private secretary to the minister. His apartment was connected by a secret door with the private

office of his Excellency. A private secretary is to the minister himself what des Lupeaulx was to the ministry

at large. The same difference existed between young La Briere and des Lupeaulx that there is between an

aidedecamp and a chief of staff. This ministerial apprentice decamps when his protector leaves office,

returning sometimes when he returns. If the minister enjoys the royal favor when he falls, or still has

parliamentary hopes, he takes his secretary with him into retirement only to bring him back on his return;

otherwise he puts him to grass in some of the various administrative pastures,for instance, in the Court of

Exchequer, that wayside refuge where private secretaries wait for the storm to blow over. The young man is

not precisely a government official; he is a political character, however; and sometimes his politics are

limited to those of one man. When we think of the number of letters it is the private secretary's fate to open

and read, besides all his other avocations, it is very evident that under a monarchical government his services

would be well paid for. A drudge of this kind costs ten or twenty thousand francs a year; and he enjoys,

moreover, the opera boxes, the social invitations, and the carriages of the minister. The Emperor of Russia

would be thankful to be able to pay fifty thousand a year to one of these amiable constitutional poodles, so

gentle, so nicely curled, so caressing, so docile, always spick and span, careful watchdogs besides, and

faithful to a degree! But the private secretary is a product of the representative government hothouse; he is

propagated and developed there, and there only. Under a monarchy you will find none but courtiers and

vassals, whereas under a constitutional government you may be flattered, served, and adulated by free men.

In France ministers are better off than kings or women; they have some one who thoroughly understands

them. Perhaps, indeed, the private secretary is to be pitied as much as women and white paper. They are

nonentities who are made to bear all things. They are allowed no talents except hidden ones, which must be

employed in the service of their ministers. A public show of talent would ruin them. The private secretary is

therefore an intimate friend in the gift of government However, let us return to the bureaus.

Three menservants lived in peace in the Billardiere division, to wit: a footman for the two bureaus, another

for the service of the two chiefs, and a third for the director of the division himself. All three were lodged,

warmed, and clothed by the State, and wore the wellknown livery of the State, blue coat with red pipings for

undress, and broad red, white, and blue braid for great occasions. La Billardiere's man had the air of a

Pillars of the ministry, experts in all manners and customs bureaucratic, wellwarmed and clothed at the

State's expense, growing rich by reason of their few wants, these lackeys saw completely through the

government officials, collectively and individually. They had no better way of amusing their idle hours than

by observing these personages and studying their peculiarities. They knew how far to trust the clerks with

loans of money, doing their various commissions with absolute discretion; they pawned and took out of

pawn, bought up bills when due, and lent money without interest, albeit no clerk ever borrowed of them

without returning a "gratification." These servants without a master received a salary of nine hundred francs a

year; new years' gifts and "gratifications" brought their emoluments to twelve hundred francs, and they made

The elder of these men, who was also the richest, waited upon the main body of the clerks. He was sixty

years of age, with white hair cropped short like a brush; stout, thickset, and apoplectic about the neck, with a

vulgar pimpled face, gray eyes, and a mouth like a furnace door; such was the profile portrait of Antoine, the

oldest attendant in the ministry. He had brought his two nephews, Laurent and Gabriel, from Echelles in

Savoie,one to serve the heads of the bureaus, the other the director himself. All three came to open the

offices and clean them, between seven and eight o'clock in the morning; at which time they read the

newspapers and talked civil service politics from their point of view with the servants of other divisions,

exchanging the bureaucratic gossip. In common with servants of modern houses who know their masters'

private affairs thoroughly, they lived at the ministry like spiders at the centre of a web, where they felt the

On a Thursday evening, the day after the ministerial reception and Madame Rabourdin's evening party, just

as Antoine was trimming his beard and his nephews were assisting him in the antechamber of the division on

the upper floor, they were surprised by the unexpected arrival of one of the clerks.

"That's Monsieur Dutocq," said Antoine. "I know him by that pickpocket step of his. He is always moving

round on the sly, that man. He is on your back before you know it. Yesterday, contrary to his usual ways, he

outstayed the last man in the office; such a thing hasn't happened three times since he has been at the

Here follows the portrait of Monsieur Dutocq, orderclerk in the Rabourdin bureau: Thirtyeight years old,

oblong face and bilious skin, grizzled hair always cut close, low forehead, heavy eyebrows meeting together,

a crooked nose and pinched lips; tall, the right shoulder slightly higher than the left; brown coat, black

waistcoat, silk cravat, yellowish trousers, black woollen stockings, and shoes with flapping bows; thus you

behold him. Idle and incapable, he hated Rabourdin,naturally enough, for Rabourdin had no vice to flatter,

and no bad or weak side on which Dutocq could make himself useful. Far too noble to injure a clerk, the chief

was also too clearsighted to be deceived by any makebelieve. Dutocq kept his place therefore solely

through Rabourdin's generosity, and was very certain that he could never be promoted if the latter succeeded

La Billardiere. Though he knew himself incapable of important work, Dutocq was well aware that in a

government office incapacity was no hindrance to advancement; La Billardiere's own appointment over the

head of so capable a man as Rabourdin had been a striking and fatal example of this. Wickedness combined

with selfinterest works with a power equivalent to that of intellect; evilly disposed and wholly self

interested, Dutocq had endeavoured to strengthen his position by becoming a spy in all the offices. After

1816 he assumed a marked religious tone, foreseeing the favor which the fools of those days would bestow

on those they indiscriminately called Jesuits. Belonging to that fraternity in spirit, though not admitted to its

rites, Dutocq went from bureau to bureau, sounded consciences by recounting immoral jests, and then

reported and paraphrased results to des Lupeaulx; the latter thus learned all the trivial events of the ministry,

and often surprised the minister by his consummate knowledge of what was going on. He tolerated Dutocq

under the idea that circumstances might some day make him useful, were it only to get him or some

distinguished friend of his out of a scrape by a disgraceful marriage. The two understood each other well.

Dutocq had succeeded Monsieur Poiret the elder, who had retired in 1814, and now lived in the pension

Vanquer in the Latin quarter. Dutocq himself lived in a pension in the rue de Beaune, and spent his evenings

in the PalaisRoyal, sometimes going to the theatre, thanks to du Bruel, who gave him an author's ticket

Though Sebastien did his work at the office for the small compensation we have mentioned, du Bruel was in

the habit of coming there to advertise the fact that he was the underheadclerk and to draw his salary. His

real work was that of dramatic critic to a leading ministerial journal, in which he also wrote articles inspired

by the ministers,a very well understood, clearly defined, and quite unassailable position. Du Bruel was not

lacking in those diplomatic little tricks which go so far to conciliate general goodwill. He sent Madame

Rabourdin an operabox for a first representation, took her there in a carriage and brought her back,an

attention which evidently pleased her. Rabourdin, who was never exacting with his subordinates allowed du

Bruel to go off to rehearsals, come to the office at his own hours, and work at his vaudevilles when there.

Monsieur le Duc de Chaulieu, the minister, knew that du Bruel was writing a novel which was to be

dedicated to himself. Dressed with the careless ease of a theatre man, du Bruel wore, in the morning, trousers

strapped under his feet, shoes with gaiters, a waistcoat evidently vamped over, an olive surtout, and a black

cravat. At night he played the gentleman in elegant clothes. He lived, for good reasons, in the same house as

Florine, an actress for whom he wrote plays. Du Bruel, or to give him his pen name, Cursy, was working just

now at a piece in five acts for the Francais. Sebastien was devoted to the author,who occasionally gave

him tickets to the pit,and applauded his pieces at the parts which du Bruel told him were of doubtful

interest, with all the faith and enthusiasm of his years. In fact, the youth looked upon the playwright as a great

author, and it was to Sebastien that du Bruel said, the day after a first representation of a vaudeville produced,

like all vaudevilles, by three collaborators, "The audience preferred the scenes written by two."

There were good reasons why du Bruel did not write alone. He was the third of an author. A dramatic writer,

as few people know, is made up of three individuals; first, the man with brains who invents the subject and

maps out the structure, or scenario, of the vaudeville; second, the plodder, who works the piece into shape;

and third, the toucherup, who sets the songs to music, arranges the chorus and concerted pieces and fits

them into their right place, and finally writes the puffs and advertisements. Du Bruel was a plodder; at the

office he read the newest books, extracted their wit, and laid it by for use in his dialogues. He was liked by

his collaborators on account of his carefulness; the man with brains, sure of being understood, could cross his

arms and feel that his ideas would be well rendered. The clerks in the office liked their companion well

enough to attend a first performance of his plays in a body and applaud them, for he really deserved the title

of a good fellow. His hand went readily to his pocket; ices and punch were bestowed without prodding, and

he loaned fifty francs without asking them back. He owned a countryhouse at Aulnay, laid by his money,

and had, besides the four thousand five hundred francs of his salary under government, twelve hundred francs

pension from the civil list, and eight hundred from the three hundred thousand francs fund voted by the

Chambers for encouragement of the Arts. Add to these diverse emoluments nine thousand francs earned by

his quarters, thirds, and halves of plays in three different theatres, and you will readily understand that such a

man must be physically round, fat, and comfortable, with the face of a worthy capitalist. As to morals, he was

the lover and the beloved of Tullia and felt himself preferred in heart to the brilliant Duc de Rhetore, the lover

Dutocq had seen with great uneasiness what he called the liaison of des Lupeaulx with Madame Rabourdin,

and his silent wrath on the subject was accumulating. He had too prying an eye not to have guessed that

Rabourdin was engaged in some great work outside of his official labors, and he was provoked to feel that he

knew nothing about it, whereas that little Sebastien was, wholly or in part, in the secret. Dutocq was intimate

with Godard, underheadclerk to Baudoyer, and the high esteem in which Dutocq held Baudoyer was the

original cause of his acquaintance with Godard; not that Dutocq was sincere even in this; but by praising

Baudoyer and saying nothing of Rabourdin he satisfied his hatred after the fashion of little minds.

Joseph Godard, a cousin of Mitral on the mother's side, made pretension to the hand of Mademoiselle

Baudoyer, not perceiving that her mother was laying siege to Falliex as a soninlaw. He brought little gifts

to the young lady, artificial flowers, bonbons on New Year's day and pretty boxes for her birthday.

Twentysix years of age, a worker working without purpose, steady as a girl, monotonous and apathetic,

holding cafes, cigars, and horsemanship in detestation, going to bed regularly at ten o'clock and rising at

seven, gifted with some social talents, such as playing quadrille music on the flute, which first brought him

into favor with the Saillards and the Baudoyers. He was moreover a fifer in the National Guard,to escape

his turn of sitting up all night in a barrackroom. Godard was devoted more especially to natural history. He

made collections of shells and minerals, knew how to stuff birds, kept a mass of curiosities bought for

nothing in his bedroom; took possession of phials and empty perfume bottles for his specimens; pinned

butterflies and beetles under glass, hung Chinese parasols on the walls, together with dried fishskins. He lived

with his sister, an artificialflower maker, in the due de Richelieu. Though much admired by mammas this

model young man was looked down upon by his sister's shopgirls, who had tried to inveigle him. Slim and

lean, of medium height, with dark circles round his eyes, Joseph Godard took little care of his person; his

clothes were illcut, his trousers bagged, he wore white stockings at all seasons of the year, a hat with a

narrow brim and laced shoes. He was always complaining of his digestion. His principal vice was a mania for

proposing rural parties during the summer season, excursions to Montmorency, picnics on the grass, and

visits to creameries on the boulevard du MontParnasse. For the last six months Dutocq had taken to visiting

Mademoiselle Godard from time to time, with certain views of his own, hoping to discover in her

Thus Baudoyer had a pair of henchmen in Dutocq and Godard. Monsieur Saillard, too innocent to judge

rightly of Dutocq, was in the habit of paying him frequent little visits at the office. Young La Billardiere, the

director's son, placed as supernumerary with Baudoyer, made another member of the clique. The clever heads

in the offices laughed much at this alliance of incapables. Bixiou named Baudoyer, Godard, and Dutocq a

"So are you, Antoine," answered Dutocq; "you see, the newspapers do come earlier than you let us have them

"They did today, by chance," replied Antoine, not disconcerted; "they never come two days together at the

The two nephews looked at each other as if to say, in admiration of their uncle, "What cheek he has!"

"Though I make two sous by all his breakfasts," muttered Antoine, as he heard Monsieur Dutocq close the

"Ah, Monsieur Sebastien, you are not the first here today," said Antoine, a quarter of an hour later, to the

Virgin natures have, beyond all others, the inexplicable gift of secondsight, the reason of which lies perhaps

in the purity of their nervous systems, which are, as it were, brandnew. Sebastien had long guessed Dutocq's

hatred to his revered Rabourdin. So that when Laurent uttered his name a dreadful presentiment took

possession of the lad's mind, and crying out, "I feared it!" he flew like an arrow into the corridor.

"There is going to be a row in the division," said Antoine, shaking his white head as he put on his livery. "It is

very certain that Monsieur le baron is off to his account. Yes, Madame Gruget, the nurse, told me he couldn't

live through the day. What a stir there'll be! oh! won't there! Go along, you fellows, and see if the stoves are

"That poor young one," said Laurent, "had a sort of sunstroke when he heard that Jesuit of a Dutocq had got

"I have told him a dozen times,for after all one ought to tell the truth to an honest clerk, and what I call an

honest clerk is one like that little fellow who gives us "recta" his ten francs on NewYear's day,I have said

to him again and again: The more you work the more they'll make you work, and they won't promote you. He

doesn't listen to me; he tires himself out staying here till five o'clock, an hour after all the others have gone.

Folly! he'll never get on that way! The proof is that not a word has been said about giving him an

appointment, though he has been here two years. It's a shame! it makes my blood boil."

"But Monsieur Rabourdin isn't a minister," retorted Antoine; "it will be a hot day when that happens, and the

hens will have teeth; he is toobut mum! When I think that I carry salaries to those humbugs who stay away

and do as they please, while that poor little La Roche works himself to death, I ask myself if God ever thinks

of the civil service. And what do they give you, these pets of Monsieur le marechal and Monsieur le duc?

'Thank you, my dear Antoine, thank you,' with a gracious nod! Pack of sluggards! go to work, or you'll bring

another revolution about your ears. Didn't see such goingson under Monsieur Robert Lindet. I know, for I

served my apprenticeship under Robert Lindet. The clerks had to work in his day! You ought to have seen

how they scratched paper here till midnight; why, the stoves went out and nobody noticed it. It was all

because the guillotine was there! nowa days they only mark 'em when they come in late!"

"Uncle Antoine," said Gabriel, "as you are so talkative this morning, just tell us what you think a clerk really

"A government clerk," replied Antoine, gravely, "is a man who sits in a government office and writes. But

there, there, what am I talking about? Without the clerks, where should we be, I'd like to know? Go along and

look after your stoves and mind you never say harm of a government clerk, you fellows. Gabriel, the stove in

Antoine stationed himself at a corner of the landing whence he could see all the officials as they entered the

portecochere; he knew every one at the ministry, and watched their behavior, observing narrowly the

The first to arrive after Sebastien was a clerk of deeds in Rabourdin's office named Phellion, a respectable

familyman. To the influence of his chief he owed a halfscholarship for each of his two sons in the College

Henri IV.; while his daughter was being educated gratis at a boarding school where his wife gave music

lessons and he himself a course of history and one of geography in the evenings. He was about fortyfive

years of age, sergeantmajor of his company in the National Guard, very compassionate in feeling and

words, but wholly unable to give away a penny. Proud of his post, however, and satisfied with his lot, he

applied himself faithfully to serve the government, believed he was useful to his country, and boasted of his

indifference to politics, knowing none but those of the men in power. Monsieur Rabourdin pleased him

highly whenever he asked him to stay half an hour longer to finish a piece of work. On such occasions he

would say, when he reached home, "Public affairs detained me; when a man belongs to the government he is

no longer master of himself." He compiled books of questions and answers on various studies for the use of

young ladies in boardingschools. These little "solid treatises," as he called them, were sold at the University

library under the name of "Historical and Geographic Catechisms." Feeling himself in duty bound to offer a

copy of each volume, bound in red morocco, to Monsieur Rabourdin, he always came in full dress to present

them, breeches and silk stockings, and shoes with gold buckles. Monsieur Phellion received his friends on

Thursday evenings, on which occasions the company played bouillote, at five sous a game, and were regaled

with cakes and beer. He had never yet dared to invite Monsieur Rabourdin to honor him with his presence,

though he would have regarded such an event as the most distinguished of his life. He said if he could leave

one of his sons following in the steps of Monsieur Rabourdin he should die the happiest father in the world.

One of his greatest pleasures was to explore the environs of Paris, which he did with a map. He knew every

inch of Arcueil, Bievre, FontenayauxRoses, and Aulnay, so famous as the resort of great writers, and

hoped in time to know the whole western side of the country around Paris. He intended to put his eldest son

into a government office and his second into the Ecole Polytechnique. He often said to the elder, "When you

have the honor to be a government clerk"; though he suspected him of a preference for the exact sciences and

did his best to repress it, mentally resolved to abandon the lad to his own devices if he persisted. When

Rabourdin sent for him to come down and receive instructions about some particular piece of work, Phellion

gave all his mind to it,listening to every word the chief said, as a dilettante listens to an air at the Opera.

Silent in the office, with his feet in the air resting on a wooden desk, and never moving them, he studied his

task conscientiously. His official letters were written with the utmost gravity, and transmitted the commands

of the minister in solemn phrases. Monsieur Phellion's face was that of a pensive ram, with little color and

pitted by the small pox; the lips were thick and the lower one pendent; the eyes light blue, and his figure

above the common height. Neat and clean as a master of history and geography in a young ladies' school

ought to be, he wore fine linen, a pleated shirtfrill, a black cashmere waistcoat, left open and showing a pair

of braces embroidered by his daughter, a diamond in the bosom of his shirt, a black coat, and blue trousers. In

winter he added a nutcolored boxcoat with three capes, and carried a loaded stick, necessitated, he said, by

the profound solitude of the quarter in which he lived. He had given up taking snuff, and referred to this

reform as a striking example of the empire a man could exercise over himself. Monsieur Phellion came

slowly up the stairs, for he was afraid of asthma, having what he called an "adipose chest." He saluted

The next to follow was a copyingclerk, who presented a strange contrast to the virtuous Phellion. Vimeux

was a young man of twenty five, with a salary of fifteen hundred francs, wellmade and graceful, with a

romantic face, and eyes, hair, beard, and eyebrows as black as jet, fine teeth, charming hands, and wearing a

moustache so carefully trimmed that he seemed to have made it the business and occupation of his life.

Vimeux had such aptitude for work that he despatched it much quicker than any of the other clerks. "He has a

gift, that young man!" Phellion said of him when he saw him cross his legs and have nothing to do for the rest

of the day, having got through his appointed task; "and see what a little dandy he is!" Vimeux breakfasted on

a roll and a glass of water, dined for twenty sous at Katcomb's, and lodged in a furnished room, for which he

paid twelve francs a month. His happiness, his sole pleasure in life, was dress. He ruined himself in

miraculous waistcoats, in trousers that were tight, halftight, pleated, or embroidered; in superfine boots,

wellmade coats which outlined his elegant figure; in bewitching collars, spotless gloves, and immaculate

hats. A ring with a coat of arms adorned his hand, outside his glove, from which dangled a handsome cane;

with these accessories he endeavoured to assume the air and manner of a wealthy young man. After the office

closed he appeared in the great walk of the Tuileries, with a toothpick in his mouth, as though he were a

millionaire who had just dined. Always on the lookout for a woman,an Englishwoman, a foreigner of some

kind, or a widow,who might fall in love with him, he practised the art of twirling his cane and of flinging

the sort of glance which Bixiou told him was American. He smiled to show his fine teeth; he wore no socks

under his boots, but he had his hair curled every day. Vimeux was prepared, in accordance with fixed

principles, to marry a hunchback with six thousand a year, or a woman of fortyfive at eight thousand, or an

Englishwoman for half that sum. Phellion, who delighted in his neat handwriting, and was full of

compassion for the fellow, read him lectures on the duty of giving lessons in penmanship,an honorable

career, he said, which would ameliorate existence and even render it agreeable; he promised him a situation

in a young ladies' boardingschool. But Vimeux's head was so full of his own idea that no human being could

prevent him from having faith in his star. He continued to lay himself out, like a salmon at a fishmonger's, in

spite of his empty stomach and the fact that he had fruitlessly exhibited his enormous moustache and his fine

clothes for over three years. As he owed Antoine more than thirty francs for his breakfasts, he lowered his

eyes every time he passed him; and yet he never failed at midday to ask the man to buy him a roll.

After trying to get a few reasonable ideas into this foolish head, Rabourdin had finally given up the attempt as

hopeless. Adolphe (his family name was Adolphe) had lately economized on dinners and lived entirely on

bread and water, to buy a pair of spurs and a ridingwhip. Jokes at the expense of this starving Amadis were

made only in the spirit of mischievous fun which creates vaudevilles, for he was really a kindhearted fellow

and a good comrade, who harmed no one but himself. A standing joke in the two bureaus was the question

whether he wore corsets, and bets depended on it. Vimeux was originally appointed to Baudoyer's bureau, but

he manoeuvred to get himself transferred to Rabourdin's, on account of Baudoyer's extreme severity in

relation to what were called "the English,"a name given by the government clerks to their creditors.

"English day" means the day on which the government offices are thrown open to the public. Certain then of

finding their delinquent debtors, the creditors swarm in and torment them, asking when they intend to pay,

and threatening to attach their salaries. The implacable Baudoyer compelled the clerks to remain at their

desks and endure this torture. "It was their place not to make debts," he said; and he considered his severity as

a duty which he owed to the public weal. Rabourdin, on the contrary, protected the clerks against their

creditors, and turned the latter away, saying that the government bureaus were open for public business, not

private. Much ridicule pursued Vimeux in both bureaus when the clank of his spurs resounded in the

corridors and on the staircases. The wag of the ministry, Bixiou, sent round a paper, headed by a caricature of

his victim on a pasteboard horse, asking for subscriptions to buy him a live charger. Monsieur Baudoyer was

down for a bale of hay taken from his own forage allowance, and each of the clerks wrote his little epigram;

Vimeux himself, goodnatured fellow that he was, subscribed under the name of "Miss Fairfax."

Handsome clerks of the Vimeux style have their salaries on which to live, and their good looks by which to

make their fortune. Devoted to masked balls during the carnival, they seek their luck there, though it often

escapes them. Many end the weary round by marrying milliners, or old women,sometimes, however,

young ones who are charmed with their handsome persons, and with whom they set up a romance illustrated

Bixiou (pronounce it Bisiou) was a draughtsman, who ridiculed Dutocq as readily as he did Rabourdin,

whom he nicknamed "the virtuous woman." Without doubt the cleverest man in the division or even in the

ministry (but clever after the fashion of a monkey, without aim or sequence), Bixiou was so essentially useful

to Baudoyer and Godard that they upheld and protected him in spite of his misconduct; for he did their work

when they were incapable of doing it for themselves. Bixiou wanted either Godard's or du Bruel's place as

underheadclerk, but his conduct interfered with his promotion. Sometimes he sneered at the public service;

this was usually after he had made some happy hit, such as the publication of portraits in the famous Fualdes

case (for which he drew faces haphazard), or his sketch of the debate on the Castaing affair. At other times,

when possessed with a desire to get on, he really applied himself to work, though he would soon leave off to

write a vaudeville, which was never finished. A thorough egoist, a spendthrift and a miser in one,that is to

say, spending his money solely on himself,sharp, aggressive, and indiscreet, he did mischief for mischief's

sake; above all, he attacked the weak, respected nothing and believed in nothing, neither in France, nor in

God, nor in art, nor in the Greeks, nor in the Turks, nor in the monarchy, insulting and disparaging

everything that he could not comprehend. He was the first to paint a black cap on Charles X.'s head on the

five franc coins. He mimicked Dr. Gall when lecturing, till he made the most starched of diplomatists burst

their buttons. Famous for his practical jokes, he varied them with such elaborate care that he always obtained

a victim. His great secret in this was the power of guessing the inmost wishes of others; he knew the way to

many a castle in the air, to the dreams about which a man may be fooled because he wants to be; and he made

Thus it happened that this close observer, who could display unrivalled tact in developing a joke or driving

home a sarcasm, was unable to use the same power to make men further his fortunes and promote him. The

person he most liked to annoy was young La Billardiere, his nightmare, his detestation, whom he was

nevertheless constantly wheedling so as the better to torment him on his weakest side. He wrote him love

letters signed "Comtesse de M" or "Marquise de B"; took him to the Opera on gala days and presented

him to some grisette under the clock, after calling everybody's attention to the young fool. He allied himself

with Dutocq (whom he regarded as a solemn juggler) in his hatred to Rabourdin and his praise of Baudoyer,

and did his best to support him. JeanJaques Bixiou was the grandson of a Parisian grocer. His father, who

died a colonel, left him to the care of his grandmother, who married her headclerk, named Descoings, after

the death of her first husband, and died in 1822. Finding himself without prospects on leaving college, he

attempted painting, but in spite of his intimacy with Joseph Bridau, his lifelong friend, he abandoned art to

take up caricature, vignette designing, and drawing for books, which twenty years later went by the name of

"illustration." The influence of the Ducs de Maufrigneuse and de Rhetore, whom he knew in the society of

actresses, procured him his employment under government in 1819. On good terms with des Lupeaulx, with

whom in society he stood on an equality, and intimate with du Bruel, he was a living proof of Rabourdin's

theory as to the steady deterioration of the administrative hierarchy in Paris through the personal importance

which a government official may acquire outside of a government office. Short in stature but wellformed,

with a delicate face remarkable for its vague likeness to Napoleon's, thin lips, a straight chin, chestnut

whiskers, twentyseven years old, fair skinned, with a piercing voice and sparkling eye,such was Bixiou;

a man, all sense and all wit, who abandoned himself to a mad pursuit of pleasure of every description, which

threw him into a constant round of dissipation. Hunter of grisettes, smoker, jester, dinerout and frequenter of

supperparties, always tuned to the highest pitch, shining equally in the greenroom and at the balls given

among the grisettes of the Allee des Veuves, he was just as surprisingly entertaining at table as at a picnic, as

gay and lively at midnight on the streets as in the morning when he jumped out of bed, and yet at heart

Launched into the world of actors and actresses, writers, artists, and certain women of uncertain means, he

lived well, went to the theatre without paying, gambled at Frascati, and often won. Artist by nature and really

profound, though by flashes only, he swayed to and fro in life like a swing, without thinking or caring of a

time when the cord would break. The liveliness of his wit and the prodigal flow of his ideas made him

acceptable to all persons who took pleasure in the lights of intellect; but none of his friends liked him.

Incapable of checking a witty saying, he would scarify his two neighbors before a dinner was half over. In

spite of his skindeep gayety, a secret dissatisfaction with his social position could be detected in his speech;

he aspired to something better, but the fatal demon hiding in his wit hindered him from acquiring the gravity

which imposes on fools. He lived on the second floor of a house in the rue de Ponthieu, where he had three

rooms delivered over to the untidiness of a bachelor's establishment, in fact, a regular bivouac. He often

talked of leaving France and seeking his fortune in America. No wizard could foretell the future of this young

man in whom all talents were incomplete; who was incapable of perseverance, intoxicated with pleasure, and

In the matter of dress Bixiou had the merit of never being ridiculous; he was perhaps the only official of the

ministry whose dress did not lead outsiders to say, "That man is a government clerk!" He wore elegant boots

with black trousers strapped under them, a fancy waistcoat, a becoming blue coat, collars that were the

neverending gift of grisettes, one of Bandoni's hats, and a pair of darkcolored kid gloves. His walk and

bearing, cavalier and simple both, were not without grace. He knew all this, and when des Lupeaulx

summoned him for a piece of impertinence said and done about Monsieur de la Billardiere and threatened

him with dismissal, Bixiou replied, "You will take me back because my clothes do credit to the ministry";

and des Lupeaulx, unable to keep from laughing, let the matter pass. The most harmless of Bixiou's jokes

perpetrated among the clerks was the one he played off upon Godard, presenting him with a butterfly just

brought from China, which the worthy man keeps in his collection and exhibits to this day, blissfully

unconscious that it is only painted paper. Bixiou had the patience to work up the little masterpiece for the sole

The devil always puts a martyr near a Bixiou. Baudoyer's bureau held the martyr, a poor copyingclerk

twentytwo years of age, with a salary of fifteen hundred francs, named AugusteJeanFrancois Minard.

Minard had married for love the daughter of a porter, an artificial flower maker employed by Mademoiselle

Godard. Zelie Lorrain, a pupil, in the first place, of the Conservatoire, then by turns a danseuse, a singer, and

an actress, had thought of doing as so many of the workingwomen do; but the fear of consequences kept her

from vice. She was floating undecidedly along, when Minard appeared upon the scene with a definite

proposal of marriage. Zelie earned five hundred francs a year, Minard had fifteen hundred. Believing that

they could live on two thousand, they married without settlements, and started with the utmost economy.

They went to live, like doveturtles, near the barriere de Courcelles, in a little apartment at three hundred

francs a year, with white cotton curtains to the windows, a Scotch paper costing fifteen sous a roll on the

walls, brick floors well polished, walnut furniture in the parlor, and a tiny kitchen that was very clean. Zelie

nursed her children herself when they came, cooked, made her flowers, and kept the house. There was

something very touching in this happy and laborious mediocrity. Feeling that Minard truly loved her, Zelie

loved him. Love begets love,it is the abyssus abyssum of the Bible. The poor man left his bed in the

morning before his wife was up, that he might fetch provisions. He carried the flowers she had finished, on

his way to the bureau, and bought her materials on his way back; then, while waiting for dinner, he stamped

out her leaves, trimmed the twigs, or rubbed her colors. Small, slim, and wiry, with crisp red hair, eyes of a

light yellow, a skin of dazzling fairness, though blotched with red, the man had a sturdy courage that made no

show. He knew the science of writing quite as well as Vimeux. At the office he kept in the background, doing

his allotted task with the collected air of a man who thinks and suffers. His white eyelashes and lack of

eyebrows induced the relentless Bixiou to name him "the white rabbit." Minardthe Rabourdin of a lower

spherewas filled with the desire of placing his Zelie in better circumstances, and his mind searched the

ocean of the wants of luxury in hopes of finding an idea, of making some discovery or some improvement

which would bring him a rapid fortune. His apparent dulness was really caused by the continual tension of his

mind; he went over the history of Cephalic Oils and the Paste of Sultans, lucifer matches and portable gas,

jointed sockets for hydrostatic lamps,in short, all the infinitely little inventions of material civilization

which pay so well. He bore Bixiou's jests as a busy man bears the buzzing of an insect; he was not even

annoyed by them. In spite of his cleverness, Bixiou never perceived the profound contempt which Minard felt

for him. Minard never dreamed of quarrelling, however,regarding it as a loss of time. After a while his

composure tired out his tormentor. He always breakfasted with his wife, and ate nothing at the office. Once a

month he took Zelie to the theatre, with tickets bestowed by du Bruel or Bixiou; for Bixiou was capable of

anything, even of doing a kindness. Monsieur and Madame Minard paid their visits in person on NewYear's

day. Those who saw them often asked how it was that a woman could keep her husband in good clothes, wear

a Leghorn bonnet with flowers, embroidered muslin dresses, silk mantles, prunella boots, handsome fichus, a

Chinese parasol, and drive home in a hackneycoach, and yet be virtuous; while Madame Colleville and

other "ladies" of her kind could scarcely make ends meet, though they had double Madame Minard's means.

In the two bureaus were two clerks so devoted to each other that their friendship became the butt of all the

rest. He of the bureau Baudoyer, named Colleville, was chiefclerk, and would have been head of the bureau

long before if the Restoration had never happened. His wife was as clever in her way as Madame Rabourdin

in hers. Colleville, who was son of a first violin at the opera, fell in love with the daughter of a celebrated

danseuse. Flavie Minoret, one of those capable and charming Parisian women who know how to make their

husbands happy and yet preserve their own liberty, made the Colleville home a rendezvous for all our best

artists and orators. Colleville's humble position under government was forgotten there. Flavie's conduct gave

such food for gossip, however, that Madame Rabourdin had declined all her invitations. The friend in

Rabourdin's bureau to whom Colleville was so attached was named Thuillier. All who knew one knew the

other. Thuillier, called "the handsome Thuillier," an exLothario, led as idle a life as Colleville led a busy

one. Colleville, government official in the mornings and first clarionet at the OperaComique at night,

worked hard to maintain his family, though he was not without influential friends. He was looked upon as a

very shrewd man,all the more, perhaps, because he hid his ambitions under a show of indifference.

Apparently content with his lot and liking work, he found every one, even the chiefs, ready to protect his

brave career. During the last few weeks Madame Colleville had made an evident change in the household,

and seemed to be taking to piety. This gave rise to a vague report in the bureaus that she thought of securing

some more powerful influence than that of Francois Keller, the famous orator, who had been one of her chief

adorers, but who, so far, had failed to obtain a better place for her husband. Flavie had, about this time and

Colleville had a passion for reading the horoscopes of famous men in the anagram of their names. He passed

whole months in decomposing and recomposing words and fitting them to new meanings. "Un Corse la

finira," found within the words, "Revolution Francaise"; "Eh, c'est large nez," in "Charles Genest," an abbe at

the court of Louis XIV., whose huge nose is recorded by SaintSimon as the delight of the Duc de

Bourgogne (the exigencies of this last anagram required the substitution of a z for an s),were a

neverending marvel to Colleville. Raising the anagram to the height of a science, he declared that the

destiny of every man was written in the words or phrase given by the transposition of the letters of his names

and titles; and his patriotism struggled hard to suppress the factsignal evidence for his theorythat in

Horatio Nelson, "honor est a Nilo." Ever since the accession of Charles X., he had bestowed much thought on

the king's anagram. Thuillier, who was fond of making puns, declared that an anagram was nothing more than

a pun on letters. The sight of Colleville, a man of real feeling, bound almost indissolubly to Thuillier, the

model of an egoist, presented a difficult problem to the mind of an observer. The clerks in the offices

explained it by saying, "Thuillier is rich, and the Colleville household costly." This friendship, however,

consolidated by time, was based on feelings and on facts which naturally explained it; an account of which

may be found elsewhere (see "Les Petits Bourgeois"). We may remark in passing that though Madame

Colleville was well known in the bureaus, the existence of Madame Thuillier was almost unknown there.

Colleville, an active man, burdened with a family of children, was fat, round, and jolly, whereas Thuillier,

"the beau of the Empire" without apparent anxieties and always at leisure, was slender and thin, with a livid

face and a melancholy air. "We never know," said Rabourdin, speaking of the two men, "whether our

Unlike these Siamese twins, two other clerks, Chazelle and Paulmier, were forever squabbling. One smoked,

the other took snuff, and the merits of their respective use of tobacco were the origin of ceaseless disputes.

Chazelle's home, which was tyrannized over by a wife, furnished a subject of endless ridicule to Paulmier;

whereas Paulmier, a bachelor, often halfstarved like Vimeux, with ragged clothes and halfconcealed

penury was a fruitful source of ridicule to Chazelle. Both were beginning to show a protuberant stomach;

Chazelle's, which was round and projecting, had the impertinence, so Bixiou said, to enter the room first;

Paulmier's corporation spread to right and left. A favorite amusement with Bixiou was to measure them

quarterly. The two clerks, by dint of quarrelling over the details of their lives, and washing much of their

dirty linen at the office, had obtained the disrepute which they merited. "Do you take me for a Chazelle?" was

Monsieur Poiret junior, called "junior" to distinguish him from his brother Monsieur Poiret senior (now living

in the Maison Vanquer, where Poiret junior sometimes dined, intending to end his days in the same retreat),

had spent thirty years in the Civil Service. Nature herself is not so fixed and unvarying in her evolutions as

was Poiret junior in all the acts of his daily life; he always laid his things in precisely the same place, put his

pen in the same rack, sat down in his seat at the same hour, warmed himself at the stove at the same moment

of the day. His sole vanity consisted in wearing an infallible watch, timed daily at the Hotel de Ville as he

passed it on his way to the office. From six to eight o'clock in the morning he kept the books of a large shop

in the rue SaintAntoine, and from six to eight o'clock in the evening those of the Maison Camusot, in the rue

des Bourdonnais. He thus earned three thousand francs a year, counting his salary from the government. In a

few months his term of service would be up, when he would retire on a pension; he therefore showed the

utmost indifference to the political intrigues of the bureaus. Like his elder brother, to whom retirement from

active service had proved a fatal blow, he would probably grow an old man when he could no longer come

from his home to the ministry, sit in the same chair and copy a certain number of pages. Poiret's eyes were

dim, his glance weak and lifeless, his skin discolored and wrinkled, gray in tone and speckled with bluish

dots; his nose flat, his lips drawn inward to the mouth, where a few defective teeth still lingered. His gray

hair, flattened to the head by the pressure of his hat, gave him the look of an ecclesiastic,a resemblance he

would scarcely have liked, for he hated priests and clergy, though he could give no reasons for his

antireligious views. This antipathy, however, did not prevent him from being extremely attached to

whatever administration happened to be in power. He never buttoned his old green coat, even on the coldest

No human life was ever lived so thoroughly by rule. Poiret kept all his receipted bills, even the most trifling,

and all his account books, wrapped in old shirts and put away according to their respective years from the

time of his entrance at the ministry. Rough copies of his letters were dated and put away in a box, ticketed

"My Correspondence." He dined at the same restaurant (the Sucking Calf in the place du Chatelet), and sat in

the same place, which the waiters kept for him. He never gave five minutes more time to the shop in the rue

Saint Antoine than justly belonged to it, and at halfpast eight precisely he reached the Cafe David, where he

breakfasted and remained till eleven. There he listened to political discussions, his arms crossed on his cane,

his chin in his right hand, never saying a word. The dame du comptoir, the only woman to whom he ever

spoke with pleasure, was the sole confidant of the little events of his life, for his seat was close to her counter.

He played dominoes, the only game he was capable of understanding. When his partners did not happen to be

present, he usually went to sleep with his back against the wainscot, holding a newspaper in his hand, the

wooden file resting on the marble of his table. He was interested in the buildings going up in Paris, and spent

his Sundays in walking about to examine them. He was often heard to say, "I saw the Louvre emerge from its

rubbish; I saw the birth of the place du Chatelet, the quai aux Fleurs and the Markets." He and his brother,

both born at Troyes, were sent in youth to serve their apprenticeship in a government office. Their mother

made herself notorious by misconduct, and the two brothers had the grief of hearing of her death in the

hospital at Troyes, although they had frequently sent money for her support. This event led them both not

only to abjure marriage, but to feel a horror of children; ill at ease with them, they feared them as others fear

Since the day when he first came to Paris Poiret junior had never gone outside the city. He began at that time

to keep a journal of his life, in which he noted down all the striking events of his day. Du Bruel told him that

Lord Byron did the same thing. This likeness filled Poiret junior with delight, and led him to buy the works of

Lord Byron, translated by Chastopalli, of which he did not understand a word. At the office he was often seen

in a melancholy attitude, as though absorbed in thought, when in fact he was thinking of nothing at all. He

did not know a single person in the house where he lived, and always carried the keys of his apartment about

with him. On NewYear's day he went round and left his own cards on all the clerks of the division. Bixiou

took it into his head on one of the hottest of dog days to put a layer of lard under the lining of a certain old

hat which Poiret junior (he was, by the bye, fiftytwo years old) had worn for the last nine years. Bixiou, who

had never seen any other hat on Poiret's head, dreamed of it and declared he tasted it in his food; he therefore

resolved, in the interests of his digestion, to relieve the bureau of the sight of that amorphous old hat. Poiret

junior left the office regularly at four o'clock. As he walked along, the sun's rays reflected from the

pavements and walls produced a tropical heat; he felt that his head was inundated,he, who never perspired!

Feeling that he was ill, or on the point of being so, instead of going as usual to the Sucking Calf he went

home, drew out from his desk the journal of his life, and recorded the fact in the following manner:

"Today, July 3, 1823, overtaken by extraordinary perspiration, a sign, perhaps, of the sweatingsickness, a

malady which prevails in Champagne. I am about to consult Doctor Haudry. The disease first appeared as I

Suddenly, having taken off his hat, he became aware that the mysterious sweat had some cause independent

of his own person. He wiped his face, examined the hat, and could find nothing, for he did not venture to take

"Carried my hat to the Sieur Tournan, hatmaker in the rue Saint Martin, for the reason that I suspect some

unknown cause for this perspiration, which, in that case, might not be perspiration, but, possibly, the effect of

Monsieur Tournan at once informed his customer of the presence of a greasy substance, obtained by the

tryingout of the fat of a pig or sow. The next day Poiret appeared at the office with another hat, lent by

Monsieur Tournan while a new one was making; but he did not sleep that night until he had added the

following sentence to the preceding entries in his journal: "It is asserted that my hat contained lard, the fat of

This inexplicable fact occupied the intellect of Poiret junior for the space of two weeks; and he never knew

how the phenomenon was produced. The clerks told him tales of showers of frogs, and other dogday

wonders, also the startling fact that an imprint of the head of Napoleon had been found in the root of a young

elm, with other eccentricities of natural history. Vimeux informed him that one day his hathis,

Vimeux'shad stained his forehead black, and that hat makers were in the habit of using drugs. After that

Poiret paid many visits to Monsieur Tournan to inquire into his methods of manufacture.

In the Rabourdin bureau was a clerk who played the man of courage and audacity, professed the opinions of

the Left centre, and rebelled against the tyrannies of Baudoyer as exercised upon what he called the unhappy

slaves of that office. His name was Fleury. He boldly subscribed to an opposition newspaper, wore a gray hat

with a broad brim, red bands on his blue trousers, a blue waistcoat with gilt buttons, and a surtout coat

crossed over the breast like that of a quartermaster of gendarmerie. Though unyielding in his opinions, he

continued to be employed in the service, all the while predicting a fatal end to a government which persisted

in upholding religion. He openly avowed his sympathy for Napoleon, now that the death of that great man put

an end to the laws enacted against "the partisans of the usurper." Fleury, excaptain of a regiment of the line

under the Emperor, a tall, dark, handsome fellow, was now, in addition to his civilservice post, boxkeeper

at the CirqueOlympique. Bixiou never ventured on tormenting Fleury, for the rough trooper, who was a

good shot and clever at fencing, seemed quite capable of extreme brutality if provoked. An ardent subscriber

to "Victoires et Conquetes," Fleury nevertheless refused to pay his subscription, though he kept and read the

copies, alleging that they exceeded the number proposed in the prospectus. He adored Monsieur Rabourdin,

who had saved him from dismissal, and was even heard to say that if any misfortune happened to the chief

through anybody's fault he would kill that person. Dutocq meanly courted Fleury because he feared him.

Fleury, crippled with debt, played many a trick on his creditors. Expert in legal matters, he never signed a

promissory note; and had prudently attached his own salary under the names of fictitious creditors, so that he

was able to draw nearly the whole of it himself. He played ecarte, was the life of evening parties, tossed off

glasses of champagne without wetting his lips, and knew all the songs of Beranger by heart. He was proud of

his full, sonorous voice. His three great admirations were Napoleon, Bolivar, and Beranger. Foy, Lafitte, and

Casimir Delavigne he only esteemed. Fleury, as you will have guessed already, was a Southerner, destined,

Desroys, the mysterious clerk of the division, consorted with no one, talked little, and hid his private life so

carefully that no one knew where he lived, nor who were his protectors, nor what were his means of

subsistence. Looking about them for the causes of this reserve, some of his colleagues thought him a

"carbonaro," others an Orleanist; there were others again who doubted whether to call him a spy or a man of

solid merit. Desroys was, however, simple and solely the son of a "Conventionel," who did not vote the king's

death. Cold and prudent by temperament, he had judged the world and ended by relying on no one but

himself. Republican in secret, an admirer of PaulLouis Courier and a friend of Michael Chrestien, he looked

to time and public intelligence to bring about the triumph of his opinions from end to end of Europe. He

dreamed of a new Germany and a new Italy. His heart swelled with that dull, collective love which we must

call humanitarianism, the eldest son of deceased philanthropy, and which is to the divine catholic charity

what system is to art, or reasoning to deed. This conscientious puritan of freedom, this apostle of an

impossible equality, regretted keenly that his poverty forced him to serve the government, and he made

various efforts to find a place elsewhere. Tall, lean, lanky, and solemn in appearance, like a man who expects

to be called some day to lay down his life for a cause, he lived on a page of Volney, studied SaintJust, and

employed himself on a vindication of Robespierre, whom he regarded as the successor of Jesus Christ.

The last of the individuals belonging to these bureaus who merits a sketch here is the little La Billardiere.

Having, to his great misfortune, lost his mother, and being under the protection of the minister, safe therefore

from the tyrannies of Baudoyer, and received in all the ministerial salons, he was nevertheless detested by

every one because of his impertinence and conceit. The two chiefs were polite to him, but the clerks held him

at arm's length and prevented all companionship by means of the extreme and grotesque politeness which

they bestowed upon him. A pretty youth of twentytwo, tall and slender, with the manners of an Englishman,

a dandy in dress, curled and perfumed, gloved and booted in the latest fashion, and twirling an eyeglass,

Benjamin de la Billardiere thought himself a charming fellow and possessed all the vices of the world with

none of its graces. He was now looking forward impatiently to the death of his father, that he might succeed

to the title of baron. His cards were printed "le Chevalier de la Billardiere" and on the wall of his office hung,

in a frame, his coat of arms (sable, two swords in saltire, on a chief azure three mullets argent; with the

motto; "Toujours fidele"). Possessed with a mania for talking heraldry, he once asked the young Vicomte de

Portenduere why his arms were charged in a certain way, and drew down upon himself the happy answer, "I

did not make them." He talked of his devotion to the monarchy and the attentions the Dauphine paid him. He

stood very well with des Lupeaulx, whom he thought his friend, and they often breakfasted together. Bixiou

posed as his mentor, and hoped to rid the division and France of the young fool by tempting him to excesses,

Such were the principal figures of La Billardiere's division of the ministry, where also were other clerks of

less account, who resembled more or less those that are represented here. It is difficult even for an observer to

decide from the aspect of these strange personalities whether the goosequill tribe were becoming idiots from

the effects of their employment or whether they entered the service because they were natural born fools.

Possibly the making of them lies at the door of Nature and of the government both. Nature, to a civilservice

clerk is, in fact, the sphere of the office; his horizon is bounded on all sides by green boxes; to him,

atmospheric changes are the air of the corridors, the masculine exhalations contained in rooms without

ventilators, the odor of paper, pens, and ink; the soil he treads is a tiled pavement or a wooden floor, strewn

with a curious litter and moistened by the attendant's wateringpot; his sky is the ceiling toward which he

yawns; his element is dust. Several distinguished doctors have remonstrated against the influence of this

second nature, both savage and civilized, on the moral being vegetating in those dreadful pens called bureaus,

where the sun seldom penetrates, where thoughts are tied down to occupations like that of horses who turn a

crank and who, poor beasts, yawn distressingly and die quickly. Rabourdin was, therefore, fully justified in

seeking to reform their present condition, by lessening their numbers and giving to each a larger salary and

far heavier work. Men are neither wearied nor bored when doing great things. Under the present system

government loses fully four hours out of the nine which the clerks owe to the service, hours wasted, as we

shall see, in conversations, in gossip, in disputes, and, above all, in underhand intriguing. The reader must

have haunted the bureaus of the ministerial departments before he can realize how much their petty and

belittling life resembles that of seminaries. Wherever men live collectively this likeness is obvious; in

regiments, in lawcourts, you will find the elements of the school on a smaller or larger scale. The

government clerks, forced to be together for nine hours of the day, looked upon their office as a sort of

classroom where they had tasks to perform, where the head of the bureau was no other than a schoolmaster,

and where the gratuities bestowed took the place of prizes given out to proteges,a place, moreover, where

they teased and hated each other, and yet felt a certain comradeship, colder than that of a regiment, which

itself is less hearty than that of seminaries. As a man advances in life he grows more selfish; egoism

develops, and relaxes all the secondary bonds of affection. A government office is, in short, a microcosm of

society, with its oddities and hatreds, its envy and its cupidity, its determination to push on, no matter who

goes under, its frivolous gossip which gives so many wounds, and its perpetual spying.

At this moment the division of Monsieur de la Billardiere was in a state of unusual excitement, resulting very

naturally from the event which was about to happen; for heads of divisions do not die every day, and there is

no insurance office where the chances of life and death are calculated with more sagacity than in a

government bureau. Selfinterest stifles all compassion, as it does in children, but the government service

The clerks of the bureau Baudoyer arrived at eight o'clock in the morning, whereas those of the bureau

Rabourdin seldom appeared till nine,a circumstance which did not prevent the work in the latter office

from being more rapidly dispatched than that of the former. Dutocq had important reasons for coming early

on this particular morning. The previous evening he had furtively entered the study where Sebastien was at

work, and had seen him copying some papers for Rabourdin; he concealed himself until he saw Sebastien

leave the premises without taking any papers away with him. Certain, therefore, of finding the rather

voluminous memorandum which he had seen, together with its copy, in some corner of the study, he searched

through the boxes one after another until he finally came upon the fatal list. He carried it in hot haste to an

autographprinting house, where he obtained two pressed copies of the memorandum, showing, of course,

Rabourdin's own writing. Anxious not to arouse suspicion, he had gone very early to the office and replaced

both the memorandum and Sebastien's copy in the box from which he had taken them. Sebastien, who was

kept up till after midnight at Madame Rabourdin's party, was, in spite of his desire to get to the office early,

preceded by the spirit of hatred. Hatred lived in the rue SaintLouisSaintHonore, whereas love and

devotion lived faroff in the rue du RoiDore in the Marais. This slight delay was destined to affect

Sebastien opened his box eagerly, found the memorandum and his own unfinished copy all in order, and

locked them at once into the desk as Rabourdin had directed. The mornings are dark in these offices towards

the end of December, sometimes indeed the lamps are lit till after ten o'clock; consequently Sebastien did not

happen to notice the pressure of the copyingmachine upon the paper. But when, about halfpast nine

o'clock, Rabourdin looked at his memorandum he saw at once the effects of the copying process, and all the

more readily because he was then considering whether these autographic presses could not be made to do the

Too noble to distress Sebastien uselessly by blaming him for a misfortune now beyond remedy, Rabourdin

said no more. Antoine came. Rabourdin asked if any clerk had remained at the office after four o'clock the

previous evening. The man replied that Monsieur Dutocq had worked there later than Monsieur de la Roche,

who was usually the last to leave. Rabourdin dismissed him with a nod, and resumed the thread of his

"Twice I have prevented his dismissal," he said to himself, "and this is my reward."

This morning was to Rabourdin like the solemn hour in which great commanders decide upon a battle and

weigh all chances. Knowing the spirit of official life better than any one, he well knew that it would never

pardon, any more than a school or the galleys or the army pardon, what looked like espionage or

talebearing. A man capable of informing against his comrades is disgraced, dishonored, despised; the

ministers in such a case would disavow their own agents. Nothing was left to an official so placed but to send

in his resignation and leave Paris; his honor is permanently stained; explanations are of no avail; no one will

either ask for them or listen to them. A minister may well do the same thing and be thought a great man, able

to choose the right instruments; but a mere subordinate will be judged as a spy, no matter what may be his

motives. While justly measuring the folly of such judgment, Rabourdin knew that it was allpowerful; and he

knew, too, that he was crushed. More surprised than overwhelmed, he now sought for the best course to

follow under the circumstances; and with such thoughts in his mind he was necessarily aloof from the

excitement caused in the division by the death of Monsieur de la Billardiere; in fact he did not hear of it until

young La Briere, who was able to appreciate his sterling value, came to tell him. About ten o'clock, in the

bureau Baudoyer, Bixiou was relating the last moments of the life of the director to Minard, Desroys,

Monsieur Godard, whom he had called from his private office, and Dutocq, who had rushed in with private

Bixiou [standing with his back to the stove and holding up the sole of each boot alternately to dry at the open

door]. "This morning, at half past seven, I went to inquire after our most worthy and respectable director,

knight of the order of Christ, et caetera, et caetera. Yes, gentlemen, last night he was a being with twenty et

caeteras, today he is nothing, not even a government clerk. I asked all particulars of his nurse. She told me

that this morning at five o'clock he became uneasy about the royal family. He asked for the names of all the

clerks who had called to inquire after him; and then he said: 'Fill my snuffbox, give me the newspaper, bring

my spectacles, and change my ribbon of the Legion of honor,it is very dirty.' I suppose you know he

always wore his orders in bed. He was fully conscious, retained his senses and all his usual ideas. But, presto!

ten minutes later the water rose, rose, rose and flooded his chest; he knew he was dying for he felt the cysts

break. At that fatal moment he gave evident proof of his powerful mind and vast intellect. Ah, we never

rightly appreciated him! We used to laugh at him and call him a boobydidn't you, Monsieur Godard?"

Godard. "I? I always rated Monsieur de la Billardiere's talents higher than the rest of you."

Bixiou. "To do harm you must do something, and he never did anything. If it wasn't you who said he was a

Bixiou. "Well, then it was you, Dutocq!" [Dutocq made a vehement gesture of denial.] "Oh! very good, then

it was nobody. Every one in this office knew his intellect was herculean. Well, you were right. He ended, as I

Desroys [impatiently]. "Pray what did he do that was so great? he had the weakness to confess himself."

Bixiou. "Yes, monsieur, he received the holy sacraments. But do you know what he did in order to receive

them? He put on his uniform as gentlemaninordinary of the Bedchamber, with all his orders, and had

himself powdered; they tied his queue (that poor queue!) with a fresh ribbon. Now I say that none but a man

of remarkable character would have his queue tied with a fresh ribbon just as he was dying. There are eight of

us here, and I don't believe one among us is capable of such an act. But that's not all; he said,for you know

all celebrated men make a dying speech; he said,stop now, what did he say? Ah! he said, 'I must attire

myself to meet the King of Heaven,I, who have so often dressed in my best for audience with the kings of

earth.' That's how Monsieur de la Billardiere departed this life. He took upon himself to justify the saying of

Colleville. "I defy you to know it! I have been hunting for it ever since the accession of His Majesty to the

thrones of France and of Navarre. Last night I succeeded! but with what labor! Madame Colleville asked me

Dutocq. "Do you think we have time to bother ourselves with your intolerable anagrams when the worthy

Colleville. "That's Bixiou's nonsense! I have just come from Monsieur de la Billardiere's; he is still living,

though they expect him to die soon." [Godard, indignant at the hoax, goes off grumbling.] "Gentlemen! you

would never guess what extraordinary events are revealed by the anagram of this sacramental sentence" [he

pulls out a piece of paper and reads], "Charles dix, par la grace de Dieu, roi de France et de Navarre."

"Every letter is there!" [He repeats it.] "A Henry cinq cedera (his crown of course); de SaintCloud partira;

en nauf (that's an old French word for skiff, vessel, felucca, corvette, anything you like) errera"

Dutocq. "What a tissue of absurdities! How can the King cede his crown to Henry V., who, according to your

nonsense, must be his grandson, when Monseigneur le Dauphin is living. Are you prophesying the Dauphin's

Colleville [provoked]. "It is the archaeological and lapidarial abbreviation of the name of a town, my good

friend; I looked it out in MalteBrun: Goritz, in Latin Gorixia, situated in Bohemia or Hungary, or it may be

Bixiou. "Tyrol, the Basque provinces, or South America. Why don't you set it all to music and play it on the

Colleville. "Nonsense! nonsense indeed! It is a pity you don't take the trouble to study fatalism, the religion

Godard [irritated at Colleville's tone]. "Monsieur Colleville, let me tell you that Bonaparte may perhaps be

styled Emperor by historians, but it is extremely out of place to refer to him as such in a government office."

Colleville [angrily]. "Let me tell you that if Napoleon Bonaparte had studied the letters of his name on the

Colleville. "If my place is taken from me, Francois Keller will make it hot for your minister." [Dead silence.]

"I'd have you to know, Master Dutocq, that all known anagrams have actually come to pass. Look

Dutocq [without seeming angry]. "I don't care, as long as it is only in my name. Why don't you

Colleville. "It comes out as follows: D'abord reva bureaux, Eu,(you catch the meaning? et eutand had)

Eu fin riche; which signifies that after first belonging to the administration, he gave it up and got rich

Colleville [mysteriously]. "I sha'n't tell the other anagrams to any one but Thuillier."

Bixiou. "Then I shall breakfast at your expense; but you won't be angry, will you? Two such geniuses as you

and I need never conflict. 'Isidore Baudoyer' anagrams into 'Ris d'aboyeur d'oie.'"

Bixiou [with dignity]. "Monsieur Colleville, do me the honor to believe that I am rich enough in absurdity not

Baudoyer [entering with a bundle of papers in his hand]. "Gentlemen, I request you to shout a little louder;

you bring this office into such high repute with the administration. My worthy coadjutor, Monsieur Clergeot,

did me the honor just now to come and ask a question, and he heard the noise you are making" [passes into

Bixiou [in a low voice]. "The watchdog is very tame this morning; there'll be a change of weather before

Bixiou [fingering Dutocq's waistcoat]. "You've a pretty waistcoat, that cost you nothing; is that what you

Dutocq. "Nothing, indeed! I never paid so dear for anything in my life. That stuff cost six francs a yard in the

best shop in the rue de la Paix,a fine dead stuff, the very thing for deep mourning."

Bixiou. "You know about engravings and such things, my dear fellow, but you are totally ignorant of the laws

of etiquette. Well, no man can be a universal genius! Silk is positively not admissible in deep mourning.

Don't you see I am wearing woollen? Monsieur Rabourdin, Monsieur Baudoyer, and the minister are all in

woollen; so is the faubourg SaintGermain. There's no one here but Minard who doesn't wear woollen; he's

afraid of being taken for a sheep. That's the reason why he didn't put on mourning for Louis XVIII."

[During this conversation Baudoyer is sitting by the fire in Godard's room, and the two are conversing in a

Baudoyer. "Yes, the worthy man is dying. The two ministers are both with him. My fatherinlaw has been

notified of the event. If you want to do me a signal service you will take a cab and go and let Madame

Baudoyer know what is happening; for Monsieur Saillard can't leave his desk, nor I my office. Put yourself at

my wife's orders; do whatever she wishes. She has, I believe, some ideas of her own, and wants to take

Godard. "Monsieur Bixiou, I am obliged to leave the office for the rest of the day. You will take my place."

Dutocq [in Bixiou's ear]. "Come outside a minute." [The two go into the corridor and gaze at each other like

Dutocq [whispering]. "Listen. Now is the time for us to understand each other and push our way. What would

Dutocq. "If Baudoyer gets La Billardiere's place Rabourdin won't stay on where he is. Between ourselves,

Baudoyer is so incapable that if du Bruel and you don't help him he will certainly be dismissed in a couple of

Bixiou. "Three places right under our noses, which will certainly be given to some bloated favorite, some

spy, some pious fraud,to Colleville perhaps, whose wife has ended where all pretty women end in

Dutocq. "No, to YOU, my dear fellow, if you will only, for once in your life, use your wits logically." [He

stopped as if to study the effect of his adverb in Bixiou's face.] "Come, let us play fair."

Dutocq. "I don't wish to be anything more than underheadclerk. I know myself perfectly well, and I know I

haven't the ability, like you, to be head of a bureau. Du Bruel can be director, and you the head of this bureau;

he will leave you his place as soon as he has made his pile; and as for me, I shall swim with the tide

Bixiou. "Sly dog! but how to you expect to carry out a plan which means forcing the minister's hand and

ejecting a man of talent? Between ourselves, Rabourdin is the only man capable of taking charge of the

division, and I might say of the ministry. Do you know that they talk of putting in over his head that solid

Dutocq [consequentially]. "My dear fellow, I am in a position to rouse the whole division against Rabourdin.

Dutocq. "Not a soul will stand by Rabourdin; the clerks will go in a body and complain of him to the

Bixiou. "Forward, march! infantry, cavalry, artillery, and marines of the guard! You rave, my good fellow!

Dutocq [continuing]. "You must represent Rabourdin dressed as a butcher (make it a good likeness), find

analogies between a kitchen and a bureau, put a skewer in his hand, draw portraits of the principal clerks and

stick their heads on fowls, put them in a monstrous coop labelled 'Civil Service executions'; make him cutting

the throat of one, and supposed to take the others in turn. You can have geese and ducks with heads like

ours,you understand! Baudoyer, for instance, he'll make an excellent turkeybuzzard."

Bixiou. "Ris d'aboyeur d'oie!" [He has watched Dutocq carefully for some time.] "Did you think of that

Bixiou [to himself]. "Do evil feelings bring men to the same result as talents?" [Aloud] "Well, I'll do it"

[Dutocq makes a motion of delight] "when" [full stop] "I know where I am and what I can rely on. If

you don't succeed I shall lose my place, and I must make a living. You are a curious kind of innocent still, my

Dutocq. "I must first see how the land lays in the bureau; we will talk about it later" [goes off].

Bixiou [alone in the corridor]. "That fish, for he's more a fish than a bird, that Dutocq has a good idea in his

headI'm sure I don't know where he stole it. If Baudoyer should succeed La Billardiere it would be fun,

more than funprofit!" [Returns to the office.] "Gentlemen, I announce glorious changes; papa La

Billardiere is dead, really dead, no nonsense, word of honor! Godard is off on business for our excellent

chief Baudoyer, successor presumptive to the deceased." [Minard, Desroys, and Colleville raise their heads in

amazement; they all lay down their pens, and Colleville blows his nose.] "Every one of us is to be promoted!

Colleville will be underheadclerk at the very least. Minard may have my place as chief clerkwhy not?

he is quite as dull as I am. Hey, Minard, if you should get twentyfive hundred francs ayear your little wife

would be uncommonly pleased, and you could buy yourself a pair of boots now and then."

Bixiou. "Monsieur Dutocq gets that in Rabourdin's office; why shouldn't I get it this year? Monsieur

Colleville. "Only through the influence of Monsieur Saillard. No other chief clerk gets that in any of the

Paulmier. "Bah! Hasn't Monsieur Cochin three thousand? He succeeded Monsieur Vavasseur, who served ten

years under the Empire at four thousand. His salary was dropped to three when the King first returned; then

to two thousand five hundred before Vavasseur died. But Monsieur Cochin, who succeeded him, had

Colleville. "Monsieur Cochin signs E. A. L. Cochin (he is named Emile AdolpheLucian), which, when

anagrammed, gives Cochineal. Now observe, he's a partner in a druggist's business in the rue des Lombards,

Baudoyer [entering]. "Monsieur Chazelle, I see, is not here; you will be good enough to say I asked for him,

Bixiou [who had hastily stuck a hat on Chazelle's chair when he heard Baudoyer's step]. "Excuse me,

Chazelle [entering with his hat on his head, and not seeing Baudoyer]. "La Billardiere is done for, gentlemen!

Rabourdin is head of the division and Master of petitions; he hasn't stolen HIS promotion, that's very certain."

Baudoyer [to Chazelle]. "You found that appointment in your second hat, I presume" [points to the hat on the

chair]. "This is the third time within a month that you have come after nine o'clock. If you continue the

practice you will get onelsewhere." [To Bixiou, who is reading the newspaper.] "My dear Monsieur

Bixiou, do pray leave the newspapers to these gentlemen who are going to breakfast, and come into my office

for your orders for the day. I don't know what Monsieur Rabourdin wants with Gabriel; he keeps him to do

his private errands, I believe. I've rung three times and can't get him." [Baudoyer and Bixiou retire into the

Paulmier [delighted to annoy Chazelle]. "Why didn't you look about when you came into the room? You

might have seen the elephant, and the hat too; they are big enough to be visible."

Chazelle [dismally]. "Disgusting business! I don't see why we should be treated like slaves because the

Fleury [entering]. "Down with Baudoyer! hurrah for Rabourdin!that's the cry in the division."

Chazelle [getting more and more angry]. "Baudoyer can turn off me if he likes, I sha'n't care. In Paris there

are a thousand ways of earning five francs a day; why, I could earn that at the Palais de Justice, copying

Paulmier [still prodding him]. "It is very easy to say that; but a government place is a government place, and

that plucky Colleville, who works like a galleyslave outside of this office, and who could earn, if he lost his

appointment, more than his salary, prefers to keep his place. Who the devil is fool enough to give up his

Chazelle [continuing his philippic]. "You may not be, but I am! We have no chances at all. Time was when

nothing was more encouraging than a civilservice career. So many men were in the army that there were not

enough for the government work; the maimed and the halt and the sick ones, like Paulmier, and the

nearsighted ones, all had their chance of a rapid promotion. But now, ever since the Chamber invented what

they called special training, and the rules and regulations for civilservice examiners, we are worse off than

common soldiers. The poorest places are at the mercy of a thousand mischances because we are now ruled by

Bixiou [returning]. "Are you crazy, Chazelle? Where do you find a thousand sovereigns?not in your

Chazelle. "Count them up. There are four hundred over there at the end of the pont de la Concorde (so called

because it leads to the scene of perpetual discord between the Right and Left of the Chamber); three hundred

more at the end of the rue de Tournon. The court, which ought to count for the other three hundred, has seven

hundred parts less power to get a man appointed to a place under government than the Emperor Napoleon

Fleury. "All of which signifies that in a country where there are three powers you may bet a thousand to one

that a government clerk who has no influence but his own merits to advance him will remain in obscurity."

Bixiou [looking alternately at Chazelle and Fleury]. "My sons, you have yet to learn that in these days the

Bixiou. "Fleury is right. Serving the State in these days is no longer serving a prince who knew how to punish

and reward. The State now is EVERYBODY. Everybody of course cares for nobody. Serve everybody, and

you serve nobody. Nobody is interested in nobody; the government clerk lives between two negations. The

world has neither pity nor respect, neither heart nor head; everybody forgets tomorrow the service of

yesterday. Now each one of you may be, like Monsieur Baudoyer, an administrative genius, a Chateaubriand

of reports, a Bossouet of circulars, the Canalis of memorials, the gifted son of diplomatic despatches; but I

tell you there is a fatal law which interferes with all administrative genius,I mean the law of promotion by

average. This average is based on the statistics of promotion and the statistics of mortality combined. It is

very certain that on entering whichever section of the Civil Service you please at the age of eighteen, you

can't get eighteen hundred francs a year till you reach the age of thirty. Now there's no free and independent

career in which, in the course of twelve years, a young man who has gone through the grammarschool, been

vaccinated, is exempt from military service, and possesses all his faculties (I don't mean transcendent ones)

can't amass a capital of fortyfive thousand francs in centimes, which represents a permanent income equal to

our salaries, which are, after all, precarious. In twelve years a grocer can earn enough to give him ten

thousand francs a year; a painter can daub a mile of canvas and be decorated with the Legion of honor, or

pose as a neglected genius. A literary man becomes professor of something or other, or a journalist at a

hundred francs for a thousand lines; he writes "feuilletons," or he gets into SaintPelagie for a brilliant article

that offends the Jesuits,which of course is an immense benefit to him and makes him a politician at once.

Even a lazy man, who does nothing but make debts, has time to marry a widow who pays them; a priest finds

time to become a bishop "in partibus." A sober, intelligent young fellow, who begins with a small capital as a

moneychanger, soon buys a share in a broker's business; and, to go even lower, a petty clerk becomes a

notary, a ragpicker lays by two or three thousand francs a year, and the poorest workmen often become

manufacturers; whereas, in the rotatory movement of this present civilization, which mistakes perpetual

division and redivision for progress, an unhappy civil service clerk, like Chazelle for instance, is forced to

dine for twentytwo sous a meal, struggles with his tailor and bootmaker, gets into debt, and is an absolute

nothing; worse than that, he becomes an idiot! Come, gentlemen, now's the time to make a stand! Let us all

give in our resignations! Fleury, Chazelle, fling yourselves into other employments and become the great men

Chazelle [calmed down by Bixiou's allocution]. "No, I thank you" [general laughter].

Bixiou. "You are wrong; in your situation I should try to get ahead of the generalsecretary."

Bixiou. "You'll find out; do you suppose Baudoyer will overlook what happened just now?"

Fleury. "Another piece of Bixiou's spite! You've a queer fellow to deal with in there. Now, Monsieur

Rabourdin,there's a man for you! He put work on my table today that you couldn't get through within this

office in three days; well, he expects me to have it done by four o'clock today. But he is not always at my

Baudoyer [appearing at the door]. "Gentlemen, you will admit that if you have the legal right to find fault

with the chamber and the administration you must at least do so elsewhere than in this office." [To Fleury.]

Fleury [insolently]. "I came to tell these gentlemen that there was to be a general turnout. Du Bruel is sent

for to the ministry, and Dutocq also. Everybody is asking who will be appointed."

Baudoyer [retiring]. "It is not your affair, sir; go back to your own office, and do not disturb mine."

Fleury [in the doorway]. "It would be a shameful injustice if Rabourdin lost the place; I swear I'd leave the

Fleury [leaning over Colleville's desk]. "Capital! famous! This is just what will happen if the administration

continues to play the hypocrite." [He makes a sign to the clerks that Baudoyer is listening.] "If the

government would frankly state its intentions without concealments of any kind, the liberals would know

what they had to deal with. An administration which sets its best friends against itself, such men as those of

Colleville [after consulting his colleagues]. "Come, Fleury, you're a good fellow, but don't talk politics here;

While this idle talk had been going on, des Lupeaulx was closeted in his office with du Bruel, where, a little

later, Dutocq joined them. Des Lupeaulx had heard from his valet of La Billardiere's death, and wishing to

please the two ministers, he wanted an obituary article to appear in the evening papers.

"Good morning, my dear du Bruel," said the semiminister to the head clerk as he entered, and not inviting

him to sit down. "You have heard the news? La Billardiere is dead. The ministers were both present when he

received the last sacraments. The worthy man strongly recommended Rabourdin, saying he should die with

less regret if he could know that his successor were the man who had so constantly done his work. Death is a

torture which makes a man confess everything. The minister agreed the more readily because his intention

and that of the Council was to reward Monsieur Rabourdin's numerous services. In fact, the Council of State

needs his experience. They say that young La Billardiere is to leave the division of his father and go to the

Commission of Seals; that's just the same as if the King had made him a present of a hundred thousand

francs,the place can always be sold. But I know the news will delight your division, which will thus get rid

of him. Du Bruel, we must get ten or a dozen lines about the worthy late director into the papers; his

Excellency will glance them over,he reads the papers. Do you know the particulars of old La Billardiere's

"No?" continued des Lupeaulx. "Well then; he was mixed up in the affairs of La Vendee, and he was one of

the confidants of the late King. Like Monsieur le Comte de Fontaine he always refused to hold

communication with the First Consul. He was a bit of a 'chouan'; born in Brittany of a parliamentary family,

and ennobled by Louis XVIII. How old was he? never mind about that; just say his loyalty was untarnished,

his religion enlightened,the poor old fellow hated churches and never set foot in one, but you had better

make him out a 'pious vassal.' Bring in, gracefully, that he sang the song of Simeon at the accession of

Charles X. The Comte d'Artois thought very highly of La Billardiere, for he cooperated in the unfortunate

affair of Quiberon and took the whole responsibility on himself. You know about that, don't you? La

Billardiere defended the King in a printed pamphlet in reply to an impudent history of the Revolution written

by a journalist; you can allude to his loyalty and devotion. But be very careful what you say; weigh your

words, so that the other newspapers can't laugh at us; and bring me the article when you've written it. Were

"Madame Rabourdin looked delightfully handsome," added du Bruel. "There are not two women like her in

Paris. Some are as clever as she, but there's not one so gracefully witty. Many women may even be

handsomer, but it would be hard to find one with such variety of beauty. Madame Rabourdin is far superior to

Madame Colleville," said the vaudevillist, remembering des Lupeaulx's former affair. "Flavie owes what she

is to the men about her, whereas Madame Rabourdin is all things in herself. It is wonderful too what she

knows; you can't tell secrets in Latin before HER. If I had such a wife, I know I should succeed in

"You have more mind than an author ought to have," returned des Lupeaulx, with a conceited air. Then he

turned round and perceived Dutocq. "Ah, goodmorning, Dutocq," he said. "I sent for you to lend me your

Charletif you have the whole complete. Madame la comtesse knows nothing of Charlet."

"Why do you come in without being summoned?" said des Lupeaulx, harshly, when he and Dutocq were left

alone. "Is the State in danger that you must come here at ten o'clock in the morning, just as I am going to

"Perhaps it is, monsieur," said Dutocq, dryly. "If I had had the honor to see you earlier, you would probably

have not been so willing to support Monsieur Rabourdin, after reading his opinion of you."

Dutocq opened his coat, took a paper from the lefthand breastpocket and laid it on des Lupeaulx's desk,

pointing to a marked passage. Then he went to the door and slipped the bolt, fearing interruption. While he

was thus employed, the secretarygeneral read the opening sentence of the article, which was as follows:

"Monsieur des Lupeaulx. A government degrades itself by openly employing such a man, whose real

vocation is for police diplomacy. He is fitted to deal with the political filibusters of other cabinets, and it

would be a pity therefore to employ him on our internal detective police. He is above a common spy, for he is

able to understand a plan; he could skilfully carry through a dark piece of work and cover his retreat safely."

Des Lupeaulx was succinctly analyzed in five or six such paragraphs, the essence, in fact, of the

biographical portrait which we gave at the beginning of this history. As he read the words the secretary felt

that a man stronger than himself sat in judgment on him; and he at once resolved to examine the

memorandum, which evidently reached far and high, without allowing Dutocq to know his secret thoughts.

He therefore showed a calm, grave face when the spy returned to him. Des Lupeaulx, like lawyers,

magistrates, diplomatists, and all whose work obliges them to pry into the human heart, was past being

surprised at anything. Hardened in treachery and in all the tricks and wiles of hatred, he could take a stab in

Dutocq related his good luck; des Lupeaulx's face as he listened expressed no approbation; and the spy ended

"Dutocq, you have put your finger between the bark and the tree," said the secretary, coldly. "If you don't

want to make powerful enemies I advise you to keep this paper a profound secret; it is a work of the utmost

So saying, des Lupeaulx dismissed Dutocq by one of those glances that are more expressive than words.

"Ha! that scoundrel of a Rabourdin has put his finger in this!" thought Dutocq, alarmed on finding himself

anticipated; "he has reached the ear of the administration, while I am left out in the cold. I shouldn't have

To all his other motives of aversion to Rabourdin he now added the jealousy of one man to another man of

When des Lupeaulx was left alone, he dropped into a strange meditation. What power was it of which

Rabourdin was the instrument? Should he, des Lupeaulx, use this singular document to destroy him, or

should he keep it as a weapon to succeed with the wife? The mystery that lay behind this paper was all

darkness to des Lupeaulx, who read with something akin to terror page after page, in which the men of his

acquaintance were judged with unerring wisdom. He admired Rabourdin, though stabbed to his vitals by what

"His Excellency is waiting for you to come down," announced the minister's footman.

The minister always breakfasted with his wife and children and des Lupeaulx, without the presence of

servants. The morning meal affords the only moment of privacy which public men can snatch from the

current of overwhelming business. Yet in spite of the precautions they take to keep this hour for private

intimacies and affections, a good many great and little people manage to infringe upon it. Business itself will,

"I thought Rabourdin was a man above all ordinary petty manoeuvres," began the minister; "and yet here, not

ten minutes after La Billardiere's death, he sends me this note by La Briere,it is like a stage missive.

Look," said his Excellency, giving des Lupeaulx a paper which he was twirling in his fingers.

Too noble in mind to think for a moment of the shameful meaning La Billardiere's death might lend to his

letter, Rabourdin had not withdrawn it from La Briere's hands after the news reached him. Des Lupeaulx read

"Monseigneur,If twentythree years of irreproachable services may claim a favor, I entreat your

Excellency to grant me an audience this very day. My honor is involved in the matter of which I desire to

"Poor man!" said des Lupeaulx, in a tone of compassion which confirmed the minister in his error. "We are

alone; I advise you to see him now. You have a meeting of the Council when the Chamber rises; moreover,

your Excellency has to reply today to the opposition; this is really the only hour when you can receive him."

Des Lupeaulx rose, called the servant, said a few words, and returned to his seat. "I have told them to bring

Like all other ministers under the Restoration, this particular minister was a man without youth. The charter

granted by Louis XVIII. had the defect of tying the hands of the kings by compelling them to deliver the

destinies of the nation into the control of the middle aged men of the Chamber and the septuagenarians of

the peerage; it robbed them of the right to lay hands on a man of statesmanlike talent wherever they could

find him, no matter how young he was or how povertystricken his condition might be. Napoleon alone was

able to employ young men as he chose, without being restrained by any consideration. After the overthrow of

that mighty will, vigor deserted power. Now the period when effeminacy succeeds to vigor presents a

contrast that is far more dangerous in France than in other countries. As a general thing, ministers who were

old before they entered office have proved second or third rate, while those who were taken young have been

an honor to European monarchies and to the republics whose affairs they have directed. The world still rings

with the struggle between Pitt and Napoleon, two men who conducted the politics of their respective

countries at an age when Henri de Navarre, Richelieu, Mazarin, Colbert, Louvois, the Prince of Orange, the

Guises, Machiavelli, in short, all the best known of our great men, coming from the ranks or born to a throne,

began to rule the State. The Conventionthat model of energywas made up in a great measure of young

heads; no sovereign can ever forget that it was able to put fourteen armies into the field against Europe. Its

policy, fatal in the eyes of those who cling to what is called absolute power, was nevertheless dictated by

strictly monarchical principles, and it behaved itself like any of the great kings.

After ten or a dozen years of parliamentary struggle, having studied the science of politics until he was worn

down by it, this particular minister had come to be enthroned by his party, who considered him in the light of

their business man. Happily for him he was now nearer sixty than fifty years of age; had he retained even a

vestige of juvenile vigor he would quickly have quenched it. But, accustomed to back and fill, retreat and

return to the charge, he was able to endure being struck at, turn and turn about, by his own party, by the

opposition, by the court, by the clergy, because to all such attacks he opposed the inert force of a substance

which was equally soft and consistent; thus he reaped the benefits of what was really his misfortune.

Harassed by a thousand questions of government, his mind, like that of an old lawyer who has tried every

species of case, no longer possessed the spring which solitary minds are able to retain, nor that power of

prompt decision which distinguishes men who are early accustomed to action, and young soldiers. How could

it be otherwise? He had practised sophistries and quibbled instead of judging; he had criticised effects and

done nothing for causes; his head was full of plans such as a political party lays upon the shoulders of a

leader,matters of private interest brought to an orator supposed to have a future, a jumble of schemes and

impractical requests. Far from coming fresh to his work, he was wearied out with marching and

countermarching, and when he finally reached the much desired height of his present position, he found

himself in a thicket of thorny bushes with a thousand conflicting wills to conciliate. If the statesmen of the

Restoration had been allowed to follow out their own ideas, their capacity would doubtless have been

criticised; but though their wills were often forced, their age saved them from attempting the resistance which

youth opposes to intrigues, both high and low,intrigues which vanquished Richelieu, and to which, in a

After the rough and tumble of their first struggles in political life these men, less old than aged, have to

endure the additional wear and tear of a ministry. Thus it is that their eyes begin to weaken just as they need

to have the clearsightedness of eagles; their mind is weary when its youth and fire need to be redoubled. The

minister in whom Rabourdin sought to confide was in the habit of listening to men of undoubted superiority

as they explained ingenious theories of government, applicable or inapplicable to the affairs of France. Such

men, by whom the difficulties of national policy were never apprehended, were in the habit of attacking this

minister personally whenever a parliamentary battle or a contest with the secret follies of the court took

place,on the eve of a struggle with the popular mind, or on the morrow of a diplomatic discussion which

divided the Council into three separate parties. Caught in such a predicament, a statesman naturally keeps a

yawn ready for the first sentence designed to show him how the public service could be better managed. At

such periods not a dinner took place among bold schemers or financial and political lobbyists where the

opinions of the Bourse and the Bank, the secrets of diplomacy, and the policy necessitated by the state of

affairs in Europe were not canvassed and discussed. The minister has his own private councillors in des

Lupeaulx and his secretary, who collected and pondered all opinions and discussions for the purpose of

analyzing and controlling the various interests proclaimed and supported by so many clever men. In fact, his

misfortune was that of most other ministers who have passed the prime of life; he trimmed and shuffled under

all his difficulties,with journalism, which at this period it was thought advisable to repress in an underhand

way rather than fight openly; with financial as well as labor questions; with the clergy as well as with that

other question of the public lands; with liberalism as with the Chamber. After manoeuvering his way to

power in the course of seven years, the minister believed that he could manage all questions of administration

in the same way. It is so natural to think we can maintain a position by the same methods which served us to

reach it that no one ventured to blame a system invented by mediocrity to please minds of its own calibre.

The Restoration, like the Polish revolution, proved to nations as to princes the true value of a Man, and what

will happen if that necessary man is wanting. The last and the greatest weakness of the public men of the

Restoration was their honesty, in a struggle in which their adversaries employed the resources of political

dishonesty, lies, and calumnies, and let loose upon them, by all subversive means, the clamor of the

Rabourdin told himself all these things. But he had made up his mind to win or lose, like a man weary of

gambling who allows himself a last stake; illluck had given him as adversary in the game a sharper like des

Lupeaulx. With all his sagacity, Rabourdin was better versed in matters of administration than in

parliamentary optics, and he was far indeed from imagining how his confidence would be received; he little

thought that the great work that filled his mind would seem to the minister nothing more than a theory, and

that a man who held the position of a statesman would confound his reform with the schemes of political and

As the minister rose from table, thinking of Francois Keller, his wife detained him with the offer of a bunch

of grapes, and at that moment Rabourdin was announced. Des Lupeaulx had counted on the minister's

preoccupation and his desire to get away; seeing him for the moment occupied with his wife, the

generalsecretary went forward to meet Rabourdin; whom he petrified with his first words, said in a low tone

"His Excellency and I know what the subject is that occupies your mind; you have nothing to fear"; then,

"Don't feel uneasy, Rabourdin," said his Excellency, kindly, but making a movement to get away.

"Will your Excellency permit me to see you for a moment in private?" he said, with a mysterious glance.

The minister looked at the clock and went towards the window, whither the poor man followed him.

"When may I have the honor of submitting the matter of which I spoke to your Excellency? I desire to fully

"Plan of administration!" exclaimed the minister, frowning, and hurriedly interrupting him. "If you have

anything of that kind to communicate you must wait for the regular day when we do business together. I

ought to be at the Council now; and I have an answer to make to the Chamber on that point which the

opposition raised before the session ended yesterday. Your day is Wednesday next; I could not work

yesterday, for I had other things to attend to; political matters are apt to interfere with purely administrative

"I place my honor with all confidence in your Excellency's hands," said Rabourdin gravely, "and I entreat you

to remember that you have not allowed me time to give you an immediate explanation of the stolen paper"

"Don't be uneasy," said des Lupeaulx, interposing between the minister and Rabourdin, whom he thus

The minister smiled as he thought of des Lupeaulx's enthusiasm for Madame Rabourdin, and he glanced

knowingly at his wife. Rabourdin saw the look, and tried to imagine its meaning; his attention was diverted

"We will talk of all this, you and I," said des Lupeaulx, with whom Rabourdin, much to his surprise, now

found himself alone. "Don't be angry with Dutocq; I'll answer for his discretion."

"Madame Rabourdin is charming," said the minister's wife, wishing to say the civil thing to the head of a

The children all gazed at Rabourdin with curiosity. The poor man had come there expecting some serious,

even solemn, result, and he was like a great fish caught in the threads of a flimsy net; he struggled with

"Shall I not have the pleasure of seeing Madame here some Wednesday?" said the countess. "Pray bring her;

"Madame Rabourdin herself receives on Wednesdays," interrupted des Lupeaulx, who knew the empty

civility of an invitation to the official Wednesdays; "but since you are so kind as to wish for her, you will

"You are the master of my ceremonies," she said to des Lupeaulx, ambiguous words, by which she

expressed the annoyance she felt with the secretary for presuming to interfere with her private parties, to

which she admitted only a select few. She left the room without bowing to Rabourdin, who remained alone

with des Lupeaulx; the latter was twisting in his fingers the confidential letter to the minister which

"You have never really known me," said des Lupeaulx. "Friday evening we will come to a full understanding.

Just now I must go and receive callers; his Excellency saddles me with that burden when he has other matters

to attend to. But I repeat, Rabourdin, don't worry yourself; you have nothing to fear."

Rabourdin walked slowly through the corridors, amazed and confounded by this singular turn of events. He

had expected Dutocq to denounce him, and found he had not been mistaken; des Lupeaulx had certainly seen

the document which judged him so severely, and yet des Lupeaulx was fawning on his judge! It was all

incomprehensible. Men of upright minds are often at a loss to understand complicated intrigues, and

Rabourdin was lost in a maze of conjecture without being able to discover the object of the game which the

Such were the two thoughts to which his mind arrived as he crossed the courtyard; for the glance he had

intercepted the night before between des Lupeaulx and Celestine came back to his memory like a flash of

Rabourdin's bureau was during his absence a prey to the keenest excitement; for the relation between the

head officials and the clerks in a government office is so regulated that, when a minister's messenger

summons the head of a bureau to his Excellency's presence (above all at the latter's breakfast hour), there is

no end to the comments that are made. The fact that the present unusual summons followed so closely on the

death of Monsieur de la Billardiere seemed to give special importance to the circumstance, which was made

known to Monsieur Saillard, who came at once to confer with Baudoyer. Bixiou, who happened at the

moment to be at work with the latter, left him to converse with his fatherinlaw and betook himself to the

Bixiou [entering]. "I thought I should find you at a white heat! Don't you know what's going on down below?

The virtuous woman is done for! yes, done for, crushed! Terrible scene at the ministry!"

Bixiou. "Pray, who would regret it? Not you, certainly, for you will be made underheadclerk and du Bruel

Fleury. "I'll bet a hundred francs that Baudoyer will never be head of the division."

Bixiou. "Is it possible? are we to lose the sight of those shoeties? What will the ministry be without you?

Dutocq. "I can't, for I know the facts. Monsieur Rabourdin is appointed. Monsieur de la Billardiere requested

it of the two ministers on his deathbed, blaming himself for having taken the emoluments of an office of

which Rabourdin did all the work; he felt remorse of conscience, and the ministers, to quiet him, promised to

Bixiou. "Gentlemen, are you all against me? seven to one,for I know which side you'll take, Monsieur

Phellion. Well, I'll bet a dinner costing five hundred francs at the Rocher de Cancale that Rabourdin does not

get La Billardiere's place. That will cost you only a hundred francs each, and I'm risking five hundred,five

to one against me! Do you take it up?" [Shouting into the next room.] "Du Bruel, what say you?"

Phellion [laying down his pen]. "Monsieur, may I ask on what you base that contingent proposal?for

contingent it is. But stay, I am wrong to call it a proposal; I should say contract. A wager constitutes a

Fleury. "No, no; you can only apply the word 'contract' to agreements that are recognized in the Code. Now

Poiret. "I am as curious as Monsieur Phellion to know what grounds Monsieur Bixiou has for"

Du Bruel [appearing at the door]. "Heavens and earth, gentlemen, I'm very busy; I have something very

difficult to do; I've got to write an obituary notice of Monsieur de la Billardiere. I do beg you to be quiet; you

Bixiou. "That's true, du Bruel; the praise of an honest man is a very difficult thing to write. I'd rather any day

Bixiou [following him]. "I'm willing; though I can do such things much better when eating."

Du Bruel. "Well, we will go and dine together afterwards. But listen, this is what I have written" [reads] "'The

Church and the Monarchy are daily losing many of those who fought for them in Revolutionary times.'"

Bixiou. "Bad, very bad; why don't you say, 'Death carries on its ravages amongst the few surviving defenders

of the monarchy and the old and faithful servants of the King, whose heart bleeds under these reiterated

blows?'" [Du Bruel writes rapidly.] "'Monsieur le Baron Flamet de la Billardiere died this morning of dropsy,

caused by heart disease.' You see, it is just as well to show there are hearts in government offices; and you

ought to slip in a little flummery about the emotions of the Royalists during the Terror,might be useful,

hey! But stay,no! the petty papers would be sure to say the emotions came more from the stomach than the

Du Bruel [reading]. "'Issuing from an old parliamentary stock in which devotion to the throne was hereditary,

as was also attachment to the faith of our fathers, Monsieur de la Billardiere'"

Bixiou. "No matter. Don't you remember that under the Empire Fouche was telling an anecdote about the

Convention, in which he had to quote Robespierre, and he said, 'Robespierre called out to me, "Duc

Du Bruel. "Let me just write that down; I can use it in a vaudeville. But to go back to what we were

saying. I don't want to put 'Monsieur le baron,' because I am reserving his honors till the last, when they

Du Bruel [continuing]. "'In appointing Monsieur de la Billardiere gentlemaninordinary'"

Du Bruel. "'of the Bedchamber, the King rewarded not only the services rendered by the Provost, who

knew how to harmonize the severity of his functions with the customary urbanity of the Bourbons, but the

bravery of the Vendean hero, who never bent the knee to the imperial idol. He leaves a son, who inherits his

Bixiou. "Don't you think all that is a little too florid? I should tone down the poetry. 'Imperial idol!' 'bent the

knee!' damn it, my dear fellow, writing vaudevilles has ruined your style; you can't come down to pedestrial

prose. I should say, 'He belonged to the small number of those who.' Simplify, simplify! the man himself was

Du Bruel. "That's vaudeville, if you like! You would make your fortune at the theatre, Bixiou."

Bixiou. "What have you said about Quiberon?" [Reads over du Bruel's shoulder.] "Oh, that won't do! Here,

this is what you must say: 'He took upon himself, in a book recently published, the responsibility for all the

blunders of the expedition to Quiberon,thus proving the nature of his loyalty, which did not shrink from

Bixiou [solemn as a priest in a pulpit]. "Why, Hoche and Tallien, of course; don't you read history?"

Du Bruel. "No. I subscribed to the Baudouin series, but I've never had time to open a volume; one can't find

Phellion [at the door]. "We all want to know, Monsieur Bixiou, what made you think that the worthy and

honorable Monsieur Rabourdin, who has so long done the work of this division for Monsieur de la

Billardiere,he, who is the senior head of all the bureaus, and whom, moreover, the minister summoned as

soon as he heard of the departure of the late Monsieur de la Billardiere,will not be appointed head of the

Bixiou [looking fixedly at him]. "Your diamond pin is loose, it is coming out. Well, you may know all that,

but you don't know the human heart; you have gone no further in the geography and history of that organ than

Poiret [to Vimeux]. "Environs of Paris? I thought they were talking of Monsieur Rabourdin."

Du Bruel. "Of course I do. We want Rabourdin to go up a step and make room for others."

Bixiou. "Well, I accept the bet,for this reason; you can hardly understand it, but I'll tell it to you all the

same. It would be right and just to appoint Monsieur Rabourdin" [looking full at Dutocq], "because, in that

case, long and faithful service, honor, and talent would be recognized, appreciated, and properly rewarded.

Such an appointment is in the best interests of the administration." [Phellion, Poiret, and Thuillier listen

stupidly, with the look of those who try to peer before them in the darkness.] "Well, it is just because the

promotion would be so fitting, and because the man has such merit, and because the measure is so eminently

wise and equitable that I bet Rabourdin will not be appointed. Yes, you'll see, that appointment will slip up,

just like the invasion from Boulogne, and the march to Russia, for the success of which a great genius has

gathered together all the chances. It will fail as all good and just things do fail in this low world. I am only

Bixiou. "The more I think about Baudoyer, the more sure I feel that he unites all the opposite qualities;

Dutocq. "But Monsieur des Lupeaulx, who sent for me to borrow my Charlet, told me positively that

Monsieur Rabourdin was appointed, and that the little La Billardiere would be made Clerk of the Seals."

Bixiou. "Appointed, indeed! The appointment can't be made and signed under ten days. It will certainly not

be known before NewYear's day. There he goes now across the courtyard; look at him, and say if the

virtuous Rabourdin looks like a man in the sunshine of favor. I should say he knows he's dismissed." [Fleury

rushes to the window.] "Gentlemen, adieu; I'll go and tell Monsieur Baudoyer that I hear from you that

Rabourdin is appointed; it will make him furious, the pious creature! Then I'll tell him of our wager, to cool

him down,a process we call at the theatre turning the Wheel of Fortune, don't we, du Bruel? Why do I care

who gets the place? simply because if Baudoyer does he will make me underheadclerk" [goes out].

Poiret. "Everybody says that man is clever, but as for me, I can never understand a word he says" [goes on

copying]. "I listen and listen; I hear words, but I never get at any meaning; he talks about the environs of

Paris when he discusses the human heart and" [lays down his pen and goes to the stove] "declares he backs

the devil's game when it is a question of Russia and Boulogne; now what is there so clever in that, I'd like to

know? We must first admit that the devil plays any game at all, and then find out what game; possibly

Fleury [interrupting]. "Pere Poiret is blowing his nose; it must be eleven o'clock."

Du Bruel. "So it is! Goodness! I'm off to the secretary; he wants to read the obituary."

Thuillier. "Dominoes,perhaps the devil plays dominoes." [Sebastien enters to gather up the different papers

Vimeux. "Ah! there you are, my fine young man. Your days of hardship are nearly over; you'll get a post.

Monsieur Rabourdin will be appointed. Weren't you at Madame Rabourdin's last night? Lucky fellow! they

Vimeux. "The devil! well, you looked at Madame Rabourdin enough, any how; a charming woman."

Fleury. "Pooh! thin as a rail. I saw her in the Tuileries, and I much prefer Percilliee, the balletmistress,

Fleury [looking askance at Dutocq]. "The physical has nothing to do with the moral, and if you mean"

Fleury. "Do you all want to know which of us will really be made head of this bureau?"

Fleury. "Because Madame Colleville has taken the shortest way to it through the sacristy."

Thuillier. "I am too much Colleville's friend not to beg you, Monsieur Fleury, to speak respectfully of his

Phellion. "A defenceless woman should never be made the subject of conversation here"

Vimeux. "All the more because the charming Madame Colleville won't invite Fleury to her house. He

Fleury. "She may not receive me on the same footing that she does Thuillier, but I go there"

Though Fleury was dreaded as a bully in all the offices, he received Thuillier's speech in silence. This

meekness, which surprised the other clerks, was owing to a certain note for two hundred francs, of doubtful

value, which Thuillier agreed to pass over to his sister. After this skirmish dead silence prevailed. They all

About halfpast three the usual preparations for departure, the brushing of hats, the changing of coats, went

on in all the ministerial offices. That precious thirty minutes thus employed served to shorten by just so much

the day's labor. At this hour the over heated rooms cool off; the peculiar odor that hangs about the bureaus

evaporates; silence is restored. By four o'clock none but a few clerks who do their duty conscientiously

remain. A minister may know who are the real workers under him if he will take the trouble to walk through

the divisions after four o'clock,a species of prying, however, that no one of his dignity would condescend

The various heads of divisions and bureaus usually encountered each other in the courtyards at this hour and

exchanged opinions on the events of the day. On this occasion they departed by twos and threes, most of

them agreeing in favor of Rabourdin; while the old stagers, like Monsieur Clergeot, shook their heads and

said, "Habent sua sidera lites." Saillard and Baudoyer were politely avoided, for nobody knew what to say to

them about La Billardiere's death, it being fully understood that Baudoyer wanted the place, though it was

When Saillard and his soninlaw had gone a certain distance from the ministry the former broke silence and

"I can't understand," replied the other, "what Elisabeth was dreaming of when she sent Godard in such a hurry

to get a passport for Falleix; Godard tells me she hired a postchaise by the advice of my uncle Mitral, and

"Our most pressing business just now is to look after Monsieur La Billardiere's place," returned Baudoyer,

They were just then near the entrance of the PalaisRoyal on the rue SaintHonore. Dutocq came up,

"Monsieur," he said to Baudoyer, "if I can be useful to you in any way under the circumstances in which you

find yourself, pray command me, for I am not less devoted to your interests than Monsieur Godard."

"Such an assurance is at least consoling," replied Baudoyer; "it makes me aware that I have the confidence of

"If you would kindly employ your influence to get me placed in your division, taking Bixiou as head of the

bureau and me as underhead clerk, you will secure the future of two men who are ready to do anything for

"Far be it from me to do that," said Dutocq. "I have just come from the printingoffice of the ministerial

journal (where I carried from the generalsecretary an obituary notice of Monsieur de la Billardiere), and I

there read an article which will appear tonight about you, which has given me the highest opinion of your

character and talents. If it is necessary to crush Rabourdin, I'm in a position to give him the final blow; please

"May I be shot if I understand a single word of it," said Saillard, looking at Baudoyer, whose little eyes were

When the two reached home and entered the salon on the groundfloor, they found a large fire lighted, and

Madame Saillard, Elisabeth, Monsieur Gaudron and the curate of SaintPaul's sitting by it. The curate turned

at once to Monsieur Baudoyer, to whom Elisabeth made a sign which he failed to understand.

"Monsieur," said the curate, "I have lost no time in coming in person to thank you for the magnificent gift

with which you have adorned my poor church. I dared not run in debt to buy that beautiful monstrance,

worthy of a cathedral. You, who are one of our most pious and faithful parishioners, must have keenly felt the

bareness of the high altar. I am on my way to see Monseigneur the coadjutor, and he will, I am sure, send you

"Monsieur le cure," interposed his wife, cutting him short. "I see I am forced to betray the whole secret.

Monsieur Baudoyer hopes to complete the gift by sending you a dais for the coming FeteDieu. But the

purchase must depend on the state of our finances, and our finances depend on my husband's promotion."

"God will reward those who honor him," said Monsieur Gaudron, preparing, with the curate, to take leave.

"But will you not," said Saillard to the two ecclesiastics, "do us the honor to take pot luck with us?"

"You can stay, my dear vicar," said the curate to Gaudron; "you know I am engaged to dine with the curate of

"Monsieur le cure de SaintRoch might say a word for us," began Baudoyer. His wife pulled the skirt of his

"Do hold your tongue, Baudoyer," she said, leading him aside and whispering in his ear. "You have given a

monstrance to the church, that cost five thousand francs. I'll explain it all later."

The miserly Baudoyer make a sulky grimace, and continued gloomy and cross for the rest of the day.

"What did you busy yourself about Falleix's passport for? Why do you meddle in other people's affairs?" he

"I must say, I think Falleix's affairs are as much ours as his," returned Elisabeth, dryly, glancing at her

"I hope you reached the newspaper office in time?" remarked Elisabeth to Monsieur Gaudron, as she helped

"Yes, my dear lady," answered the vicar; "when the editor read the little article I gave him, written by the

secretary of the Grand Almoner, he made no difficulty. He took pains to insert it in a conspicuous place. I

should never have thought of that; but this young journalist has a wideawake mind. The defenders of

religion can enter the lists against impiety without disadvantage at the present moment, for there is a great

deal of talent in the royalist press. I have every reason to believe that success will crown your hopes. But you

must remember, my dear Baudoyer, to promote Monsieur Colleville; he is an object of great interest to his

"If I am head of the division, I will make him head of one of my bureaus, if you want me to," said Baudoyer.

The matter thus referred to was explained after dinner, when the ministerial organ (bought and sent up by the

porter) proved to contain among its Paris news the following articles, called items:

"Monsieur le Baron de la Billardiere died this morning, after a long and painful illness. The king loses a

devoted servant, the Church a most pious son. Monsieur de la Billardiere's end has fitly crowned a noble life,

consecrated in dark and troublesome times to perilous missions, and of late years to arduous civic duties.

Monsieur de la Billardiere was provost of a department, where his force of character triumphed over all the

obstacles that rebellion arrayed against him. He subsequently accepted the difficult post of director of a

division (in which his great acquirements were not less useful than the truly French affability of his manners)

for the express purpose of conciliating the serious interests that arise under its administration. No rewards

have ever been more truly deserved than those by which the King, Louis XVIII., and his present Majesty took

pleasure in crowning a loyalty which never faltered under the usurper. This old family still survives in the

person of a single heir to the excellent man whose death now afflicts so many warm friends. His Majesty has

already graciously made known that Monsieur Benjamin de la Billardiere will be included among the

"The numerous friends who have not already received their notification of this sad event are hereby informed

that the funeral will take place tomorrow at four o'clock, in the church of SaintRoch. The memorial

"Monsieur IsidoreCharlesThomas Baudoyer, representing one of the oldest bourgeois families of Paris,

and head of a bureau in the late Monsieur de la Billardiere's division, has lately recalled the old traditions of

piety and devotion which formerly distinguished these great families, so jealous for the honor and glory of

religion, and so faithful in preserving its monuments. The church of SaintPaul has long needed a monstrance

in keeping with the magnificence of that basilica, itself due to the Company of Jesus. Neither the vestry nor

the curate were rich enough to decorate the altar. Monsieur Baudoyer has bestowed upon the parish a

monstrance that many persons have seen and admired at Monsieur Gohier's, the king's jeweller. Thanks to the

piety of this gentleman, who did not shrink from the immensity of the price, the church of SaintPaul

possesses today a masterpiece of the jeweller's art designed by Monsieur de Sommervieux. It gives us

pleasure to make known this fact, which proves how powerless the declamations of liberals have been on the

mind of the Parisian bourgeoisie. The upper ranks of that body have at all times been royalist and they prove

"The price was five thousand francs," said the Abbe Gaudron; "but as the payment was in cash, the court

"Representing one of the oldest bourgeois families in Paris!" Saillard was saying to himself; "there it is

"Dear Monsieur Gaudron," said Madame Baudoyer, "please help my father to compose a little speech that he

could slip into the countess's ear when he takes her the monthly stipend,a single sentence that would cover

all! I must leave you. I am obliged to go out with my uncle Mitral. Would you believe it? I was unable to find

my uncle Bidault at home this afternoon. Oh, what a dogkennel he lives in! But Monsieur Mitral, who

knows his ways, says he does all his business between eight o'clock in the morning and midday, and that after

that hour he can be found only at a certain cafe called the Cafe Themis,a singular name."

"Do you ask why he goes to a cafe at the corner of the rue Dauphine and the quai des Augustins? They say he

plays dominoes there every night with his friend Monsieur Gobseck. I don't wish to go to such a place alone;

At this instant Mitral showed his yellow face, surmounted by a wig which looked as though it might be made

of hay, and made a sign to his niece to come at once, and not keep a carriage waiting at two francs an hour.

Madame Baudoyer rose and went away without giving any explanation to her husband or father.

"Heaven has given you in that woman," said Monsieur Gaudron to Baudoyer when Elisabeth had

disappeared, "a perfect treasure of prudence and virtue, a model of wisdom, a Christian who gives sure signs

of possessing the Divine spirit. Religion alone is able to form such perfect characters. Tomorrow I shall say

a mass for the success of your good cause. It is allimportant, for the sake of the monarchy and of religion

itself that you should receive this appointment. Monsieur Rabourdin is a liberal; he subscribes to the 'Journal

des Debats,' a dangerous newspaper, which made war on Monsieur le Comte de Villele to please the

wounded vanity of Monsieur de Chateaubriand. His Eminence will read the newspaper tonight, if only to

see what is said of his poor friend Monsieur de la Billardiere; and Monseigneur the coadjutor will speak of

you to the King. When I think of what you have now done for his dear church, I feel sure he will not forget

you in his prayers; more than that, he is dining at this moment with the coadjutor at the house of the curate of

These words made Saillard and Baudoyer begin to perceive that Elisabeth had not been idle ever since

"Isn't she clever, that Elisabeth of mine?" cried Saillard, comprehending more clearly than Monsieur l'abbe

the rapid undermining, like the path of a mole, which his daughter had undertaken.

"She sent Godard to Rabourdin's door to find out what newspaper he takes," said Gaudron; "and I mentioned

the name to the secretary of his Eminence,for we live at a crisis when the Church and Throne must keep

"For the last five days I have been trying to find the right thing to say to his Excellency's wife," said Saillard.

"All Paris will read that," cried Baudoyer, whose eyes were still riveted on the paper.

"Your eulogy costs us four thousand eight hundred francs, soninlaw!" exclaimed Madame Saillard.

"We might have got salvation without doing that," she returned. "But if Baudoyer gets the place, which is

worth eight thousand more, the sacrifice is not so great. If he doesn't get it! hey, papa," she added, looking at

"Well, never mind," said Saillard, enthusiastically, "we can always make it up through Falleix, who is going

to extend his business and use his brother, whom he has made a stockbroker on purpose. Elisabeth might

have told us, I think, why Falleix went off in such a hurry. But let's invent my little speech. This is what I

"'If you would deign,'" said Gaudron; "add the word 'deign,' it is more respectful. But you ought to know, first

of all, whether Madame la Dauphine will grant you her protection, and then you could suggest to Madame la

"'Madame la comtesse,'" began Saillard, rising, and bowing to his wife, with an agreeable smile.

"Goodness! Saillard; how ridiculous you look. Take care, my man, you'll make the woman laugh."

"'The place of the worthy Monsieur de la Billardiere is vacant; my soninlaw, Monsieur Baudoyer'"

Baudoyer proceeded to take a pen and wrote, without a blush, his own praises, precisely as Nathan or Canalis

"'Madame la comtesse' Don't you see, mother?" said Saillard to his wife; "I am supposing you to be the

"'The place of the late worthy de la Billardiere is vacant; my sonin law, Monsieur Baudoyer, a man of

consummate talent and extreme piety'" After looking at Monsieur Gaudron, who was reflecting, he added,

"'will be very glad if he gets it.' That's not bad; it's brief and it says the whole thing."

"But do wait, Saillard; don't you see that Monsieur l'abbe is turning it over in his mind?" said Madame

"'Will be very thankful if you would deign to interest yourself in his behalf,'" resumed Gaudron. "'And in

saying a word to his Excellency you will particularly please Madame la Dauphine, by whom he has the honor

"Ah! Monsieur Gaudron, that sentence is worth more than the monstrance; I don't regret the four thousand

eight hundred Besides, Baudoyer, my lad, you'll pay them, won't you? Have you written it all down?"

"I shall make you repeat it, father, morning and evening," said Madame Saillard. "Yes, that's a good speech.

How lucky you are, Monsieur Gaudron, to know so much. That's what it is to be brought up in a seminary;

"He is as good as he is learned," said Baudoyer, pressing the priest's hand. "Did you write that article?" he

"No, it was written by the secretary of his Eminence, a young abbe who is under obligations to me, and who

While these four personages were sitting down to their game of boston, Elisabeth and her uncle Mitral

reached the cafe Themis, with much discourse as they drove along about a matter which Elisabeth's keen

perceptions told her was the most powerful lever that could be used to force the minister's hand in the affair

of her husband's appointment. Uncle Mitral, a former sheriff's officer, crafty, clever at sharp practice, and full

of expedients and judicial precautions, believed the honor of his family to be involved in the appointment of

his nephew. His avarice had long led him to estimate the contents of old Gigonnet's strongbox, for he knew

very well they would go in the end to benefit his nephew Baudoyer; and it was therefore important that the

latter should obtain a position which would be in keeping with the combined fortunes of the Saillards and the

old Gigonnet, which would finally devolve on the Baudoyer's little daughter; and what an heiress she would

be with an income of a hundred thousand francs! to what social position might she not aspire with that

fortune? He adopted all the ideas of his niece Elisabeth and thoroughly understood them. He had helped in

sending off Falleix expeditiously, explaining to him the advantage of taking post horses. After which, while

eating his dinner, he reflected that it be as well to give a twist of his own to the clever plan invented by

When they reached the Cafe Themis he told his niece that he alone could manage Gigonnet in the matter they

both had in view, and he made her wait in the hackneycoach and bide her time to come forward at the right

moment. Elisabeth saw through the windowpanes the two faces of Gobseck and Gigonnet (her uncle

Bidault), which stood out in relief against the yellow woodwork of the old cafe, like two cameo heads, cold

and impassible, in the rigid attitude that their gravity gave them. The two Parisian misers were surrounded by

a number of other old faces, on which "thirty per cent discount" was written in circular wrinkles that started

from the nose and turned round the glacial cheekbones. These remarkable physiognomies brightened up on

"Hey, hey! it is papa Mitral!" cried one of them, named Chaboisseau, a little old man who discounted for a

"Bless me, so it is!" said another, a broker named Metivier, "ha, that's an old monkey well up in his tricks."

"And you," retorted Mitral, "you are an old crow who knows all about carcasses."

"What are you here for? Have you come to seize friend Metivier?" asked Gigonnet, pointing to the broker,

"What! some misfortune?" said Bidault. The old man drew his eyebrows together and assumed a tender look

like that of an executioner when about to go to work officially. In spite of his Roman virtue he must have

"Well, suppose it is misfortune, won't you help Saillard's daughter? a girl who has knitted your stockings

"If there's good security I don't say I won't," replied Gigonnet. "Falleix is in with them. Falleix has just set up

his brother as a broker, and he is doing as much business as the Brezacs; and what with? his mind, perhaps!

That remark, uttered among those old men, would have made an artist and thinker shudder as they all nodded

"But it is none of my business," resumed BidaultGigonnet. "I'm not bound to care for my neighbors'

misfortunes. My principle is never to be off my guard with friends or relatives; you can't perish except

The usurers all applauded these doctrines with a shake of their metallic heads. An onlooker would have

"Come, Gigonnet, show a little feeling," said Chaboisseau, "they've knit your stockings for thirty years."

"Are you all alone? Is it safe to speak?" said Mitral, looking carefully about him. "I come about a good piece

"If it is good, why do you come to us?" said Gigonnet, sharply, interrupting Mitral.

"A fellow who was a gentleman of the Bedchamber," went on Mitral, "a former 'chouan,'what's his

"He is not such a fool as to give them, he sells them, old man," said Mitral, proudly. "He wants La

"Seize! You'll never be anything but a sheriff's officer," put in Metivier, striking Mitral amicably on the

"Seize Monsieur Clement des Lupeaulx in our clutches," continued Mitral; "Elisabeth has discovered how to

"Elisabeth"; cried Gigonnet, interrupting again; "dear little creature! she takes after her grandfather, my poor

brother! he never had his equal! Ah, you should have seen him buying up old furniture; what tact! what

"Hey! hey!" cried Mitral, "you've got back your bowels of compassion, papa Gigonnet! That phenomenon

"Come, Gobseck and Gigonnet, listen to me; you want to keep well with des Lupeaulx, don't you? You've not

forgotten how you plucked him in that affair about the king's debts, and you are afraid he'll ask you to return

"Mitral is one of us; he wouldn't play a shabby trick on his former customers," replied Gigonnet. "You see,

Mitral," he went on, speaking to the exsheriff in a low voice, "we three have just bought up all those debts,

"Come, listen to me, Gigonnet; it is cold, and your niece is waiting outside. You'll understand what I want in

two words. You must at once, between you, send two hundred and fifty thousand francs (without interest)

into the country after Falleix, who has gone posthaste, with a courier in advance of him."

"To des Lupeaulx's magnificent countryseat," replied Mitral. "Falleix knows the country, for he was born

there; and he is going to buy up land all round the secretary's miserable hovel, with the two hundred and fifty

thousand francs I speak of,good land, well worth the price. There are only nine days before us for drawing

up and recording the notarial deeds (bear that in mind). With the addition of this land, des Lupeaulx's present

miserable property would pay taxes to the amount of one thousand francs, the sum necessary to make a man

eligible to the Chamber. Ergo, with it des Lupeaulx goes into the electoral college, becomes eligible, count,

and whatever he pleases. You know the deputy who has slipped out and left a vacancy, don't you?"

"Des Lupeaulx would cut off a leg to get elected in his place," continued Mitral; "but he must have the

titledeeds of the property in his own name, and then mortgage them back to us for the amount of the

purchasemoney. Ah! now you begin to see what I am after! First of all, we must make sure of Baudoyer's

appointment, and des Lupeaulx will get it for us on these terms; after that is settled we will hand him back to

you. Falleix is now canvassing the electoral vote. Don't you perceive that you have Lupeaulx completely in

your power until after the election?for Falleix's friends are a large majority. Now do you see what I mean,

"We'll do it," said Gigonnet; "you agree, don't you, Gobseck? Falleix can give us security and put mortgages

"Nobody can rob us but ourselves," answered Gigonnet. "I told you we were doing a good thing in buying up

"Take this mortgage on his estate and you'll hold him tighter still through the interest," answered Mitral.

After exchanging a shrewd look with Gobseck, Gigonnet went to the door of the cafe.

"Elisabeth! follow it up, my dear," he said to his niece. "We hold your man securely; but don't neglect

accessories. You have begun well, clever woman! go on as you began and you'll have your uncle's esteem,"

"But," said Mitral, "Metivier and Chaboisseau heard it all, and they may play us a trick and tell the matter to

some opposition journal which would catch the ball on its way and counteract the effect of the ministerial

article. You must go alone, my dear; I dare not let those two cormorants out of my sight." So saying he

The next day the numerous subscribers to a certain liberal journal read, among the Paris items, the following

article, inserted authoritatively by Chaboisseau and Metivier, shareholders in the said journal, brokers for

"Yesterday a ministerial journal plainly indicated as the probable successor of Monsieur le Baron de la

Billardiere, Monsieur Baudoyer, one of the worthiest citizens of a populous quarter, where his benevolence is

scarcely less known than the piety on which the ministerial organ laid so much stress. Why was that sheet

silent as to his talents? Did it reflect that in boasting of the bourgeoise nobility of Monsieur

Baudoyerwhich, certainly, is a nobility as good as any otherit was pointing out a reason for the

exclusion of the candidate? A gratuitous piece of perfidy! an attempt to kill with a caress! To appoint

Monsieur Baudoyer is to do honor to the virtues, the talents of the middle classes, of whom we shall ever be

the supporters, though their cause seems at times a lost one. This appointment, we repeat, will be an act of

On the morrow, Friday, the usual day for the dinner given by Madame Rabourdin, whom des Lupeaulx had

left at midnight, radiant in beauty, on the staircase of the Bouffons, arm in arm with Madame de Camps

(Madame Firmiani had lately married), the old roue awoke with his thoughts of vengeance calmed, or rather

"I'll make sure of Rabourdin's support by forgiving him now,I'll get even with him later. If he hasn't this

place for the time being I should have to give up a woman who is capable of becoming a most precious

instrument in the pursuit of high political fortune. She understands everything; shrinks from nothing, from no

idea whatever! and besides, I can't know before his Excellency what new scheme of administration

Rabourdin has invented. No, my dear des Lupeaulx, the thing in hand is to win all now for your Celestine.

You may make as many faces as you please, Madame la comtesse, but you will invite Madame Rabourdin to

Des Lupeaulx was one of those men who to satisfy a passion are quite able to put away revenge in some dark

corner of their minds. His course was taken; he was resolved to get Rabourdin appointed.

"I will prove to you, my dear fellow, that I deserve a good place in your galley," thought he as he seated

He knew so well what the ministerial organ would contain that he rarely took the trouble to read it, but on this

occasion he did open it to look at the article on La Billardiere, recollecting with amusement the dilemma in

which du Bruel had put him by bringing him the night before Bixiou's amendments to the obituary. He was

laughing to himself as he reread the biography of the late Comte da Fontaine, dead a few months earlier,

which he had hastily substituted for that of La Billardiere, when his eyes were dazzled by the name of

Baudoyer. He read with fury the article which pledged the minister, and then he rang violently for Dutocq, to

send him at once to the editor. But what was his astonishment on reading the reply of the opposition paper!

The situation was evidently serious. He knew the game, and he saw that the man who was shuffling his cards

for him was a Greek of the first order. To dictate in this way through two opposing newspapers in one

evening, and to begin the fight by forestalling the intentions of the minister was a daring game! He

recognized the pen of a liberal editor, and resolved to question him that night at the opera. Dutocq appeared.

"Read that," said des Lupeaulx, handing him over the two journals, and continuing to run his eye over others

to see if Baudoyer had pulled any further wires. "Go to the office and ask who has dared to thus compromise

"It was not Monsieur Baudoyer himself," answered Dutocq, "for he never left the ministry yesterday. I need

not go and inquire; for when I took your article to the newspaper office I met a young abbe who brought in a

letter from the Grand Almoner, before which you yourself would have had to bow."

"Dutocq, you have a grudge against Monsieur Rabourdin, and it isn't right; for he has twice saved you from

being turned out. However, we are not masters of our own feelings; we sometimes hate our benefactors.

Only, remember this; if you show the slightest treachery to Rabourdin, without my permission, it will be your

ruin. As to that newspaper, let the Grand Almoner subscribe as largely as we do, if he wants its services. Here

we are at the end of the year; the matter of subscriptions will come up for discussion, and I shall have

something to say on that head. As to La Billardiere's place, there is only one way to settle the matter; and that

"Gentlemen," said Dutocq, returning to the clerks' office and addressing his colleagues. "I don't know if

Bixiou has the art of looking into futurity, but if you have not read the ministerial journal I advise you to

study the article about Baudoyer; then, as Monsieur Fleury takes the opposition sheet, you can see the reply.

Monsieur Rabourdin certainly has talent, but a man who in these days gives a sixthousandfranc

Bixiou [entering]. "What say you, gentlemen, to the First Epistle to the Corinthians in our pious ministerial

journal, and the reply Epistle to the Ministers in the opposition sheet? How does Monsieur Rabourdin feel

Du Bruel [rushing in]. "I don't know." [He drags Bixiou back into his cabinet, and says in a low voice] "My

good fellow, your way of helping people is like that of the hangman who jumps upon a victim's shoulders to

break his neck. You got me into a scrape with des Lupeaulx, which my folly in ever trusting you richly

deserved. A fine thing indeed, that article on La Billardiere. I sha'n't forget the trick! Why, the very first

sentence was as good as telling the King he was superannuated and it was time for him to die. And as to that

Bixiou [laughing]. "Bless my heart! are you getting angry? Can't a fellow joke any more?"

Du Bruel. "Joke! joke indeed. When you want to be made headclerk somebody shall joke with you, my dear

Bixiou [in a wheedling tone]. "To a friend? indeed I would." [They hear Fleury's voice.] "There's Fleury

cursing Baudoyer. Hey, how well the thing has been managed! Baudoyer will get the appointment."

[Confidentially] "After all, so much the better. Du Bruel, just keep your eye on the consequences. Rabourdin

would be a meanspirited creature to stay under Baudoyer; he will send in his registration, and that will give

us two places. You can be head of the bureau and take me for underheadclerk. We will make vaudevilles

Du Bruel [smiling]. "Dear me, I never thought of that. Poor Rabourdin! I shall be sorry for him, though."

Bixiou. "That shows how much you love him!" [Changing his tone] "Ah, well, I don't pity him any longer.

He's rich; his wife gives parties and doesn't ask me,me, who go everywhere! Well, goodbye, my dear

fellow, goodbye, and don't owe me a grudge!" [He goes out through the clerks' office.] "Adieu, gentlemen;

didn't I tell you yesterday that a man who has nothing but virtues and talents will always be poor, even

Bixiou. "Not bad, my Cincinnatus! But you'll give me that dinner at the Rocher de Cancale."

Phellion [with an elegaic air]. "Monsieur Rabourdin so seldom reads the newspapers that it might perhaps be

serviceable to deprive ourselves momentarily by taking them in to him." [Fleury hands over his paper,

At that moment des Lupeaulx, coming leisurely downstairs to breakfast with the minister, was asking himself

whether, before playing a trump card for the husband, it might not be prudent to probe the wife's heart and

make sure of a reward for his devotion. He was feeling about for the small amount of heart that he possessed,

when, at a turn of the staircase, he encountered his lawyer, who said to him, smiling, "Just a word,

Monseigneur," in the tone of familiarity assumed by men who know they are indispensable.

"What is it, my dear Desroches?" exclaimed the politician. "Has anything happened?"

"I have come to tell you that all your notes and debts have been brought up by Gobseck and Gigonnet, under

"Listen," whispered the lawyer. "Gigonnet (really named Bidault) is the uncle of Saillard, your cashier; and

Saillard is fatherinlaw to a certain Baudoyer, who thinks he has a right to the vacant place in your ministry.

"What an immense sacrifice!" muttered des Lupeaulx. "It would be impossible to explain it to a woman,"

thought he. "Is Celestine worth more than the clearing off of my debts?that is the question. I'll go and see

So the beautiful Madame Rabourdin was to be, within an hour, the arbiter of her husband's fate, and no power

on earth could warn her of the importance of her replies, or give her the least hint to guard her conduct and

compose her voice. Moreover, in addition to her mischances, she believed herself certain of success, never

dreaming that Rabourdin was undermined in all directions by the secret sapping of the mollusks.

"Well, Monseigneur," said des Lupeaulx, entering the little salon where they breakfasted, "have you seen the

"For God's sake, my dear friend," replied the minister, "don't talk of those appointments just now; let me have

an hour's peace! They cracked my ears last night with that monstrance. The only way to save Rabourdin is to

bring his appointment before the Council, unless I submit to having my hand forced. It is enough to disgust a

man with the public service. I must purchase the right to keep that excellent Rabourdin by promoting a

"Why not make over the management of this pretty little comedy to me, and rid yourself of the worry of it?

I'll amuse you every morning with an account of the game of chess I should play with the Grand Almoner,"

"Very good," said the minister, "settle it with the head examiner. But you know perfectly well that nothing is

more likely to strike the king's mind than just those reasons the opposition journal has chosen to put forth.

"But La Billardiere had the manners of a gentlemaninordinary," replied des Lupeaulx. "Madame," he

continued, addressing the countess, "it is now an absolute necessity to invite Madame Rabourdin to your next

private party. I must assure you she is the intimate friend of Madame de Camps; they were at the Opera

together last night. I first met her at the hotel Firmiani. Besides, you will see that she is not of a kind to

"Invite Madame Rabourdin, my dear," said the minister, "and pray let us talk of something else."

Parisian households are literally eaten up with the desire to be in keeping with the luxury that surrounds them

on all sides, and few there are who have the wisdom to let their external situation conform to their internal

revenue. But this vice may perhaps denote a truly French patriotism, which seeks to maintain the supremacy

of the nation in the matter of dress. France reigns through clothes over the whole of Europe; and every one

must feel the importance of retaining a commercial sceptre that makes fashion in France what the navy is to

England. This patriotic ardor which leads a nation to sacrifice everything to appearancesto the "paroistre,"

as d'Aubigne said in the days of Henri IV.is the cause of those vast secret labors which employ the whole

of a Parisian woman's morning, when she wishes, as Madame Rabourdin wished, to keep up on twelve

thousand francs a year the style that many a family with thirty thousand does not indulge in. Consequently,

every Friday,the day of her dinner parties,Madame Rabourdin helped the chambermaid to do the rooms;

for the cook went early to market, and the manservant was cleaning the silver, folding the napkins, and

polishing the glasses. The illadvised individual who might happen, through an oversight of the porter, to

enter Madame Rabourdin's establishment about eleven o'clock in the morning would have found her in the

midst of a disorder the reverse of picturesque, wrapped in a dressinggown, her hair illdressed, and her feet

in old slippers, attending to the lamps, arranging the flowers, or cooking in haste an extremely unpoetic

breakfast. The visitor to whom the mysteries of Parisian life were unknown would certainly have learned for

the rest of his life not to set foot in these greenrooms at the wrong moment; a woman caught in her matin

mysteries would ever after point him out as a man capable of the blackest crimes; or she would talk of his

stupidity and indiscretion in a manner to ruin him. The true Parisian woman, indulgent to all curiosity that she

can put to profit, is implacable to that which makes her lose her prestige. Such a domiciliary invasion may be

called, not only (as they say in police reports) an attack on privacy, but a burglary, a robbery of all that is

most precious, namely, CREDIT. A woman is quite willing to let herself be surprised halfdressed, with her

hair about her shoulders. If her hair is all her own she scores one; but she will never allow herself to be seen

Madame Rabourdin was in full tide of preparation for her Friday dinner, standing in the midst of provisions

the cook had just fished from the vast ocean of the markets, when Monsieur des Lupeaulx made his way

stealthily in. The generalsecretary was certainly the last man Madame Rabourdin expected to see, and so,

when she heard his boots creaking in the antechamber, she exclaimed, impatiently, "The hair dresser

already!"an exclamation as little agreeable to des Lupeaulx as the sight of des Lupeaulx was agreeable to

her. She immediately escaped into her bedroom, where chaos reigned; a jumble of furniture to be put out of

sight, with other heterogeneous articles of more or rather less elegance,a domestic carnival, in short. The

bold des Lupeaulx followed the handsome figure, so piquant did she seem to him in her dishabille. There is

something indescribably alluring to the eye in a portion of flesh seen through an hiatus in the undergarment,

more attractive far than when it rises gracefully above the circular curve of the velvet bodice, to the vanishing

line of the prettiest swan'sneck that ever lover kissed before a ball. When the eye dwells on a woman in full

dress making exhibition of her magnificent white shoulders, do we not fancy that we see the elegant dessert

of a grand dinner? But the glance that glides through the disarray of muslins rumpled in sleep enjoys, as it

"Stop! wait!" cried the pretty Parisian, bolting the door of the disordered room.

She rang for Therese, called for her daughter, the cook, and the man servant, wishing she possessed the

whistle of the machinist at the Opera. Her call, however, answered the same purpose. In a moment, another

phenomenon! the salon assumed a piquant morning look, quite in keeping with the becoming toilet hastily

got together by the fugitive; we say it to her glory, for she was evidently a clever woman, in this at least.

"Very serious things," answered des Lupeaulx. "You and I must understand each other now."

"My principle vice," she said, "is oddity. For instance, I do not mix up affections with politics; let us talk

politics,business, if you will,the rest can come later. However, it is not really oddity nor a whim that

forbids me to mingle illassorted colors and put together things that have no affinity, and compels me to

avoid discords; it is my natural instinct as an artist. We women have politics of our own."

Already the tones of her voice and the charm of her manners were producing their effect on the secretary and

metamorphosing his roughness into sentimental courtesy; she had recalled him to his obligations as a lover. A

clever pretty woman makes an atmosphere about her in which the nerves relax and the feelings soften.

"You are ignorant of what is happening," said des Lupeaulx, harshly, for he still thought it best to make a

He gave the two newspapers to the graceful woman, having drawn a line in red ink round each of the famous

"A donkey," answered des Lupeaulx; "but, as you see, he uses means, he gives monstrances; he succeeds,

The thought of her debts crossed Madame Rabourdin's mind and blurred her sight, as if two lightning flashes

had blinded her eyes at the same moment; her ears hummed under the pressure of the blood that began to beat

in her arteries; she remained for a moment quite bewildered, gazing at a window which she did not see.

"But are you faithful to us?" she said at last, with a winning glance at des Lupeaulx, as if to attach him to her.

"That is as it may be," he replied, answering her glance with an interrogative look which made the poor

"If you demand cautionmoney you may lose all," she said, laughing; "I thought you more magnanimous

than you are. And you, you thought me less a person than I am,a sort of schoolgirl."

"You have misunderstood me," he said, with a covert smile; "I meant that I could not assist a man who plays

He gave Madame Rabourdin the memorandum stolen by Dutocq, pointing out to her the passage in which her

Celestine recognized the handwriting, read the paper, and turned pale under the blow.

"All the ministries, the whole service is treated in the same way," said des Lupeaulx.

"Happily," she said, "you alone possess this document. I cannot explain it, even to myself."

"The man who stole it is not such a fool as to let me have it without keeping a copy for himself; he is too

great a liar to admit it, and too clever in his business to give it up. I did not even ask him for it."

"Dutocq! People are always punished through their kindnesses! But," she added, "he is only a dog who wants

"I owe thirtythousand and odd miserable francs,you will despise me because it isn't more, but here, I

grant you, I am significant. Well, Baudoyer's uncle has bought up my debts, and is, doubtless, ready to give

"Not at all; it is monarchical and religious, for the Grand Almoner is concerned in it. Baudoyer himself must

Celestine no longer thought him ugly, nor old, nor white and chilling as a hoarfrost, nor indeed anything

that was odious and offensive, but she did not give him her hand. At night, in her salon, she would have let

him take it a hundred times, but here, alone and in the morning, the action seemed too like a promise that

"And they say that statesmen have no hearts!" she cried enthusiastically, trying to hide the harshness of her

refusal under the grace of her words. "The thought used to terrify me," she added, assuming an innocent,

"What a calumny!" cried des Lupeaulx. "Only this week one of the stiffest of diplomatists, a man who has

been in the service ever since he came to manhood, has married the daughter of an actress, and has introduced

She gave him her hand to kiss, and tapped him on the cheek as she did so. "You are mine!" she said.

[That night, at the Opera, the old coxcomb related the incident as follows: "A woman who did not want to tell

a man she would be his,an acknowledgment a wellbred woman never allows herself to make, changed

"But you must be my ally," he answered. "Now listen, your husband has spoken to the minister of a plan for

the reform of the administration; the paper I have shown you is a part of that plan. I want to know what it is.

"I will," she answered, wholly unaware of the important nature of the errand which brought des Lupeaulx to

"At last!" thought Celestine. "I don't see how I should have got out of it if he had delayed much longer."

"You do not know to what lengths my devotion can go," said des Lupeaulx, rising. "You shall be invited to

"Ah, you are an angel!" she cried. "And I see now how much you love me; you love me intelligently."

"Tonight, dear child," he said, "I shall find out at the Opera what journalists are conspiring for Baudoyer,

"Yes, but you must dine with us, will you not? I have taken pains to get the things you like best"

"All that is so like love," said des Lupeaulx to himself as he went downstairs, "that I am willing to be

deceived in that way for a long time. Well, if she IS tricking me I shall know it. I'll set the cleverest of all

traps before the appointment is fairly signed, and I'll read her heart. Ah! my little cats, I know you! for, after

all, women are just what we men are. Twentyeight years old, virtuous, and living here in the rue

Duphot!a rare piece of luck and worth cultivating," thought the elderly butterfly as he fluttered down the

"Good heavens! that man, without his glasses, must look funny enough in a dressinggown!" thought

Celestine, "but the harpoon is in his back and he'll tow me where I want to go; I am sure now of that

When, at five o'clock in the afternoon, Rabourdin came home to dress for dinner, his wife presided at his

toilet and presently laid before him the fatal memorandum which, like the slipper in the Arabian Nights, the

"So he has been here!" cried Rabourdin, with a look which would certainly have made a guilty woman turn

"My dear," replied Rabourdin, "I have mortally offended des Lupeaulx; such men never forgive, and yet he

"The man seems to me," she said, "to have good taste; you can't expect me to blame him. I really don't know

"A truce to nonsense, Celestine. Spare a muchtried man. I cannot get an audience of the minister, and my

"Good heavens, no! Dutocq can have the promise of a good place as soon as you are named head of the

"Ah! I see what you are about, dear child," said Rabourdin; "but the game you are playing is just as

dishonorable as the real thing that is going on around us. A lie is a lie, and an honest woman"

"Celestine, the more that man des Lupeaulx feels he is foolishly caught in a trap, the more bitter he will be

"I am thinking only of your advancement; it was high time, my poor husband," continued Celestine. "But you

are mistaking the dog for the game," she added, after a pause. "In a few days des Lupeaulx will have

accomplished all that I want of him. While you are trying to speak to the minister, and before you can even

see him on business, I shall have seen him and spoken with him. You are worn out in trying to bring that plan

of your brain to birth,a plan which you have been hiding from me; but you will find that in three months

your wife has accomplished more than you have done in six years. Come, tell me this fine scheme of yours."

Rabourdin, continuing to shave, cautioned his wife not to say a word about his work, and after assuring her

that to confide a single idea to des Lupeaulx would be to put the cat near the milkjug, he began an

"Why didn't you tell me this before, Rabourdin?" said Celestine, cutting her husband short at his fifth

sentence. "You might have saved yourself a world of trouble. I can understand that a man should be blinded

by an idea for a moment, but to nurse it up for six or seven years, that's a thing I cannot comprehend! You

want to reduce the budget,a vulgar and commonplace idea! The budget ought, on the contrary, to reach

two hundred millions. Then, indeed, France would be great. If you want a new system let it be one of loans,

as Monsieur de Nucingen keeps saying. The poorest of all treasuries is the one with a surplus that it never

uses; the mission of a minister of finance is to fling gold out of the windows. It will come back to him

through the cellars; and you, you want to hoard it! The thing to do is to increase the offices and all

government employments, instead of reducing them! So far from lessening the public debt, you ought to

increase the creditors. If the Bourbons want to reign in peace, let them seek creditors in the towns and

villages, and place their loans there; above all, they ought not to let foreigners draw interest away from

France; some day an alien nation might ask us for the capital. Whereas if capital and interest are held only in

France, neither France nor credit can perish. That's what saved England. Your plan is the tradesman's plan.

An ambitious public man should produce some bold scheme,he should make himself another Law, without

Law's fatal ill luck; he ought to exhibit the power of credit, and show that we should reduce, not principal,

"Come, come, Celestine," said Rabourdin; "mix up ideas as much as you please, and make fun of them,I'm

accustomed to that; but don't criticise a work of which you know nothing as yet."

"Do I need," she asked, "to know a scheme the essence of which is to govern France with a civil service of

six thousand men instead of twenty thousand? My dear friend, even allowing it were the plan of a man of

genius, a king of France who attempted to carry it out would get himself dethroned. You can keep down a

feudal aristocracy by levelling a few heads, but you can't subdue a hydra with thousands. And is it with the

present ministersbetween ourselves, a wretched crewthat you expect to carry out your reform? No, no;

change the monetary system if you will, but do not meddle with men, with little men; they cry out too much,

"But, Celestine, if you will talk, and put wit before argument, we shall never understand each other."

"Understand! I understand what that paper, in which you have analyzed the capacities of the men in office,

will lead to," she replied, paying no attention to what her husband said. "Good heavens! you have sharpened

the axe to cut off your own head. Holy Virgin! why didn't you consult me? I could have at least prevented

you from committing anything to writing, or, at any rate, if you insisted on putting it to paper, I would have

written it down myself, and it should never have left this house. Good God! to think that he never told me!

That's what men are! capable of sleeping with the wife of their bosom for seven years, and keeping a secret

from her! Hiding their thoughts from a poor woman for seven years!doubting her devotion!"

"But," cried Rabourdin, provoked, "for eleven years and more I have been unable to discuss anything with

you because you insist on cutting me short and substituting your ideas for mine. You know nothing at all

"Then tell it to me!" cried Rabourdin, angry for the first time since his marriage.

"There! it is halfpast six o'clock; finish shaving and dress at once," she cried hastily, after the fashion of

women when pressed on a point they are not ready to talk of. "I must go; we'll adjourn the discussion, for I

don't want to be nervous on a receptionday. Good heavens! the poor soul!" she thought, as she left the room,

"it IS hard to be in labor for seven years and bring forth a dead child! And not trust his wife!"

"If you had listened to me you would never had interceded to keep your chief clerk; he stole that abominable

Then she noticed the almost tragic expression of her husband's grief; she felt she had gone too far, and ran to

him, seized him just as he was, all lathered with soapsuds, and kissed him tenderly.

"Dear Xavier, don't be vexed," she said. "Tonight, after the people are gone, we will study your plan; you

shall speak at your ease,I will listen just as long as you wish me to. Isn't that nice of me? What do I want

She began to laugh; and Rabourdin laughed too, for the soapsuds were clinging to Celestine's lips, and her

"Go and dress, dear child; and above all, don't say a word of this to des Lupeaulx. Swear you will not. That is

"Tonight," she said, "I mean your generalsecretary to know whom I am really intending to attack; he has

"The minister," she answered, drawing himself up. "We are to be invited to his wife's private parties."

In spite of his Celestine's loving caresses, Rabourdin, as he finished dressing, could not prevent certain

"Will she ever appreciate me?" he said to himself. "She does not even understand that she is the sole

incentive of my whole work. How wrong headed, and yet how excellent a mind!If I had not married I

might now have been high in office and rich. I could have saved half my salary; my savings wellinvested

would have given me today ten thousand francs a year outside of my office, and I might then have become,

through a good marriage Yes, that is all true," he exclaimed, interrupting himself, "but I have Celestine and

my two children." The man flung himself back on his happiness. To the best of married lives there come

moments of regret. He entered the salon and looked around him. "There are not two women in Paris who

understand making life pleasant as she does. To keep such a home as this on twelve thousand francs a year!"

he thought, looking at the flower stands bright with bloom, and thinking of the social enjoyments that were

about to gratify his vanity. "She was made to be the wife of a minister. When I think of his Excellency's wife,

and how little she helps him! the good woman is a comfortable middleclass dowdy, and when she goes to

the palace or into society" He pinched his lips together. Very busy men are apt to have very ignorant

notions about household matters, and you can make them believe that a hundred thousand francs afford little

Though impatiently expected, and in spite of the flattering dishes prepared for the palate of the

gourmetemeritus, des Lupeaulx did not come to dinner; in fact he came in very late, about midnight, an hour

when company dwindles and conversations become intimate and confidential. Andoche Finot, the journalist,

"I now know all," said des Lupeaulx, when he was comfortably seated on a sofa at the corner of the fireplace,

a cup of tea in his hand and Madame Rabourdin standing before him with a plate of sandwiches and some

slices of cake very appropriately called "leaden cake." "Finot, my dear and witty friend, you can render a

great service to our gracious queen by letting loose a few dogs upon the men we were talking of. You have

against you," he said to Rabourdin, lowering his voice so as to be heard only by the three persons whom he

addressed, "a set of usurers and priestsmoney and the church. The article in the liberal journal was

instituted by an old moneylender to whom the paper was under obligations; but the young fellow who wrote

it cares nothing about it. The paper is about to change hands, and in three days more will be on our side. The

royalist opposition,for we have, thanks to Monsieur de Chateaubriand, a royalist opposition, that is to say,

royalists who have gone over to the liberals,however, there's no need to discuss political matters

now,these assassins of Charles X. have promised me to support your appointment at the price of our

acquiescence in one of their amendments. All my batteries are manned. If they threaten us with Baudoyer we

shall say to the clerical phalanx, 'Such and such a paper and such and such men will attack your measures and

the whole press will be against you' (for even the ministerial journals which I influence will be deaf and

dumb, won't they, Finot?). 'Appoint Rabourdin, a faithful servant, and public opinion is with you'"

"So, there's no need to be uneasy," said des Lupeaulx. "I have arranged it all tonight; the Grand Almoner

"I would rather have had less hope, and you to dinner," whispered Celestine, looking at him with a vexed air

"This must win my pardon," he returned, giving her an invitation to the ministry for the following Tuesday.

Celestine opened the letter, and a flush of pleasure came into her face. No enjoyment can be compared to that

"You know what the countess's Tuesdays are," said des Lupeaulx, with a confidential air. "To the usual

ministerial parties they are what the 'PetitChateau' is to a court ball. You will be at the heart of power! You

will see there the Comtesse Feraud, who is still in favor notwithstanding Louis XVIII.'s death, Delphine de

Nucingen, Madame de Listomere, the Marquise d'Espard, and your dear Firmiani; I have had her invited to

give you her support in case the other women attempt to blackball you. I long to see you in the midst of

Celestine threw up her head like a thoroughbred before the race, and reread the invitation just as Baudoyer

and Saillard had reread the articles about themselves in the newspapers, without being able to quaff enough

"THERE first, and NEXT at the Tuileries," she said to des Lupeaulx, who was startled by the words and by

"Can it be that I am only a steppingstone?" he asked himself. He rose, and went into Madame Rabourdin's

bedroom, where she followed him, understanding from a motion of his head that he wished to speak to her

"Bah! the useless nonsense of an honest man!" she replied. "He wants to suppress fifteen thousand offices

and do the work with five or six thousand. You never heard of such nonsense; I will let you read the whole

document when copied; it is written in perfect good faith. His analysis of the officials was prompted only by

Des Lupeaulx was all the more reassured by the genuine laugh which accompanied these jesting and

contemptuous words, because he was a judge of lying and knew that Celestine spoke in good faith.

"Well, he wants to do away with the landtax and substitute taxes on consumption."

"Why it is over a year since Francois Keller and Nucingen proposed some such plan, and the minister himself

"No; but he is on the same ground with the best financier of the epoch,the Napoleon of finance. Something

may come of it. Your husband must surely have some special ideas in his method of putting the scheme into

"No, it is all commonplace," she said, with a disdainful curl of her lip. "Just think of governing France with

five or six thousand offices, when what is really needed is that everybody in France should be personally

Des Lupeaulx seemed satisfied that Rabourdin, to whom in his own mind he had granted remarkable talents,

"Are you quite sure of the appointment? You don't want a bit of feminine advice?" she said.

"Well, then, say BAUDOYER to the court and clergy, to divert suspicion and put them to sleep, and then, at

"There are some women who say YES as long as they need a man, and NO when he has played his part,"

"I know they do," she answered, laughing; "but they are very foolish, for in politics everything recommences.

Such proceedings may do with fools, but you are a man of sense. In my opinion the greatest folly any one can

"You are mistaken," said des Lupeaulx, "for such a man pardons. The real danger is with the petty spiteful

When all the guests were gone, Rabourdin came into his wife's room, and after asking for her strict attention,

he explained his plan and made her see that it did not cut down the revenue but on the contrary increased it;

he showed her in what ways the public funds were employed, and how the State could increase tenfold the

circulation of money by putting its own, in the proportion of a third, or a quarter, into the expenditures which

would be sustained by private or local interests. He finally proved to her plainly that his plan was not mere

theory, but a system teeming with methods of execution. Celestine, brightly enthusiastic, sprang into her

"At last I find the husband of my dreams!" she cried. "My ignorance of your real merit has saved you from

The man wept with joy. His day of triumph had come at last. Having labored for many years to satisfy his

"To one who knows how good you are, how tender, how equable in anger, how loving, you are tenfold

greater still. But," she added, "a man of genius is always more or less a child; and you are a child, a dearly

beloved child," she said, caressing him. Then she drew that invitation from that particular spot where women

"Here is what I wanted," she said; "Des Lupeaulx has put me face to face with the minister, and were he a

The next day Celestine began her preparations for entrance into the inner circle of the ministry. It was her day

of triumph, her own! Never courtesan took such pains with herself as this honest woman bestowed upon her

person. No dressmaker was ever so tormented as hers. Madame Rabourdin forgot nothing. She went herself

to the stable where she hired carriages, and chose a coupe that was neither old, nor bourgeois, nor showy. Her

footman, like the footmen of great houses, had the dress and appearance of a master. About ten on the

evening of the eventful Tuesday, she left home in a charming full mourning attire. Her hair was dressed with

jet grapes of exquisite workmanship, an ornament costing three thousand francs, made by Fossin for an

Englishwoman who had left Paris before it was finished. The leaves were of stamped ironwork, as light as

the vineleaves themselves, and the artist had not forgotten the graceful tendrils, which twined in the wearer's

curls just as, in nature, they catch upon the branches. The bracelets, necklace, and earrings were all what is

called Berlin ironwork; but these delicate arabesques were made in Vienna, and seemed to have been

fashioned by the fairies who, the stories tell us, are condemned by a jealous Carabosse to collect the eyes of

ants, or weave a fabric so diaphanous that a nutshell can contain it. Madame Rabourdin's graceful figure,

made more slender still by the black draperies, was shown to advantage by a carefully cut dress, the two sides

of which met at the shoulders in a single strap without sleeves. At every motion she seemed, like a butterfly,

to be about to leave her covering; but the gown held firmly on by some contrivance of the wonderful

dressmaker. The robe was of mousseline de lainea material which the manufacturers had not yet sent to the

Paris markets; a delightful stuff which some months later was to have a wild success, a success which went

further and lasted longer than most French fashions. The actual economy of mousseline de laine, which needs

no washing, has since injured the sale of cotton fabrics enough to revolutionize the Rouen manufactories.

Celestine's little feet, covered with fine silk stockings and turksatin shoes (for silksatin is inadmissible in

deep mourning) were of elegant proportions. Thus dressed, she was very handsome. Her complexion,

beautified by a bran bath, was softly radiant. Her eyes, suffused with the light of hope, and sparkling with

intelligence, justified her claims to the superiority which des Lupeaulx, proud and happy on this occasion,

She entered the room well (women will understand the meaning of that expression), bowed gracefully to the

minister's wife, with a happy mixture of deference and of selfrespect, and gave no offence by a certain

reliance on her own dignity; for every beautiful woman has the right to seem a queen. With the minister

himself she took the pretty air of sauciness which women may properly allow themselves with men, even

when they are grand dukes. She reconnoitred the field, as it were, while taking her seat, and saw that she was

in the midst of one of those select parties of few persons, where the women eye and appraise each other, and

every word said echoes in all ears; where every glance is a stab, and conversation a duel with witnesses;

where all that is commonplace seems commoner still, and where every form of merit or distinction is silently

accepted as though it were the natural level of all present. Rabourdin betook himself to the adjoining salon in

which a few persons were playing cards; and there he planted himself on exhibition, as it were, which proved

"My dear," said the Marquise d'Espard to the Comtesse Feraud, Louis XVIII.'s last mistress, "Paris is

certainly unique. It produces whence and how, who knows?women like this person, who seems ready to

"She really does will, and does do everything," put in des Lupeaulx, puffed up with satisfaction.

At this moment the wily Madame Rabourdin was courting the minister's wife. Carefully coached the evening

before by des Lupeaulx, who knew all the countess's weak spots, she was flattering her without seeming to do

so. Every now and then she kept silence; for des Lupeaulx, in love as he was, knew her defects, and said to

her the night before, "Be careful not to talk too much,"words which were really an immense proof of

attachment. Bertrand Barrere left behind him this sublime axiom: "Never interrupt a woman when dancing to

give her advice," to which we may add (to make this chapter of the female code complete), "Never blame a

The conversation became general. From time to time Madame Rabourdin joined in, just as a welltrained cat

puts a velvet paw on her mistress's laces with the claws carefully drawn in. The minister, in matters of the

heart, had few emotions. There was not another statesman under the Restoration who had so completely done

with gallantry as he; even the opposition papers, the "Miroir," "Pandora," and "Figaro," could not find a

single throbbing artery with which to reproach him. Madame Rabourdin knew this, but she knew also that

ghosts return to old castles, and she had taken it into her head to make the minister jealous of the happiness

which des Lupeaulx was appearing to enjoy. The latter's throat literally gurgled with the name of his divinity.

To launch his supposed mistress successfully, he was endeavoring to persuade the Marquise d'Espard,

Madame de Nucingen, and the countess, in an eightear conversation, that they had better admit Madame

Rabourdin to their coalition; and Madame de Camps was supporting him. At the end of the hour the

minister's vanity was greatly tickled; Madame Rabourdin's cleverness pleased him, and she had won his wife,

who, delighted with the siren, invited her to come to all her receptions whenever she pleased.

"For your husband, my dear," she said, "will soon be director; the minister intends to unite the two divisions

His Excellency carried off Madame Rabourdin on his arm to show her a certain room, which was then quite

celebrated because the opposition journals blamed him for decorating it extravagantly; and together they

"Madame, you really must give the countess and myself the pleasure of seeing you here often."

"But, Monseigneur," she replied, with one of those glances which women hold in reserve, "it seems to me

"No; I said to myself before I came that I would certainly not have the bad taste to seem a petitioner."

"No, no, speak freely. Places asked in this way are never out of place," said the minister, laughing; for there is

"Well, then, I must tell you plainly that the wife of the head of a bureau is out of place here; a director's wife

"That point need not be considered," said the minister. "your husband is indispensable to the administration;

"Then," she said, pausing in a corner where she was alone with the minister, whose eager attentions were now

She was on the point of revealing her husband's plan, when des Lupeaulx, who had glided noiselessly up to

them, uttered an angry sound, which meant that he did not wish to appear to have overheard what, in fact, he

had been listening to. The minister gave an ill tempered look at the old beau, who, impatient to win his

reward, had hurried, beyond all precedent, the preliminary work of the appointment. He had carried the

papers to his Excellency that evening, and desired to take himself, on the morrow, the news of the

appointment to her whom he was now endeavoring to exhibit as his mistress. Just then the minister's valet

approached des Lupeaulx in a mysterious manner, and told him that his own servant wished him to deliver to

Contrary to my custom, I am waiting in your antechamber to see you; you have not a moment to lose if you

The secretary shuddered when he saw the signature, which we regret we cannot give in facsimile, for it

would be valuable to those who like to guess character from what may be called the physiognomy of

signature. If ever a hieroglyphic sign expressed an animal, it was assuredly this written name, in which the

first and the final letter approached each other like the voracious jaws of a shark,insatiable, always open,

seeking whom to devour, both strong and weak. As for the wording of the note, the spirit of usury alone could

have inspired a sentence so imperative, so insolently curt and cruel, which said all and revealed nothing.

Those who had never heard of Gobseck would have felt, on reading words which compelled him to whom

they were addressed to obey, yet gave no order, the presence of the implacable money lender of the rue des

Gres. Like a dog called to heel by the huntsman, des Lupeaulx left his present quest and went immediately to

his own rooms, thinking of his hazardous position. Imagine a general to whom an aidedecamp rides up and

says: "The enemy with thirty thousand fresh troops is attacking on our right flank."

A very few words will serve to explain this sudden arrival of Gigonnet and Gobseck on the field of

battle,for des Lupeaulx found them both waiting. At eight o'clock that evening, Martin Falleix, returning

on the wings of the wind,thanks to three francs to the postboys and a courier in advance,had brought

back with him the deeds of the property signed the night before. Taken at once to the Cafe Themis by Mitral,

these securities passed into the hands of the two usurers, who hastened (though on foot) to the ministry. It

was past eleven o'clock. Des Lupeaulx trembled when he saw those sinister faces, emitting a simultaneous

The two extortioners continued cold and motionless. Gigonnet silently pointed to the documents in his hand,

"Have you come here to torment a man who enabled each of you to make a couple of hundred thousand

"Some new affair?" asked des Lupeaulx. "If you want me to help you, consider that I recollect the past."

"My debts must be paid," said des Lupeaulx, disdainfully, so as not to seem worsted at the outset.

"Let us come to the point, my son," said Gigonnet. "Don't stiffen your chin in your cravat; with us all that is

The two usurers took a mental inventory of des Lupeaulx's study while he read with amazement and

stupefaction a deed of purchase which seemed wafted to him from the clouds by angels.

"Don't you think you have a pair of intelligent business agents in Gobseck and me?" asked Gigonnet.

"But tell me, to what do I owe such able cooperation?" said des Lupeaulx, suspicious and uneasy.

"We knew eight days ago a fact that without us you would not have known till tomorrow morning. The

president of the chamber of commerce, a deputy, as you know, feels himself obliged to resign."

"Your minister has been tricking you about this event," said the concise Gobseck.

"You master me," said the generalsecretary, bowing with an air of profound respect, bordering however, on

"You will see," resumed Gigonnet, "that the sum total of your debts is added to the sum loaned by us for the

"Here are the deeds," said Gobseck, taking from the pocket of his greenish overcoat a number of legal papers.

"But," said des Lupeaulx, frightened at such kindness, and also by so apparently fantastic an arrangement.

"That's a small matter, though it will be next to impossible for me to do it," said des Lupeaulx. "I have just

"We keep the titledeeds of the property till the debts are paid," said Gigonnet, putting one of the papers

before des Lupeaulx; "and if the matter of the appointment is not satisfactorily arranged within six days our

"Well, then, sign this power of attorney. Within two days Baudoyer is to be nominated; within six your debts

"Your election to the Chamber," said Gigonnet, rising on his heels. "We have secured a majority of fiftytwo

farmers' and mechanics' votes, which will be thrown precisely as those who lend you this money dictate."

"It is only such as we who never misunderstand each other," he said; "this is what I call doing business. I'll

"They must be secret envoys from foreign powers," whispered the footmen to each other.

Once in the street, the two usurers looked at each other under a street lamp and laughed.

"He will owe us nine thousand francs interest a year," said Gigonnet; "that property doesn't bring him in

"He'll build; he'll commit extravagancies," continued Gigonnet; "Falleix will get his land."

"His interest is only to be made deputy; the old fox laughs at the rest," said Gobseck.

These dry little exclamations served as a laugh to the two old men, who took their way back (always on foot)

Des Lupeaulx returned to the salon and found Madame Rabourdin sailing with the wind of success, and very

charming; while his Excellency, usually so gloomy, showed a smooth and gracious countenance.

"She performs miracles," thought des Lupeaulx. "What a wonderfully clever woman! I must get to the bottom

"Your little lady is decidedly handsome," said the Marquise to the secretary; "now if she only had your

"Yes, her defect is that she is the daughter of an auctioneer. She will fail for want of birth," replied des

Lupeaulx, with a cold manner that contrasted strangely with the ardor of his remarks about Madame

"The glance you gave them did not escape me," she said, motioning towards the minister and Madame

Rabourdin; "it pierced the mask of your spectacles. How amusing you both are, to quarrel over that bone!"

As the marquise turned to leave the room the minister joined her and escorted her to the door.

"Well," said des Lupeaulx to Madame Rabourdin, "what do you think of his Excellency?"

"He is charming. We must know these poor ministers to appreciate them," she added, slightly raising her

voice so as to be heard by his Excellency's wife. "The newspapers and the opposition calumnies are so

misleading about men in politics that we are all more or less influenced by them; but such prejudices turn to

"Dear child," said des Lupeaulx, with a genial, caressing manner; "you have actually done the impossible."

"Resuscitated the dead. I did not think that man had a heart; ask his wife. But he may have just enough for a

passing fancy. Therefore profit by it. Come this way, and don't be surprised." He led Madame Rabourdin into

the boudoir, placed her on a sofa, and sat down beside her. "You are very sly," he said, "and I like you the

better for it. Between ourselves, you are a clever woman. Des Lupeaulx served to bring you into this house,

and that is all you wanted of him, isn't it? Now when a woman decides to love a man for what she can get out

of him it is better to take a sexagenarian Excellency than a quadragenarian secretary; there's more profit and

less annoyance. I'm a man with spectacles, grizzled hair, worn out with dissipation,a fine lover, truly! I tell

myself all this again and again. It must be admitted, of course, that I can sometimes be useful, but never

agreeable. Isn't that so? A man must be a fool if he cannot reason about himself. You can safely admit the

truth and let me see to the depths of your heart; we are partners, not lovers. If I show some tenderness at

times, you are too superior a woman to pay any attention to such follies; you will forgive me,you are not a

schoolgirl, or a bourgeoise of the rue SaintDenis. Bah! you and I are too well brought up for that. There's

the Marquise d'Espard who has just left the room; this is precisely what she thinks and does. She and I came

to an understanding two years ago [the coxcomb!], and now she has only to write me a line and say, 'My dear

des Lupeaulx, you will oblige me by doing such and such a thing,' and it is done at once. We are engaged at

this very moment in getting a commission of lunacy on her husband. Ah! you women, you can get what you

want by the bestowal of a few favors. Well, then, my dear child, bewitch the minister. I'll help you; it is my

interest to do so. Yes, I wish he had a woman who could influence him; he wouldn't escape me,for he does

escape me quite often, and the reason is that I hold him only through his intellect. Now if I were one with a

pretty woman who was also intimate with him, I should hold him by his weaknesses, and that is much the

firmest grip. Therefore, let us be friends, you and I, and share the advantages of the conquest you are

Madame Rabourdin listened in amazement to this singular profession of rascality. The apparent artlessness of

"I gave him the papers this morning. But it is not enough that your husband should be made director; he must

"Well, then, go back to the salon and coquette a little more with his Excellency."

"It is true," she said, "that I never fully understood you till tonight. There is nothing commonplace about

"We will be two old friends," said des Lupeaulx, "and suppress all tender nonsense and tormenting love; we

will take things as they did under the Regency. Ah! they had plenty of wit and wisdom in those days!"

"You are really strong; you deserve my admiration," she said, smiling, and holding out her hand to him, "one

"Dear creature!" thought des Lupeaulx, as he saw her approach the minister, "des Lupeaulx has no longer the

slightest remorse in turning against you. Tomorrow evening when you offer me a cup of tea, you will be

offering me a thing I no longer care for. All is over. Ah! when a man is forty years of age women may take

He looked himself over in a mirror, admitting honestly that though he did very well as a politician he was a

wreck on the shores of Cythera. At the same moment Madame Rabourdin was gathering herself together for a

becoming exit. She wished to make a last graceful impression on the minds of all, and she succeeded.

Contrary to the usual custom in society, every one cried out as soon as she was gone, "What a charming

"I am quite sure you will think of me tomorrow," he said, alluding to the appointment.

"There are so few high functionaries who have agreeable wives," remarked his Excellency on reentering the

"Don't you think her a little overpowering?" said des Lupeaulx with a piqued air.

The women present all exchanged expressive glances; the rivalry between the minister and his secretary

amused them and instigated one of those pretty little comedies which Parisian women play so well. They

excited and led on his Excellency and des Lupeaulx by a series of comments on Madame Rabourdin: one

thought her too studied in manner, too eager to appear clever; another compared the graces of the middle

classes with the manners of high life, while des Lupeaulx defended his pretended mistress as we all defend an

"Do her justice, ladies," he said; "is it not extraordinary that the daughter of an auctioneer should appear as

well as she does? See where she came from, and what she is. She will end in the Tuileries; that is what she

"Suppose she is the daughter of an auctioneer," said the Comtesse Feraud, smiling, "that will not hinder her

"Madame," said his Excellency to the countess, sternly, "such sentiments and such speeches lead to

revolutions; unhappily, the court and the great world do not restrain them. You would hardly believe,

however, how the injudicious conduct of the aristocracy in this respect displeases certain clearsighted

personages at the palace. If I were a great lord, instead of being, as I am, a mere country gentleman who

seems to be placed where he is to transact your business for you, the monarchy would not be as insecure as I

now think it is. What becomes of a throne which does not bestow dignity on those who administer its

government? We are far indeed from the days when a king could make men great at will,such men as

Louvois, Colbert, Richelieu, Jeannin, Villeroy, Sully,Sully, in his origin, was no greater than I. I speak to

you thus because we are here in private among ourselves. I should be very paltry indeed if I were personally

offended by such speeches. After all, it is for us and not for others to make us great."

"You are appointed, dear," cried Celestine, pressing her husband's hand as they drove away. "If it had not

been for des Lupeaulx I should have explained your scheme to his Excellency. But I will do it next Tuesday,

In the life of every woman there comes a day when she shines in all her glory; a day which gives her an

unfading recollection to which she recurs with happiness all her life. As Madame Rabourdin took off one by

one the ornaments of her apparel, she thought over the events of this evening, and marked the day among the

triumphs and glories of her life,all her beauties had been seen and envied, she had been praised and

flattered by the minister's wife, delighted thus to make the other women jealous of her; but, above all, her

grace and vanities had shone to the profit of conjugal love. Her husband was appointed.

At the same instant Mitral, waiting at the Cafe Themis, saw the two usurers returning, but was unable to

Mitral took a cabriolet and went straight to the Saillards and Baudoyers, who were still playing boston at a

late hour. No one was present but the Abbe Gaudron. Falleix, halfdead with the fatigue of his journey, had

"You will be appointed, nephew," said Mitral; "and there's a surprise in store for you."

The next day, Wednesday, Monsieur Rabourdin was to transact business with the minister, for he had filled

the late La Billardiere's place since the beginning of the latter's illness. On such days the clerks came

punctually, the servants were specially attentive, there was always a certain excitement in the offices on these

signingdays,and why, nobody ever knew. On this occasion the three servants were at their post, flattering

themselves they should get a few fees; for a rumor of Rabourdin's nomination had spread through the

ministry the night before, thanks to Dutocq. Uncle Antoine and Laurent had donned their full uniform, when,

at a quarter to eight, des Lupeaulx's servant came in with a letter, which he begged Antoine to give secretly to

Dutocq, saying that the generalsecretary had ordered him to deliver it without fail at Monsieur Dutocq's

"I'm sure I don't know how it happened," he said, "but I overslept myself. I've only just waked up, and he'd

play the devil's tattoo on me if he knew the letter hadn't gone. I know a famous secret, Antoine; but don't say

anything about it to the clerks if I tell you; promise? He would send me off if he knew I had said a single

He made the letter gape open, and showed Antoine that there was nothing but blank paper to be seen.

"This is going to be a great day for you, Laurent," went on the secretary's man. "You are to have a new

director. Economy must be the order of the day, for they are going to unite the two divisions under one

"Yes, nine clerks are put on the retired list," said Dutocq, who came in at the moment; "how did you hear

Antoine gave him the letter, and he had no sooner opened it than he rushed headlong downstairs in the

The bureaus Rabourdin and Baudoyer, after idling and gossiping since the death of Monsieur de la

Billardiere, were now recovering their usual official look and the dolce far niente habits of a government

office. Nevertheless, the approaching end of the year did cause rather more application among the clerks, just

as porters and servants become at that season more unctuously civil. They all came punctually, for one thing;

more remained after four o'clock than was usual at other times. It was not forgotten that fees and gratuities

depend on the last impressions made upon the minds of masters. The news of the union of the two divisions,

that of La Billardiere and that of Clergeot, under one director, had spread through the various offices. The

number of the clerks to be retired was known, but all were in ignorance of the names. It was taken for granted

that Poiret would not be replaced, and that would be a retrenchment. Little La Billardiere had already

departed. Two new supernumeraries had made their appearance, and, alarming circumstance! they were both

sons of deputies. The news told about in the offices the night before, just as the clerks were dispersing,

agitated all minds, and for the first halfhour after arrival in the morning they stood around the stoves and

talked it over. But earlier than that, Dutocq, as we have seen, had rushed to des Lupeaulx on receiving his

note, and found him dressing. Without laying down his razor, the generalsecretary cast upon his subordinate

"Very good. March on Rabourdin; forward! steady! Of course you kept a copy of that paper?"

"You understand me? Inde iroe! There must be a general hue and cry raised against him. Find some way to

"I could get a man to make a caricature, but I haven't five hundred francs to pay for it."

"He shall have a thousand and be underheadclerk to Colleville, who will arrange with them; tell him so."

"Are you trying to make me compromise myself? Either do the thing or let it alone; do you hear me?"

"Well, he will be. Go now, and make haste; you have no time to lose. Go down the backstairs; I don't want

While Dutocq was returning to the clerks' office and asking himself how he could best incite a clamor against

his chief without compromising himself, Bixiou rushed to the Rabourdin office for a word of greeting.

Believing that he had lost his bet the incorrigible joker thought it amusing to pretend that he had won it.

Bixiou [mimicking Phellion's voice]. "Gentlemen, I salute you with a collective how d'ye do, and I appoint

Sunday next for the dinner at the Rocher de Cancale. But a serious question presents itself. Is that dinner to

Bixiou. "Not that I care, for it isn't I who pay." [General stupefaction.] "Baudoyer is appointed. I think I

already hear him calling Laurent" [mimicking Baudoyer], "Laurent! lock up my hair shirt, and my scourge."

[They all roar with laughter.] "Yes, yes, he laughs well who laughs last. Gentlemen, there's a great deal in

that anagram of Colleville's. 'Xavier Rabourdin, chef de bureauD'abord reva bureaux, eu fin riche.' If I

were named 'Charles X., par la grace de Dieu roi de France et de Navarre,' I should tremble in my shoes at the

Bixiou. "No, I am not. Rabourdin resigns in a rage at finding Baudoyer appointed director."

Vimeux [entering.] "Nonsense, no such thing! Antoine (to whom I have just been paying forty francs that I

owed him) tells me that Monsieur and Madame Rabourdin were at the minister's private party last night and

stayed till midnight. His Excellency escorted Madame Rabourdin to the staircase. It seems she was divinely

dressed. In short, it is quite certain that Rabourdin is to be director. Riffe, the secretary's copying clerk, told

me he sat up all the night before to draw the papers; it is no longer a secret. Monsieur Clergeot is retired.

After thirty years' service that's no misfortune. Monsieur Cochlin, who is rich"

Vimeux. "Yes, cochineal; he's a partner in the house of Matifat, rue des Lombards. Well, he is retired; so is

Poiret. Neither is to be replaced. So much is certain; the rest is all conjecture. The appointment of Monsieur

Fleury. "Baudoyer's, confound him! The priests uphold him; here's another article in the liberal

"Certain persons spoke last night in the lobby of the Operahouse of the return of Monsieur de Chateaubriand

to the ministry, basing their opinion on the choice made of Monsieur Rabourdin (the protege of friends of the

noble viscount) to fill the office for which Monsieur Baudoyer was first selected. The clerical party is not

Dutocq [entering, having heard the whole discussion]. "Blackguards! Who? Rabourdin? Then you know the

Fleury [rolling his eyes savagely]. "Rabourdin a blackguard! Are you mad, Dutocq? do you want a ball in

Dutocq. "I said nothing against Monsieur Rabourdin; only it has just been told to me in confidence that he has

written a paper denouncing all the clerks and officials, and full of facts about their lives; in short, the reason

why his friends support him is because he has written this paper against the administration, in which we are

Bixiou. "Very proper in you to say so. Tell me, Dutocq" [they whisper together and then go into the corridor].

Dutocq. "Make it, and you shall be underheadclerk with a famous fee. The fact is, my dear fellow, there's

dissension among the powers that be. The minister is pledged to Rabourdin, but if he doesn't appoint

Baudoyer he offends the priests and their party. You see, the King, the Dauphin and the Dauphine, the clergy,

Dutocq. "To ease the matter off, the minister, who sees he must give way, wants to strangle the difficulty. We

must find some good reason for getting rid of Rabourdin. Now somebody has lately unearthed a paper of his,

exposing the present system of administration and wanting to reform it; and that paper is going the

rounds,at least, this is how I understand the matter. Make the drawing we talked of; in so doing you'll play

the game of all the big people, and help the minister, the court, the clergy,in short, everybody; and you'll

Bixiou. "I don't understand how you came to know all that; perhaps you are inventing it."

Dutocq. "Then come home with me; for I must put the document into safe keeping."

Bixiou. "You go first alone." [Reenters the bureau Rabourdin.] "What Dutocq told you is really all true,

word of honor! It seems that Monsieur Rabourdin has written and sent in very unflattering descriptions of the

clerks whom he wants to 'reform.' That's the real reason why his secret friends wish him appointed. Well,

well; we live in days when nothing astonishes me" [flings his cloak about him like Talma, and declaims]:

"Thou who has seen the fall of grand, illustrious heads, Why thus amazed, insensate that thou art,

"to find a man like Rabourdin employing such means? Baudoyer is too much of a fool to know how to use

them. Accept my congratulations, gentlemen; either way you are under a most illustrious chief" [goes off].

Poiret. "I shall leave this ministry without ever comprehending a single word that gentleman utters. What

Fleury. "'Heads that fell?' why, think of the four sergeants of Rochelle, Ney, Berton, Caron, the brothers

Fleury. "Say at once that he lies; in his mouth truth itself turns to corrosion."

Phellion. "Your language is unparliamentary and lacks the courtesy and consideration which are due to a

Vimeux. "It seems to me that if what he says is false, the proper name for it is calumny, defamation of

Fleury [getting hot]. "If the government offices are public places, the matter ought to be taken into the

Phellion [wishing to avert a quarrel, tries to turn the conversation]. "Gentleman, might I ask you to keep

quiet? I am writing a little treatise on moral philosophy, and I am just at the heart of it."

Thuillier. "Spiritual substance! you might as well talk about immaterial stone."

"Ans.From God, who created it of a nature one and indivisible; the destructibility thereof is, consequently,

Phellion [resuming]. "and he hath said that he created it immortal; in other words, the soul can never die.

"Ans.To comprehend, to will, to remember; these constitute understanding, volition, memory.

Phellion [aggrieved]. "Oh, monsieur!" [Controlling himself.] "But here's the answer,that's as far as I have

Phellion. "I hope it will. It requires great application of mind to carry on a system of questions and answers;

Phellion. "I am sorry I interrupted you" [he dives into his office desk]. "But" [to himself] "at any rate, I have

At this moment a scene was taking place between the minister and des Lupeaulx which decided Rabourdin's

fate. The generalsecretary had gone to see the minister in his private study before the breakfast hour, to

"He means a quarrel," thought the minister; "and all because his mistress coquetted with me last night. I did

"We are alone," continued the secretary, "and we can come to an understanding. The deputy of the

"Increased by a recent purchase of two hundred thousand francs' worth of adjacent property," replied des

Lupeaulx, carelessly. "You knew of the deputy's approaching resignation at least ten days ago, and you did

not tell me of it. You were perhaps not bound to do so, but you knew very well that I am most anxious to take

my seat in the centre. Has it occurred to you that I might fling myself back on the 'Doctrine'?which, let me

tell you, will destroy the administration and the monarchy both if you continue to allow the party of

representative government to be recruited from men of talent whom you ignore. Don't you know that in every

nation there are fifty to sixty, not more, dangerous heads, whose schemes are in proportion to their ambition?

The secret of knowing how to govern is to know those heads well, and either to chop them off or buy them. I

don't know how much talent I have, but I know that I have ambition; and you are committing a serious

blunder when you set aside a man who wishes you well. The anointed head dazzles for the time being, but

what next?Why, a war of words; discussions will spring up once more and grow embittered, envenomed.

Then, for your own sake, I advise you not to find me at the Left Centre. In spite of your prefect's manoeuvres

(instructions for which no doubt went from here confidentially) I am secure of a majority. The time has come

for you and me to understand each other. After a breeze like this people sometimes become closer friends

than ever. I must be made count and receive the grand cordon of the Legion of honor as a reward for my

public services. However, I care less for those things just now than I do for something else in which you are

more personally concerned. You have not yet appointed Rabourdin, and I have news this morning which

tends to show that most persons will be better satisfied if you appoint Baudoyer."

"Yes," said des Lupeaulx; "but suppose he proves incapable, as he will, you can then get rid of him by asking

those who protect him to employ him elsewhere. You will thus get back an important office to give to

"That may be; and I don't ask you to make the change this very day. I know the danger of saying yes and no

within twentyfour hours. But postpone the appointment, and don't sign the papers till the day after

tomorrow; by that time you may find it impossible to retain Rabourdin,in fact, in all probability, he will

"He is the tool of a secret power in whose interests he has carried on a system of espionage in all the

ministries, and the thing has been discovered by mere accident. He has written a paper of some kind, giving

short histories of all the officials. Everybody is talking of it; the clerks are furious. For heaven's sake, don't

transact business with him today; let me find some means for you to avoid it. Ask an audience of the King; I

am sure you will find great satisfaction there if you concede the point about Baudoyer; and you can obtain

something as an equivalent. Your position will be better than ever if you are forced later to dismiss a fool

"Would you forgive Monsieur de Chateaubriand for writing an article against the ministry? Well, read that,

and see how Rabourdin has treated me in his secret document," said des Lupeaulx, giving the paper to the

minister. "He pretends to reorganize the government from beginning to end,no doubt in the interests of

some secret society of which, as yet, we know nothing. I shall continue to be his friend for the sake of

watching him; by that means I may render the government such signal service that they will have to make me

count; for the peerage is the only thing I really care for. I want you fully to understand that I am not seeking

office or anything else that would cause me to stand in your way; I am simply aiming for the peerage, which

will enable me to marry a banker's daughter with an income of a couple of hundred thousand francs. And so,

allow me to render you a few signal services which will make the King feel that I have saved the throne. I

have long said that Liberalism would never offer us a pitched battle. It has given up conspiracies,

Carbonaroism, and revolts with weapons; it is now sapping and mining, and the day is coming when it will be

able to say, 'Out of that and let me in!' Do you think I have been courting Rabourdin's wife for my own

pleasure? No, but I got much information from her. So now, let us agree on two things; first, the

postponement of the appointment; second, your SINCERE support of my election. You shall find at the end

For all answer, the minister took the appointment papers and placed them in des Lupeaulx's hand.

"I will go and tell Rabourdin," added des Lupeaulx, "that you cannot transact business with him till

The minister replied with an assenting gesture. The secretary despatched his man with a message to

Rabourdin that the minister could not work with him until Saturday, on which day the Chamber was occupied

Just at this moment Saillard, having brought the monthly stipend, was slipping his little speech into the ear of

the minister's wife, who drew herself up and answered with dignity that she did not meddle in political

matters, and besides, she had heard that Monsieur Rabourdin was already appointed. Saillard, terrified,

rushed up to Baudoyer's office, where he found Dutocq, Godard, and Bixiou in a state of exasperation

difficult to describe; for they were reading the terrible paper on the administration in which they were all

Bixiou [with his finger on a paragraph]. "Here YOU are, pere Saillard. Listen" [reads]:

"Saillard.The office of cashier to be suppressed in all the ministries; their accounts to be kept in future at

"Do you want to hear about your soninlaw?" [Turns over the leaves.] "Here he is" [reads]:

"Baudoyer.Utterly incapable. To be thanked and dismissed. Rich; does not need a pension.

"In short, here we all are. Listen to what I am" [reads]: "An artist who might be employed by the civil list, at

the Opera, or the Menus Plaisirs, or the Museum. Great deal of capacity, little selfrespect, no

application,a restless spirit. Ha! I'll give you a touch of the artist, Monsieur Rabourdin!"

Bixiou. "Let us see what he says of our mysterious Desroys." [Turns over the pages; reads.]

"Desroys.Dangerous; because he cannot be shaken in principles that are subversive of monarchial power.

He is the son of the Conventionel, and he admires the Convention. He may become a very mischievous

Godard. "I shall go the generalsecretary and lay a complaint in form; we must all resign in a body if such a

Dutocq. "Gentlemen, listen to me; let us be prudent. If you rise at once in a body, we may all be accused of

rancor and revenge. No, let the thing work, let the rumor spread quietly. When the whole ministry is aroused

Bixiou. "Dutocq believes in the principles of the grand air composed by the sublime Rossini for

Basilio,which goes to show, by the bye, that the great composer was also a great politician. I shall leave

my card on Monsieur Rabourdin tomorrow morning, inscribed thus: 'Bixiou; no selfrespect, no

Godard. "A good idea, gentlemen. Let us all leave our cards tomorrow on Rabourdin inscribed in the same

Dutocq [leading Bixiou apart]. "Come, you'll agree to make that caricature now, won't you?"

Bixiou. "I see plainly, my dear fellow, that you knew all about this affair ten days ago" [looks him in the eye].

Dutocq. "On my word of honor, yes, and a thousandfranc fee beside, just as I told you. You don't know

Dutocq [dryly]. "You can make the caricature or not, and you can be underheadclerk or not,as you

Bixiou. "Forward, march! that lampoon shall go from end to end of the bureaus tomorrow morning. Let us

go and torment the Rabourdins." [Then speaking to Saillard, Godard, and Baudoyer, who were talking

together in a low voice.] "We are going to stir up the neighbors." [Goes with Dutocq into the Rabourdin

bureau. Fleury, Thuillier, and Vimeux are there, talking excitedly.] "What's the matter, gentlemen? All that I

told you turns out to be true; you can go and see for yourselves the work of this infamous informer; for it is in

the hands of the virtuous, honest, estimable, upright, and pious Baudoyer, who is indeed utterly incapable of

doing any such thing. Your chief has got every one of you under the guillotine. Go and see; follow the crowd;

money returned if you are not satisfied; execution GRATIS! The appointments are postponed. All the bureaus

are in arms; Rabourdin has been informed that the minister will not work with him. Come, be off; go and see

They all depart except Phellion and Poiret, who are left alone. The former loved Rabourdin too well to look

for proof that might injure a man he was determined not to judge; the other had only five days more to remain

in the office, and cared nothing either way. Just then Sebastien came down to collect the papers for signature.

He was a good deal surprised, though he did not show it, to find the office deserted.

Phellion. "My young friend" [he rose, a rare thing], "do you know what is going on? what scandals are rife

about Monsieur Rabourdin whom you love, and" [bending to whisper in Sebastien's ear] "whom I love as

much as I respect him. They say he has committed the imprudence to leave a paper containing comments on

the officials lying about in the office" [Phellion stopped short, caught the young man in his strong arms,

seeing that he turned pale and was near fainting, and placed him on a chair.] "A key, Monsieur Poiret, to put

[Old Poiret junior promptly inserted the said key between Sebastien's shoulders, while Phellion gave him

some water to drink. The poor lad no sooner opened his eyes than he began to weep. He laid his head on

Phellion's desk, and all his limbs were limp as if struck by lightning; while his sobs were so heartrending, so

genuine, that for the first time in his life Poiret's feelings were stirred by the sufferings of another.]

Phellion [speaking firmly]. "Come, come, my young friend; courage! In times of trial we must show courage.

You are a man. What is the matter? What has happened to distress you so terribly?"

Sebastien [sobbing]. "It is I who have ruined Monsieur Rabourdin. I left that paper lying about when I copied

it. I have killed my benefactor; I shall die myself. Such a noble man!a man who ought to be minister!"

Sebastien [still sobbing]. "But it was tothere, I was going to tell his secrets! Ah! that wretch of a Dutocq; it

His tears and sobs recommenced and made so much noise that Rabourdin came up to see what was the

matter. He found the young fellow almost fainting in the arms of Poiret and Phellion.

Sebastien [struggling to his feet, and then falling on his knees before Rabourdin]. "I have ruined you,

Rabourdin [calmly]. "I knew that already" [he lifts Sebastien]. "You are a child, my young friend." [Speaks to

Phellion. "They have gone into Monsieur Baudoyer's office to see a paper which it is said"

Rabourdin [interrupting him]. "Enough." [Goes out, taking Sebastien with him. Poiret and Phellion look at

Poiret [with a sly look that was more like a grimace]. "I shouldn't be surprised if there were something under

Phellion. "Monsieur Poiret, you think as I think about Dutocq; surely you understand me?"

Poiret [nodding his head three times and answering with a shrewd look]. "Yes." [The other clerks return.]

Fleury. "A great shock; I still don't believe the thing. Monsieur Rabourdin, a king among men! If such men

are spies, it is enough to disgust one with virtue. I have always put Rabourdin among Plutarch's heroes."

Poiret [reflecting that he had only five days more to stay in the office]. "But, gentlemen, what do you say

about the man who stole that paper, who spied upon Rabourdin?" [Dutocq left the room.]

Phellion. "I have no proof of it, gentlemen. While you were gone, that young man, Monsieur de la Roche,

Poiret. "We held him fainting in our arms.My key, the key of my domicile!dear, dear! it is down his

Vimeux. "The minister refused to transact business with Rabourdin to day; and Monsieur Saillard, to whom

the secretary said a few words, came to tell Monsieur Baudoyer to apply for the cross of the Legion of

honor,there is one to be granted, you know, on NewYear's day, to all the heads of divisions. It is quite

clear what it all means. Monsieur Rabourdin is sacrificed by the very persons who employed him. Bixiou

Thuillier. "He may rush as much as he pleases to his Duc de Rhetore and Duc de Maufrigneuse, but

Poiret [returning]. "I have had a world of trouble to get back my key. That boy is crying still, and Monsieur

Bixiou. "Ha, gentlemen! strange things are going on in your bureau. Du Bruel! I want you." [Looks into the

Poiret [to Dutocq]. "That little Sebastien, in his trouble, said that you, Monsieur Dutocq, had taken the paper

Bixiou [looking at Dutocq]. "You must clear yourself of THAT, my good friend." [All the clerks look fixedly

Bixiou. "Copied it? How did you know he copied it? Ha! ha! it is only the diamond that cuts the diamond."

Poiret. "Would you listen to me, Monsieur Bixiou? I have only five days and a half to stay in this office, and I

do wish that once, only once, I might have the pleasure of understanding what you mean. Do me the honor to

Bixiou. "I meant papa,for I'm willing for once to bring my intellect down to the level of yours,that just

as the diamond alone can cut the diamond, so it is only one inquisitive man who can defeat another

Monsieur Rabourdin, after taking Sebastien to his room, had gone straight to the minister; but the minister

was at the Chamber of Deputies. Rabourdin went at once to the Chamber, where he wrote a note to his

Excellency, who was at that moment in the tribune engaged in a hot discussion. Rabourdin waited, not in the

conference hall, but in the courtyard, where, in spite of the cold, he resolved to remain and intercept his

Excellency as he got into his carriage. The usher of the Chamber had told him that the minister was in the

thick of a controversy raised by the nineteen members of the extreme Left, and that the session was likely to

be stormy. Rabourdin walked to and for in the courtyard of the palace for five mortal hours, a prey to feverish

agitation. At halfpast six o'clock the session broke up, and the members filed out. The minister's chasseur

"Hi, Jean!" he called out to him; "Monseigneur has gone with the minister of war; they are going to see the

King, and after that they dine together, and we are to fetch him at ten o'clock. There's a Council this evening."

Rabourdin walked slowly home, in a state of despondency not difficult to imagine. It was seven o'clock, and

Rabourdin raised his head with a grievous motion of distress and answered, "I fear I shall never again set foot

"My memorandum on the officials is known in all the offices; and I have not been able to see the minister."

Celestine's eyes were opened to a sudden vision in which the devil, in one of his infernal flashes, showed her

"If I had behaved like a low woman," she thought, "we should have had the place."

She looked at Rabourdin with grief in her heart. A sad silence fell between them, and dinner was eaten in the

"All is not lost, dear Celestine," said Rabourdin, laying a kiss on his wife's forehead; "perhaps tomorrow I

shall be able to see the minister and explain everything. Sebastien sat up all last night to finish the writing;

the papers are copied and collated; I shall place them on the minister's desk and beg him to read them

"He? Of course he will come," said Rabourdin; "there's something of the tiger in him; he likes to lick the

"My poor husband," said his wife, taking his hand, "I don't see how it is that a man who could conceive so

noble a reform did not also see that it ought not to be communicated to a single person. It is one of those

ideas that a man should keep in his own mind, for he alone can apply them. A statesman must do in our

political sphere as Napoleon did in his; he stooped, twisted, crawled. Yes, Bonaparte crawled! To be made

commanderinchief of the Army of Italy he married Barrere's mistress. You should have waited, got

yourself elected deputy, followed the politics of a party, sometimes down in the depths, at other times on the

crest of the wave, and you should have taken, like Monsieur de Villele, the Italian motto 'Col tempo,' in other

words, 'All things are given to him who knows how to wait.' That great orator worked for seven years to get

into power; he began in 1814 by protesting against the Charter when he was the same age that you are now.

Here's your fault; you have allowed yourself to be kept subordinate, when you were born to rule."

The entrance of the painter Schinner imposed silence on the wife and husband, but these words made the

"Dear friend," said the painter, grasping Rabourdin's hand, "the support of artists is a useless thing enough,

but let me say under these circumstances that we are all faithful to you. I have just read the evening papers.

"I have been longer in the department, I have served twentyfour hours," said Rabourdin with a smile.

"I know Monsieur le Comte de Serizy, the minister of State, pretty well, and if he can help you, I will go and

The salon soon filled with persons who knew nothing of the government proceedings. Du Bruel did not

appear. Madame Rabourdin was gayer and more graceful than ever, like the charger wounded in battle, that

"She is very courageous," said a few women who knew the truth, and who were charmingly attentive to her,

"But she certainly did a great deal to attract des Lupeaulx," said the Baronne du Chatelet to the Vicomtesse

"If so," interrupted Madame de Camps, in defence of her friend, "Monsieur Rabourdin would at least have

About eleven o'clock des Lupeaulx appeared; and we can only describe him by saying that his spectacles

were sad and his eyes joyous; the glasses, however, obscured the glances so successfully that only a

physiognomist would have seen the diabolical expression which they wore. He went up to Rabourdin and

"We have much to say to each other," he remarked as he seated himself beside the beautiful woman, who

"Ah!" he continued, giving her a side glance, "you are grand indeed; I find you just what I expected, glorious

under defeat. Do you know that it is a very rare thing to find a superior woman who answers to the

expectations formed of her. So defeat doesn't dishearten you? You are right; we shall triumph in the end," he

whispered in her ear. "Your fate is always in your own hands,so long, I mean, as your ally is a man who

During this evening, which seemed interminable to Madame Rabourdin, another scene was occurring in the

place Royale,one of those comedies which are played in seven Parisian salons whenever there is a change

of ministry. The Saillards' salon was crowded. Monsieur and Madame Transon arrived at eight o'clock;

Madame Transon kissed Madame Baudoyer, nee Saillard. Monsieur Bataille, captain of the National Guard,

"Monsieur Baudoyer," said Madame Transon. "I wish to be the first to congratulate you; they have done

"Here you are, director," said Monsieur Transon, rubbing his hands, "and the appointment is very flattering to

"And we can truly say it came to pass without any intriguing," said the worthy Saillard. "We are none of us

Uncle Mitral rubbed his nose and grinned as he glanced at his niece Elisabeth, the woman whose hand had

pulled the wires, who was talking with Gigonnet. Falleix, honest fellow, did not know what to make of the

stupid blindness of Saillard and Baudoyer. Messieurs Dutocq, Bixiou, du Bruel, Godard, and Colleville (the

"What a crew!" whispered Bixiou to du Bruel. "I could make a fine caricature of them in the shapes of

"Monsieur," said Colleville, "I come to offer you my congratulations; or rather we congratulate ourselves in

having such a man placed over us; and we desire to assure you of the zeal with which we shall co operate in

your labors. Allow me to say that this event affords a signal proof to the truth of my axiom that a man's

destiny lies in the letters of his name. I may say that I knew of this appointment and of your other honors

before I heard of them, for I spend the night in anagrammatizing your name as follows:" [proudly] "Isidore C.

Monsieur and Madame Baudoyer, senior, father and mother of the new director, were there to enjoy the glory

of their son and daughterin law. Uncle GigonnetBidault, who had dined at the house, had a restless,

"There's a queer one," said the latter to du Bruel, calling his attention to Gigonnet, "who would do in a

vaudeville. I wonder if he could be bought. Such an old scarecrow is just the thing for a sign over the Two

Baboons. And what a coat! I did think there was nobody but Poiret who could show the like after that after

"Gentlemen," said Baudoyer, "let me present you to my own uncle, Monsieur Mitral, and to my greatuncle

Gigonnet and Mitral gave a glance at the three clerks so penetrating, so glittering with gleams of gold, that

"Hein?" said Bixiou, when they were safely under the arcades in the place Royale; "did you examine those

uncles?two copies of Shylock. I'll bet their money is lent in the market at a hundred per cent per week.

They lend on pawn; and sell most that they lay hold of, coats, gold lace, cheese, men, women, and children;

they are a conglomeration of Arabs, Jews, Genoese, Genevese, Greeks, Lombards, and Parisians, suckled by

"I'm off to see the proof of my caricature," said Bixiou; "but I should like to study the state of things in

"I!" said the vaudevillist, "what should I do there? My face doesn't lend itself to condolences. And it is very

By midnight Madame Rabourdin's salon was deserted; only two or three guests remained with des Lupeaulx

and the master and mistress of the house. When Schinner and Monsieur and Madame de Camps had likewise

departed, des Lupeaulx rose with a mysterious air, stood with his back to the fireplace and looked alternately

"My friends," he said, "nothing is really lost, for the minister and I are faithful to you. Dutocq simply chose

between two powers the one he thought strongest. He has served the court and the Grand Almoner; he has

betrayed me. But that is in the order of things; a politician never complains of treachery. Nevertheless,

Baudoyer will be dismissed as incapable in a few months; no doubt his protectors will find him a place,in

From this point des Lupeaulx went on with a long tirade about the Grand Almoner and the dangers the

government ran in relying upon the church and upon the Jesuits. We need not, we think, point out to the

intelligent reader that the court and the Grand Almoner, to whom the liberal journals attributed an enormous

influence under the administration, had little really to do with Monsieur Baudoyer's appointment. Such petty

intrigues die in the upper sphere of great selfinterests. If a few words in favor of Baudoyer were obtained by

the importunity of the curate of SaintPaul's and the Abbe Gaudron, they would have been withdrawn

immediately at a suggestion from the minister. The occult power of the Congregation of Jesus (admissible

certainly as confronting the bold society of the "Doctrine," entitled "Help yourself and heaven will help

you,") was formidable only through the imaginary force conferred on it by subordinate powers who

perpetually threatened each other with its evils. The liberal scandal mongers delighted in representing the

Grand Almoner and the whole Jesuitical Chapter as political, administrative, civil, and military giants. Fear

creates bugbears. At this crisis Baudoyer firmly believed in the said Chapter, little aware that the only Jesuits

who had put him where he now was sat by his own fireside, and in the Cafe Themis playing dominoes.

At certain epochs in history certain powers appear, to whom all evils are attributed, though at the same time

their genius is denied; they form an efficient argument in the mouth of fools. Just as Monsieur de Talleyrand

was supposed to hail all events of whatever kind with a bon mot, so in these days of the Restoration the

clerical party had the credit of doing and undoing everything. Unfortunately, it did and undid nothing. Its

influence was not wielded by a Cardinal Richelieu or a Cardinal Mazarin; it was in the hands of a species of

Cardinal de Fleury, who, timid for over five years, turned bold for one day, injudiciously bold. Later on, the

"Doctrine" did more, with impunity, at SaintMerri, than Charles X. pretended to do in July, 1830. If the

section on the censorship so foolishly introduced into the new charter had been omitted, journalism also

would have had its SaintMerri. The younger Branch could have legally carried out Charles X.'s plan.

"Remain where you are, head of a bureau under Baudoyer," went on des Lupeaulx. "Have the nerve to do

this; make yourself a true politician; put ideas and generous impulses aside; attend only to your functions;

don't say a word to your new director; don't help him with a suggestion; and do nothing yourself without his

order. In three months Baudoyer will be out of the ministry, either dismissed, or stranded on some other

administrative shore. They may attach him to the king's household. Twice in my life I have been set aside as

you are, and overwhelmed by an avalanche of folly; I have quietly waited and let it pass."

"Yes," said Rabourdin, "but you were not calumniated; your honor was not assailed, compromised"

"Ha, ha, ha!" cried des Lupeaulx, interrupting him with a burst of Homeric laughter. "Why, that's the daily

bread of every remarkable man in this glorious kingdom of France! And there are but two ways to meet such

calumny,either yield to it, pack up, and go plant cabbages in the country; or else rise above it, march on,

"For me, there is but one way of untying the noose which treachery and the work of spies have fastened

round my throat," replied Rabourdin. "I must explain the matter at once to his Excellency, and if you are as

sincerely attached to me as you say you are, you will put me face to face with him tomorrow."

"You mean that you wish to explain to him your plan for the reform of the service?"

"Well, then, trust the papers with me,your memoranda, all the documents. I promise you that he shall sit up

"Let us go to him, then!" cried Rabourdin, eagerly; "six years' toil certainly deserves two or three hours

attention from the king's minister, who will be forced to recognize, if he does not applaud, such

Compelled by Rabourdin's tenacity to take a straightforward path, without ambush or angle where his

treachery could hide itself, des Lupeaulx hesitated for a single instant, and looked at Madame Rabourdin,

while he inwardly asked himself, "Which shall I permit to triumph, my hatred for him, or my fancy for her?"

"You have no confidence in my honor," he said, after a pause. "I see that you will always be to me the author

Madame Rabourdin bowed coldly. Celestine and Xavier returned at once to their own rooms without a word;

both were overcome by their misfortune. The wife thought of the dreadful situation in which she stood

toward her husband. The husband, resolving slowly not to remain at the ministry but to send in his

resignation at once, was lost in a sea of reflections; the crisis for him meant a total change of life and the

necessity of starting on a new career. All night he sat before his fire, taking no notice of Celestine, who came

"I must go once more to the ministry, to bring away my papers, and show Baudoyer the routine of the

He turned to his table and began to write, thinking over each clause of the letter, which was as follows:

Monseigneur,I have the honor to inclose to your Excellency my resignation. I venture to hope that you still

remember hearing me say that I left my honor in your hands, and that everything, for me, depended on my

This explanation I have vainly sought to give. Today it would, perhaps, be useless; for a fragment of my

work relating to the administration, stolen and misused, has gone the rounds of the offices and is

misinterpreted by hatred; in consequence, I find myself compelled to resign, under the tacit condemnation of

Your Excellency may have thought, on the morning when I first sought to speak with you, that my purpose

was to ask for my promotion, when, in fact, I was thinking only of the glory and usefulness of your ministry

and of the public good. It is all important, I think, to correct that impression.

It was halfpast seven in the morning when the man consummated the sacrifice of his ideas; he burned

everything, the toil of years. Fatigued by the pressure of thought, overcome by mental suffering, he fell asleep

with his head on the back of his armchair. He was wakened by a curious sensation, and found his hands

covered with his wife's tears and saw her kneeling before him. Celestine had read the resignation. She could

measure the depth of his fall. They were now to be reduced to live on four thousand francs a year; and that

day she had counted up her debts,they amounted to something like thirtytwo thousand francs! The most

ignoble of all wretchedness had come upon them. And that noble man who had trusted her was ignorant that

she had abused the fortune he had confided to her care. She was sobbing at his feet, beautiful as the

"My cup is full," cried Xavier, in terror. "I am dishonored at the ministry, and dishonored"

The light of her pure honor flashed from Celestine's eyes; she sprang up like a startled horse and cast a

"I! I!" she said, on two sublime tones. "Am I a base wife? If I were, you would have been appointed. But,"

she added mournfully, "it is easier to believe that than to believe what is the truth."

Rabourdin caught his wife to his heart with a gesture of almost frantic joy, and seated her on his knee.

"Take comfort, dear," he said, in a tone of voice so adorably kind that the bitterness of her grief was changed

to something inexpressibly tender. "I too have made mistakes; I have worked uselessly for my country when I

thought I was being useful to her. But now I mean to take another path. If I had sold groceries we should now

be millionaires. Well, let us be grocers. You are only twentyeight, dear angel; in ten years you shall recover

the luxury that you love, which we must needs renounce for a short time. I, too, dear heart, am not a base or

common husband. We will sell our farm; its value has increased of late. That and the sale of our furniture will

MY debts! Celestine embraced her husband a thousand times in the single kiss with which she thanked him

"We shall still have a hundred thousand francs to put into business. Before the month is out I shall find some

favorable opening. If luck gave a Martin Falleix to a Saillard, why should we despair? Wait breakfast for me.

I am going now to the ministry, but I shall come back with my neck free of the yoke."

Celestine clasped her husband in her arms with a force men do not possess, even in their passionate moments;

for women are stronger through emotion than men through power. She wept and laughed and sobbed in turns.

When Rabourdin left the house at eight o'clock, the porter gave him the satirical cards suggested by Bixiou.

Nevertheless, he went to the ministry, where he found Sebastien waiting near the door to entreat him not to

enter any of the bureaus, because an infamous caricature of him was making the round of the offices.

"If you wish to soften the pain of my downfall," he said to the lad, "bring me that drawing; I am now taking

my resignation to Ernest de la Briere myself, that it may not be altered or distorted while passing through the

When Rabourdin came back to the courtyard, after making sure that his letter would go straight into the

minister's hands, he found Sebastien in tears, with a copy of the lithograph, which the lad reluctantly handed

"It is very clever," said Rabourdin, showing a serene brow to his companion, though the crown of thorns was

He entered the bureaus with a calm air, and went at once into Baudoyer's section to ask him to come to the

office of the head of the division and receive instructions as to the business which that incapable being was

"Tell Monsieur Baudoyer that there must be no delay," he added, in the hearing of all the clerks; "my

resignation is already in the minister's hands, and I do not wish to stay here longer than is necessary."

Seeing Bixiou, Rabourdin went straight up to him, showed him the lithograph, and said, to the great

"Was I not right in saying you were an artist? Still, it is a pity you directed the point of your pencil against a

man who cannot be judged in this way, nor indeed by the bureaus at all;but everything is laughed at in

Then he took Baudoyer into the office of the late La Billardiere. At the door he found Phellion and Sebastien,

the only two who, under his great disaster, dared to remain openly faithful to the fallen man. Rabourdin

noticed that Phellion's eyes were moist, and he could not refrain from wringing his hand.

"Monsieur," said the good man, "if we can serve you in any way, make use of us."

Monsieur Rabourdin shut himself up in the late chief's office with Monsieur Baudoyer, and Phellion helped

him to show the new incumbent all the administrative difficulties of his new position. At each separate affair

which Rabourdin carefully explained, Baudoyer's little eyes grew big as saucers.

"Farewell, monsieur," said Rabourdin at last, with a manner that was halfsolemn, halfsatirical.

Sebastien meanwhile had made up a package of papers and letters belonging to his chief and had carried them

away in a hackney coach. Rabourdin passed through the grand courtyard, while all the clerks were watching

from the windows, and waited there a moment to see if the minister would send him any message. His

Excellency was dumb. Phellion courageously escorted the fallen man to his home, expressing his feelings of

respectful admiration; then he returned to the office, and took up his work, satisfied with his own conduct in

rendering these funeral honors to the neglected and misjudged administrative talent.

Bixiou [seeing Phellion reenter]. "Victrix cause diis placuit, sed victa Catoni."

Fleury. "That priests rejoice, and Monsieur Rabourdin has the respect of men of honor."

Fleury. "If you address me you'll have my hand in your face. It is known for certain that you filched those

papers from Monsieur Rabourdin." [Dutocq leaves the office.] "Oh, yes, go and complain to your Monsieur

Bixiou [laughing and grimacing like a monkey]. "I am curious to know how the division will get along.

Monsieur Rabourdin is so remarkable a man that he must have had some special views in that work of his.

Laurent [entering]. "Monsieur Fleury is requested to go to the secretary's office."

Fleury [leaving the room]. "I don't care; I am offered a place as responsible editor. I shall have all my time to

Colleville [entering joyously]. "Gentlemen, I am appointed head of this bureau."

Bixiou. "Do you really want to know? Then listen. The antechamber of the administration is henceforth a

chamber, the court is a boudoir, the best way to get in is through the cellar, and the bed is more than ever a

Bixiou. "I'll paraphrase my opinion. To be anything at all you must begin by being everything. It is quite

certain that a reform of this service is needed; for on my word of honor, the State robs the poor officials as

much as the officials rob the State in the matter of hours. But why is it that we idle as we do? because they

pay us too little; and the reason of that is we are too many for the work, and your late chief, the virtuous

Rabourdin, saw all this plainly. That great administrator,for he was that, gentlemen,saw what the thing

is coming to, the thing that these idiots call the 'working of our admirable institutions.' The chamber will want

before long to administrate, and the administrators will want to legislate. The government will try to

administrate and the administrators will want to govern, and so it will go on. Laws will come to be mere

regulations, and ordinances will be thought laws. God made this epoch of the world for those who like to

laugh. I live in a state of jovial admiration of the spectacle which the greatest joker of modern times, Louis

XVIII., bequeathed to us" [general stupefaction]. "Gentlemen, if France, the country with the best civil

service in Europe, is managed thus, what do you suppose the other nations are like? Poor unhappy nations! I

ask myself how they can possibly get along without two Chambers, without the liberty of the press, without

reports, without circulars even, without an army of clerks? Dear, dear, how do you suppose they have armies

and navies? how can they exist at all without political discussions? Can they even be called nations, or

governments? It is said (mere traveller's tales) that these strange peoples claim to have a policy, to wield a

certain influence; but that's absurd! how can they when they haven't 'progress' or 'new lights'? They can't stir

up ideas, they haven't an independent forum; they are still in the twilight of barbarism. There are no people in

the world but the French people who have ideas. Can you understand, Monsieur Poiret," [Poiret jumped as if

he had been shot] "how a nation can do without heads of divisions, generalsecretaries and directors, and all

this splendid array of officials, the glory of France and of the Emperor Napoleon,who had his own good

reasons for creating a myriad of offices? I don't see how those nations have the audacity to live at all. There's

Austria, which has less than a hundred clerks in her war ministry, while the salaries and pensions of ours

amount to a third of our whole budget, a thing that was unheard of before the Revolution. I sum up all I've

been saying in one single remark, namely, that the Academy of Inscriptions and Belleslettres, which seems

to have very little to do, had better offer a prize for the ablest answer to the following question: Which is the

best organized State; the one that does many things with few officials, or the one that does next to nothing

Bixiou. "Yes, sir! whether English, French, German or Italian,I let you off the other languages."

Poiret [lifting his hands to heaven]. "Gracious goodness! and they call you a witty man!"

Bixiou. "Just as full as the budget itself, and like the budget again, as complicated as it looks simple; and I set

it as a warning, a beacon, at the edge of this hole, this gulf, this volcano, called, in the language of the

Bixiou. "Hurrah for Rabourdin! there's my explanation; that's my opinion. Are you satisfied?"

Phellion [standing before Bixiou]. "Monsieur! why did you, who understand Monsieur Rabourdin so well,

Bixiou. "Do you forget our bet? don't you know I was backing the devil's game, and that your bureau owes

Poiret [much putout]. "Then it is a settled thing that I am to leave this government office without ever

Bixiou. "It is your own fault; ask these gentlemen. Gentlemen, have you understood the meaning of my

Minard. "And the proof is that I shall send in my resignation. I shall plunge into industrial avocations."

Bixiou. "What! have you managed to invent a mechanical corset, or a baby's bottle, or a fire engine, or

chimneys that consume no fuel, or ovens which cook cutlets with three sheets of paper?"

Poiret [crestfallen]. "Monsieur Bixiou, would you do me the honor to come down for once to my level and

Bixiou [winking at the rest]. "Willingly." [Takes Poiret by the button of his frockcoat.] "Before you leave

Bixiou [shrugging his shoulders]. "to be able to define, explain, and analyze precisely what a government

Bixiou. "But he is paid by the government to do work, to mount guard and show off at reviews. You may

perhaps tell me that he longs to get out of his place,that he works too hard and fingers too little metal,

Poiret [his eyes wide open]. "Monsieur, a government clerk is, logically speaking, a man who needs the

salary to maintain himself, and is not free to get out of his place; for he doesn't know how to do anything but

Bixiou. "Ah! now we are coming to a conclusion. So the bureau is the clerk's shell, husk, pod. No clerk

without a bureau, no bureau without a clerk. But what do you make, then, of a customs officer?" [Poiret

shuffles his feet and tries to edge away; Bixiou twists off one button and catches him by another.] "He is,

from the bureaucratic point of view, a neutral being. The exciseman is only half a clerk; he is on the

confines between civil and military service; neither altogether soldier nor altogether clerk Here, here,

where are you going?" [Twists the button.] "Where does the government clerk proper end? That's a serious

Bixiou. "But you don't mean that a functionary is not a clerk? that's an absurdity."

Poiret [weary and looking round for escape]. "I think Monsieur Godard wants to say something."

Bixiou [laughing]. "I shouldn't have thought you capable of that distinction, my brave subordinate."

Bixiou. "La, la, papa, don't step on your tether. If you stand still and listen, we shall come to an understanding

before long. Now, here's an axiom which I bequeath to this bureau and to all bureaus: Where the clerk ends,

the functionary begins; where the functionary ends, the statesman rises. There are very few statesmen among

the prefects. The prefect is therefore a neutral being among the higher species. He comes between the

statesman and the clerk, just as the customhouse officer stands between the civil and the military. Let us

continue to clear up these important points." [Poiret turns crimson with distress.] "Suppose we formulate the

whole matter in a maxim worthy of Larochefoucault: Officials with salaries of twenty thousand francs are not

clerks. From which we may deduce mathematically this corollary: The statesman first looms up in the sphere

of higher salaries; and also this second and not less logical and important corollary: Directorsgeneral may be

statesmen. Perhaps it is in that sense that more than one deputy says in his heart, 'It is a fine thing to be a

directorgeneral.' But in the interests of our noble French language and of the Academy"

Poiret [magnetized by the fixity of Bixiou's eye]. "The French language! the Academy!"

Bixiou [twisting off the second button and seizing another]. "Yes, in the interests of our noble tongue, it is

proper to observe that although the head of a bureau, strictly speaking, may be called a clerk, the head of a

division must be called a bureaucrat. These gentlemen" [turning to the clerks and privately showing them the

third button off Poiret's coat] "will appreciate this delicate shade of meaning. And so, papa Poiret, don't you

see it is clear that the government clerk comes to a final end at the head of a division? Now that question once

settled, there is no longer any uncertainty; the government clerk who has hitherto seemed undefinable is

Bixiou. "Nevertheless, do me the kindness to answer the following question: A judge being irremovable, and

consequently debarred from being, according to your subtle distinction, a functionary, and receiving a salary

which is not the equivalent of the work he does, is he to be included in the class of clerks?"

Bixiou [getting off the fourth button]. "I wanted to prove to you, monsieur, that nothing is simple; but above

alland what I am going to say is intended for philosophersI wish (if you'll allow me to misquote a

saying of Louis XVIII.),I wish to make you see that definitions lead to muddles."

Poiret [wiping his forehead]. "Excuse me, I am sick at my stomach" [tries to button his coat]. "Ah! you have

Poiret [angrily]. "Yes, monsieur, I do; I understand that you have been playing me a shameful trick and

Bixiou [solemnly]. "Old man, you are mistaken! I wished to stamp upon your brain the clearest possible

image of constitutional government" [all the clerks look at Bixiou; Poiret, stupefied, gazes at him uneasily],

"and also to keep my word to you. In so doing I employed the parabolical method of savages. Listen and

comprehend: While the ministers start discussions in the Chambers that are just about as useful and as

conclusive as the one we are engaged in, the administration cuts the buttons off the taxpayers."

Bixiou. "I shall follow Minard's example; I won't pocket such a paltry salary as mine any longer; I shall

Another scene was taking place in the minister's receptionroom, more instructive than the one we have just

related, because it shows how great ideas are allowed to perish in the higher regions of State affairs, and in

Des Lupeaulx was presenting the new director, Monsieur Baudoyer, to the minister. A number of persons

were assembled in the salon,two or three ministerial deputies, a few men of influence, and Monsieur

Clergeot (whose division was now merged with La Billardiere's under Baudoyer's direction), to whom the

minister was promising an honorable pension. After a few general remarks, the great event of the day was

The Minister [looking at the deputies]. "Salaries are not really in proportion to the exigencies of the civil

De la Briere. "According to Monsieur Rabourdin, one hundred clerks with a salary of twelve thousand francs

The Minister. "But what is to be done? The machine is built in that way. Must we take it to pieces and remake

it? No one would have the courage to attempt that in face of the Chamber, and the foolish outcries of the

Opposition, and the fierce denunciations of the press. It follows that there will happen, one of these days,

some damaging 'solution of continuity' between the government and the administration."

The Minister. "In many ways. A minister will want to serve the public good, and will not be allowed to do so.

You will create interminable delays between things and their results. You may perhaps render the theft of a

penny actually impossible, but you cannot prevent the buying and selling of influence, the collusions of

selfinterest. The day will come when nothing will be conceded without secret stipulations, which may never

see the light. Moreover, the clerks, one and all, from the least to the greatest, are acquiring opinions of their

own; they will soon be no longer the hands of a brain, the scribes of governmental thought; the Opposition

even now tends towards giving them a right to judge the government and to talk and vote against it."

Baudoyer [in a low voice, but meaning to be heard]. "Monseigneur is really fine."

Des Lupeaulx. "Of course bureaucracy has its defects. I myself think it slow and insolent; it hampers

ministerial action, stifles projects, and arrests progress. But, after all, French administration is amazingly

Des Lupeaulx. "If only to maintain the paper and stamp industries! Suppose it is rather fussy and provoking,

like all good housekeepers, it can at any moment render an account of its disbursements. Where is the

merchant who would not gladly give five per cent of his entire capital if he could insure himself against

The Deputy [a manufacturer]. "The manufacturing interests of all nations would joyfully unite against that

Des Lupeaulx. "After all, though statistics are the childish foible of modern statesmen, who think that figures

are estimates, we must cipher to estimate. Figures are, moreover, the convincing argument of societies based

on selfinterest and money, and that is the sort of society the Charter has given us,in my opinion, at any

rate. Nothing convinces the 'intelligent masses' as much as a row of figures. All things in the long run, say the

statesmen of the Left, resolve themselves into figures. Well then, let us figure" [the minister here goes off

into a corner with a deputy, to whom he talks in a low voice]. "There are forty thousand government clerks in

France. The average of their salaries is fifteen hundred francs. Multiply forty thousand by fifteen hundred and

you have sixty millions. Now, in the first place, a publicist would call the attention of Russia and China

(where all government officials steal), also that of Austria, the American republics, and indeed that of the

whole world, to the fact that for this price France possesses the most inquisitorial, fussy, ferreting, scribbling,

paperblotting, faultfinding old housekeeper of a civil service on God's earth. Not a copper farthing of the

nation's money is spent or hoarded that is not ordered by a note, proved by vouchers, produced and

reproduced on balancesheets, and receipted for when paid; orders and receipts are registered on the rolls,

and checked and verified by an army of men in spectacles. If there is the slightest mistake in the form of these

precious documents, the clerk is terrified, for he lives on such minutiae. Some nations would be satisfied to

get as far as this; but Napoleon went further. That great organizer appointed supreme magistrates of a court

which is absolutely unique in the world. These officials pass their days in verifying moneyorders,

documents, roles, registers, lists, permits, customhouse receipts, payments, taxes received, taxes spent, etc.;

all of which the clerks write or copy. These stern judges push the gift of exactitude, the genius of inquisition,

the sharp sightedness of lynxes, the perspicacity of accountbooks to the point of going over all the

additions in search of subtractions. These sublime martyrs to figures have been known to return to an army

commissary, after a delay of two years, some account in which there was an error of two farthings. This is

how and why it is that the French system of administration, the purest and best on the globe has rendered

robbery, as his Excellency has just told you, next to impossible, and as for peculation, it is a myth. France at

this present time possesses a revenue of twelve hundred millions, and she spends it. That sum enters her

treasury, and that sum goes out of it. She handles, therefore, two thousand four hundred millions, and all she

pays for the labor of those who do the work is sixty millions, two and a half per cent; and for that she

obtains the certainty that there is no leakage. Our political and administrative kitchen costs us sixty millions,

but the gendarmerie, the courts of law, the galleys and the police cost just as much, and give no return.

Moreover, we employ a body of men who could do no other work. Waste and disorder, if such there be, can

only be legislative; the Chambers lead to them and render them legal. Leakage follows in the form of public

works which are neither urgent nor necessary; troops reuniformed and goldlaced over and over again;

vessels sent on useless cruises; preparations for war without ever making it; paying the debts of a State, and

Baudoyer. "But such leakage has nothing to do with the subordinate officials; this bad management of

The Minister [who has finished his conversation]. "There is a great deal of truth in what des Lupeaulx has just

said; but let me tell you" [to Baudoyer], "Monsieur le directeur, that few men see from the standpoint of a

statesman. To order expenditure of all kinds, even useless ones, does not constitute bad management. Such

acts contribute to the movement of money, the stagnation of which becomes, especially in France, dangerous

to the public welfare, by reason of the miserly and profoundly illogical habits of the provinces which hoard

The Deputy [who listened to des Lupeaulx]. "But it seems to me that if your Excellency was right just now,

and if our clever friend here" [takes Lupeaulx by the arm] "was not wrong, it will be difficult to come to any

Des Lupeaulx [after looking at the minister]. "No doubt something ought to be done."

Des Lupeaulx. "The poor man made the blunder of constituting himself supreme judge of the administration

and of all the officials who compose it; he wants to do away with the present state of things, and he demands

The Deputy. "How do you represent in three ministries the heads of all the parties in the Chamber?"

Baudoyer [with an air that he imagined to be shrewd]. "Perhaps Monsieur Rabourdin desired to change the

The Minister [thoughtful, takes La Briere's arm and leads him into the study]. "I want to see that work of

De la Briere. "He has burned it. You allowed him to be dishonored and he has resigned from the ministry. Do

not think for a moment, Monseigneur, that Rabourdin ever had the absurd thought (as des Lupeaulx tries to

The Minister [to himself]. "I have made a mistake" [is silent a moment]. "No matter; we shall never be

De la Briere. "It is not ideas, but men capable of executing them that we lack."

Des Lupeaulx, that adroit advocate of abuses came into the minister's study at this moment.

"Wait a moment," said his Excellency, leaving the private secretary and taking des Lupeaulx by the arm into

the recess of a window. "My dear friend, let me have that arrondissement,if you will, you shall be made

count and I will pay your debts. Later, if I remain in the ministry after the new Chamber is elected, I will find

This is how it came to pass that Clement Chardin des Lupeaulx, whose father was ennobled under Louis XV.,

and who beareth quarterly, first, argent, a wolf ravisant carrying a lamb gules; second, purpure, three mascles

argent, two and one; third, paly of twelve, gules and argent; fourth, or, on a pale endorsed, three batons

fleurdelises gules; supported by four griffon'sclaws jessant from the sides of the escutcheon, with the motto

"En Lupus in Historia," was able to surmount these rather satirical arms with a count's coronet.

Towards the close of the year 1830 Monsieur Rabourdin did some business on hand which required him to

visit the old ministry, where the bureaus had all been in great commotion, owing to a general removal of

officials, from the highest to the lowest. This revolution bore heaviest, in point of fact, upon the lackeys, who

are not fond of seeing new faces. Rabourdin had come early, knowing all the ways of the place, and he thus

chanced to overhear a dialogue between the two nephews of old Antoine, who had recently retired on a

"Oh, don't talk to me about him; I can't do anything with him. He rings me up to ask if I have seen his

handkerchief or his snuffbox. He receives people without making them wait; in short, he hasn't a bit of

dignity. I'm often obliged to say to him: But, monsieur, monsieur le comte your predecessor, for the credit of

the thing, used to punch holes with his penknife in the arms of his chair to make believe he was working. And

he makes such a mess of his room. I find everything topsyturvy. He has a very small mind. How about your

"Mine? Oh, I have succeeded in training him. He knows exactly where his letterpaper and envelopes, his

wood, and his boxes and all the rest of his things are. The other man used to swear at me, but this one is as

meek as a lamb,still, he hasn't the grand style! Moreover, he isn't decorated, and I don't like to serve a chief

who isn't; he might be taken for one of us, and that's humiliating. He carries the office letterpaper home, and

"I'm afraid they will. The Chambers are prying into everything. Why, they even count the sticks of wood."

"Hey! it is the late Monsieur Rabourdin. Ah, monsieur, I knew your step. If you have business to transact

here I am afraid you will not find any one who is aware of the respect that ought to be paid to you; Laurent

and I are the only persons remaining about the place who were here in your day. Messieurs Colleville and

Baudoyer didn't wear out the morocco of the chairs after you left. Heavens, no! six months later they were

Note.Anagrams cannot, of course, be translated; that is why three English ones have been substituted for

Bianchon, Horace Father Goriot The Atheist's Mass Cesar Birotteau The Commission in Lunacy Lost

Illusions A Distinguished Provincial at Paris A Bachelor's Establishment The Secrets of a Princess Pierrette

A Study of Woman Scenes from a Courtesan's Life Honorine The Seamy Side of History The Magic Skin A

Second Home A Prince of Bohemia Letters of Two Brides The Muse of the Department The Imaginary

Mistress The Middle Classes Cousin Betty The Country Parson In addition, M. Bianchon narrated the

Bidault (known as Gigonnet) Gobseck The Vendetta Cesar Birotteau The Firm of Nucingen A Daughter of

Bixiou, JeanJacques The Purse A Bachelor's Establishment Modeste Mignon Scenes from a Courtesan's

Life The Firm of Nucingen The Muse of the Department Cousin Betty The Member for Arcis Beatrix A Man

Bruel, Jean Francois du A Bachelor's Establishment A Start in Life A Prince of Bohemia The Middle Classes

Camps, Madame Octave de Madame Firmiani A Woman of Thirty A Daughter of Eve The Member for Arcis

Chatelet, MarieLouiseAnais de Negrepelisse, Baronne du Lost Illusions A Distinguished Provincial at

Cochin, EmileLouisLucienEmmanuel Cesar Birotteau The Firm of Nucingen The Middle Classes

Desplein The Atheist's Mass Cousin Pons Lost Illusions The Thirteen Pierrette A Bachelor's Establishment

Desroches (son) A Bachelor's Establishment Colonel Chabert A Start in Life A Woman of Thirty The

Commission in Lunacy A Distinguished Provincial at Paris Scenes from a Courtesan's Life The Firm of

Finot, Andoche Cesar Birotteau A Bachelor's Establishment A Distinguished Provincial at Paris Scenes from

Fontaine, Comte de The Chouans Modeste Mignon The Ball at Sceaux Cesar Birotteau

Gobseck, JeanEsther Van Gobseck Father Goriot Cesar Birotteau The Unconscious Humoriists

Keller, Francois Domestic Peace Cesar Birotteau Eugenie Grandet The Member for Arcis

La Billardiere, AthanaseJeanFrancoisMichel, Baron Flamet de The Chouans Cesar Birotteau

Louis XVIII., LouisStanislasXavier The Chouans The Seamy Side of History The Gondreville Mystery

Scenes from a Courtesan's Life The Ball at Sceaux The Lily of the Valley Colonel Chabert

Lupeaulx, Clement Chardin des The Muse of the Department Eugenie Grandet A Bachelor's Establishment A

Nathan, Madame Raoul The Muse of the Department Lost Illusions A Distinguished Provincial at Paris

Scenes from a Courtesan's Life A Bachelor's Establishment Ursule Mirouet Eugenie Grandet The Imaginary

Poiret, the elder Father Goriot A Start in Life Scenes from a Courtesan's Life The Middle Classes

Rabourdin, Xavier At the Sign of the Cat and Racket Cesar Birotteau The Middle Classes

Rabourdin, Madame The Commission in Lunacy Rubempre, LucienChardon de Lost Illusions A

Schinner, Hippolyte The Purse A Bachelor's Establishment Pierre Grassou A Start in Life Albert Savarus