Samuel Smiles ..........................................................................................................................................1

PREFACE. ...............................................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER I. AGEN.JASMIN'S BOYHOOD. ...................................................................................3

CHAPTER II. JASMIN AT SCHOOL. ...................................................................................................7

CHAPTER III. BARBER AND HAIRDRESSER................................................................................10

CHAPTER IV. JASMIN AND MARIETTE. ........................................................................................13

CHAPTER V. JASMIN AND GASCON.FIRST VOLUME OF "PAPILLOTES."........................17

DE MUSSET.........................................................................................................................................24

CHAPTER VII. 'THE BLIND GIRL OF CASTELCUILLE.'............................................................30

CHAPTER VIII. JASMIN AS PHILANTHROPIST............................................................................36

CHAPTER IX. JASMIN'S 'FRANCONNETTE.'.................................................................................40

CHAPTER X. JASMIN AT TOULOUSE. ............................................................................................47

CHAPTER XI. JASMIN'S VISIT TO PARIS. ......................................................................................51

CHAPTER XII. JASMIN'S RECITATIONS IN PARIS. ......................................................................54

CHAPTER XIII. JASMIN AND HIS ENGLISH CRITICS.................................................................57

CHAPTER XIV. JASMIN'S TOURS OF PHILANTHROPY. .............................................................64

CHAPTER XV. JASMIN'S VINEYARD'MARTHA THE INNOCENT.' .......................................71

CHAPTER XVI. THE PRIEST WITHOUT A CHURCH. ...................................................................77

AND EMPRESS....................................................................................................................................82

TOULOUSECROWNED BY AGEN. .............................................................................................88

CHAPTER XIX. LAST POEMSMORE MISSIONS OF CHARITY..............................................91

CHAPTER XX. DEATH OF JASMINHIS CHARACTER.............................................................95

My attention was first called to the works of the poet Jasmin by the eulogistic articles which appeared in the

Revue des Deux Mondes, by De Mazade, Nodier, Villemain, and other wellknown reviewers.

I afterwards read the articles by SainteBeuve, perhaps the finest critic of French literature, on the life and

history of Jasmin, in his 'Portraits Contemporains' as well as his admirable article on the same subject, in the

While Jasmin was still alive, a translation was published by the American poet Longfellow, of 'The Blind

Girl of CastelCuille,' perhaps the best of Jasmin's poems. In his note to the translation, Longfellow said that

"Jasmin, the author of this beautiful poem, is to the South of France what Burns is to the South of Scotland,

the representative of the heart of the people; one of those happy bards who are born with their mouths full of

birds (la bouco pleno d'aouvelous). He has written his own biography in a poetic form, and the simple

narrative of his poverty, his struggles, and his triumphs, is very touching. He still lives at Agen, on the

Garonne; and long may he live there to delight his native land with native songs."

I had some difficulty in obtaining Jasmin's poems; but at length I received them from his native town of

Agen. They consisted of four volumes octavo, though they were still incomplete. But a new edition has since

been published, in 1889, which was heralded by an interesting article in the Paris Figaro.

While at Royat, in 1888, I went across the country to Agen, the town in which Jasmin was born, lived, and

died. I saw the little room in which he was born, the banks of the Garonne which sounded so sweetly in his

ears, the heights of the Hermitage where he played when a boy, the Petite Seminaire in which he was partly

educated, the coiffeur's shop in which he carried on his business as a barber and hairdresser, and finally his

tomb in the cemetery where he was buried with all the honours that his townsfellows could bestow upon

From Agen I went south to Toulouse, where I saw the large room in the Museum in which Jasmin first recited

his poem of 'Franconnette'; and the hall in the Capitol, where the poet was hailed as The Troubadour, and

enrolled member of the Academy of Jeux Florauxperhaps the crowning event of his life.

In the Appendix to this memoir I have endeavoured to give translations from some of Jasmin's poems.

Longfellow's translation of 'The Blind Girl of CastelCuille' has not been given, as it has already been

published in his poems, which are in nearly every library. In those which have been given, I have in certain

cases taken advantage of the translations by Miss Costello Miss Preston (of Boston, U.S.), and the Reverend

It is, however, very difficult to translate French poetry into English. The languages, especially the Gascon,

are very unlike French as well as English. Hence Villemain remarks, that "every translation must virtually be

a new creation." But, such as they are, I have endeavoured to translate the poems as literally as possible.

Jasmin's poetry is rather wordy, and requires condensation, though it is admirably suited for recitation. When

other persons recited his poems, they were not successful; but when Jasmin recited, or rather acted them, they

There was a special feature in Jasmin's life which was altogether unique. This was the part which he played in

the South of France as a philanthropist. Where famine or hunger made its appearance amongst the poor

peoplewhere a creche, or orphanage, or school, or even a church, had to be helped and supported Jasmin

was usually called upon to assist with his recitations. He travelled thousands of miles for such purposes,

during which he collected about 1,500,000 francs, and gave the whole of this hardearned money over to the

public charities, reserving nothing for himself except the gratitude of the poor and needy. And after his long

journeyings were over, he quietly returned to pursue his humble occupation at Agen. Perhaps there is nothing

like this in the history of poetry or literature. For this reason, the character of the man as a philanthropist is

The author requests the indulgence of the reader with respect to the translations of certain poems given in the

Agen is an important town in the South of France, situated on the right bank of the Garonne, about eighty

miles above Bordeaux. The country to the south of Agen contains some of the most fertile land in France.

The wide valley is covered with vineyards, orchards, fruit gardens, and cornfields.

The best panoramic view of Agen and the surrounding country is to be seen from the rocky heights on the

northern side of the town. A holy hermit had once occupied a cell on the ascending cliffs; and near it the

Convent of the Hermitage has since been erected. Far underneath are seen the redroofed houses of the town,

From the summit of the cliffs the view extends to a great distance along the wide valley of the Garonne,

covered with woods, vineyards, and greenery. The spires of village churches peep up here and there amongst

the trees; and in the far distance, on a clear day, are seen the snowcapped peaks of the Pyrenees.

Three bridges connect Agen with the country to the west of the Garonnethe bridge for ordinary traffic, a

light and elegant suspension bridge, and a bridge of twentythree arches which carries the lateral canal to the

The town of Agen itself is not particularly attractive. The old streets are narrow and tortuous, paved with

pointed stones; but a fine broad streetthe Rue de la Republiquehas recently been erected through the

heart of the old town, which greatly adds to the attractions of the place. At one end of this street an ideal

statue of the Republic has been erected, and at the other end a lifelike bronze statue of the famous poet

This statue to Jasmin is the only one in the town erected to an individual. Yet many distinguished persons

have belonged to Agen and the neighbourhood who have not been commemorated in any form. Amongst

these were Bernard Palissy, the famous potter[1]; Joseph J. Scaliger, the great scholar and philologist; and

three distinguished naturalists, Boudon de SaintAman, Bory de SaintVincent, and the Count de Lacepede.

The bronze statue of Jasmin stands in one of the finest sites in Agen, at one end of the Rue de la Republique,

and nearly opposite the little shop in which he carried on his humble trade of a barber and hairdresser. It

represents the poet standing, with his right arm and hand extended, as if in the act of recitation.

How the fame of Jasmin came to be commemorated by a statue erected in his native town by public

subscription, will be found related in the following pages. He has told the story of his early life in a bright,

natural, and touching style, in one of his best poems, entitled, "My Recollections" (Mes Souvenirs), written in

Gascon; wherein he revealed his own character with perfect frankness, and at the same time with exquisite

Several of Jasmin's works have been translated into English, especially his "Blind Girl of CastelCuille, by

Longfellow and Lady Georgina Fullerton. The elegant translation by Longfellow is so well known that it is

unnecessary to repeat it in the appendix to this volume. But a few other translations of Jasmin's works have

Although Jasmin's recitations of his poems were invariably received with enthusiastic applause by his

quickspirited audiences in the South of France, the story of his life will perhaps be found more attractive to

English readers than any rendering of his poems, however accurate, into a language different from his own.

For poetry, more than all forms of literature, loses most by translationespecially from Gascon into English.

Villemain, one of the best of critics, says: "Toute traduction en vers est une autre creation que l'original."

We proceed to give an accountmostly from his own Souvenirs of the early life and boyhood of Jasmin.

The eighteenth century, old, decrepit, and vicious, was about to come to an end, when in the corner of a little

room haunted by rats, a child, the subject of this story, was born. It was on the morning of Shrove Tuesday,

the 6th of March, 1798,just as the day had flung aside its black nightcap, and the morning sun was about

to shed its rays upon the earth,that this son of a crippled mother and a humpbacked tailor first saw the

light. The child was born in a house situated in one of the old streets of Agen15 Rue FondeRachenot

far from the shop on the Gravier where Jasmin afterwards carried on the trade of a barber and hairdresser.

"When a prince is born," said Jasmin in his Souvenirs, "his entrance into the world is saluted with rounds of

cannon, but when I, the son of a poor tailor made my appearance, I was not saluted even with the sound of a

popgun." Yet Jasmin was afterwards to become a king of hearts! A Charivari was, however, going on in front

of a neighbour's door, as a nuptial serenade on the occasion of some unsuitable marriage; when the clamour

of horns and kettles, marrowbones and cleavers, saluted the mother's ears, accompanied by thirty burlesque

Jacques Jasmin was only one child amongst many. The parents had considerable difficulty in providing for

the wants of the family, in food as well as clothing. Besides the father's small earnings as a tailor of the

lowest standing, the mother occasionally earned a little money as a laundress. A grandfather, Boe, formed

one of the family group. He had been a soldier, but was now too old to serve in the ranks, though France was

waging war in Italy and Austria under her new Emperor. Boe, however, helped to earn the family living, by

Jasmin describes the dwelling in which this poor family lived. It was miserably furnished. The winds blew in

at every corner. There were three ragged beds; a cupboard, containing a few bits of broken plates; a stone

bottle; two jugs of cracked earthenware; a wooden cup broken at the edges; a rusty candlestick, used when

candles were available; a small halfblack lookingglass without a frame, held against the wall by three little

nails; four broken chairs; a closet without a key; old Boe's suspended wallet; a tailor's board, with clippings

of stuff and patchedup garments; such were the contents of the house, the family consisting in all of nine

It is well that poor children know comparatively little of their miserable bringingsup. They have no

opportunity of contrasting their life and belongings with those of other children more richly nurtured. The

infant Jasmin slept no less soundly in his little cot stuffed with larks' feathers than if he had been laid on a bed

of down. Then he was nourished by his mother's milk, and he grew, though somewhat lean and angular, as

fast as any king's son. He began to toddle about, and made acquaintances with the neighbours' children.

After a few years had passed, Jasmin, being a spirited fellow, was allowed to accompany his father at night in

the concerts of rough music. He placed a long paper cap on his head, like a French clown, and with a horn in

his hand he made as much noise, and played as many antics, as any fool in the crowd. Though the tailor could

not read, he usually composed the verses for the Charivari; and the doggerel of the father, mysteriously

The performance of the Charivari was common at that time in the South of France. When an old man

proposed to marry a maiden less than half his age, or when an elderly widow proposed to marry a man much

younger than herself, or when anything of a heterogeneous kind occurred in any proposed union, a terrible

row began. The populace assembled in the evening of the day on which the banns had been first proclaimed,

and saluted the happy pair in their respective houses with a Charivari. Bells, horns, pokers and tongs,

marrowbones and cleavers, or any thing that would make a noise, was brought into requisition, and the

noise thus made, accompanied with howling recitations of the Charivari, made the night positively hideous.

The riot went on for several evenings; and when the weddingday arrived, the Charivarists, with the same

noise and violence, entered the church with the marriage guests; and at night they besieged the house of the

happy pair, throwing into their windows stones, brickbats, and every kind of missile. Such was their

This barbarous custom has now fallen entirely into disuse. If attempted to be renewed, it is summarily put

down by the police, though it still exists among the Basques as a Toberac. It may also be mentioned that a

similar practice once prevailed in Devonshire described by the Rev. S. Baring Gould in his "Red Spider." It

They did not increase his business; in fact, they made him many enemies. His uncouth rhymes did not

increase his mending of old clothes. However sharp his needle might be, his children's teeth were still

sharper; and often they had little enough to eat. The maintenance of the family mainly depended on the

The mother, poor though she was, had a heart of gold under her serge gown. She washed and mended

indefatigably. When she had finished her washing, the children, so soon as they could walk, accompanied her

to the willows along the banks of the Garonne, where the clothes were hung out to dry. There they had at

least the benefit of breathing fresh and pure air. Grandfather Boe was a venerable old fellow. He amused the

"Wept o'er his wounds, or, tales of sorrow done, Shouldered his crutch, and showed how fields were won."

During the day he carried his wallet from door to door in Agen, or amongst the farmhouses in the

neighbourhood; and when he came home at eve he emptied his wallet and divided the spoil amongst the

family. If he obtained, during his day's journey, some more succulent morsel than another, he bestowed it

Like all healthy boys, young Jasmin's chief delight was in the sunshine and the open air. He also enjoyed the

pleasures of fellowship and the happiness of living. Rich and poor, old and young, share in this glorified

gladness. Jasmin had as yet known no sorrow. His companions were poor boys like himself. They had never

Just as the noontide bells began to ring, Jasmin set out with a hunch of bread in his handperhaps taken

from his grandfather's walletto enjoy the afternoon with his comrades. Without cap or shoes he sped' away.

The sun was often genial, and he never bethought him of cold. On the company went, some twenty or thirty

"Oh, how my soul leapt!" he exclaimed in his Souvenirs, "when we all set out together at midday, singing.

'The Lamb whom Thou hast given me,' a well known carol in the south. The very recollection of that pleasure

even now enchants me. 'To the Islandto the Island!' shouted the boldest, and then we made haste to wade

The rest of the vagrants' time was spent in play. They ascended the cliff towards the grotto of Saint John.

They shared in many a contest. They dared each other to do thingspossible and impossible. There were

climbings of rocks, and daring leaps, with many perils and escapades, according to the nature of boys at play.

At length, after becoming tired, there was the return home an hour before nightfall. And now the little fellows

tripped along; thirty fagot bundles were carried on thirty heads; and the thirty sang, as on setting out, the

Jasmin proceeds, in his Souvenirs, to describe with great zest and a wonderful richness of local colour, the

impromptu fetes in which he bore a part; his raids upon the cherry and plum orchardsfor the

neighbourhood of Agen is rich in plumtrees, and prunes are one of the principal articles of commerce in the

district. Playing at soldiers was one of Jasmin's favourite amusements; and he was usually elected Captain.

"I should need," he says, "a hundred trumpets to celebrate all my victories." Then he describes the dancing

round the bonfires, and the fantastic ceremonies connected with the celebration of St. John's Eve.

Agen is celebrated for its fairs. In the month of June, one of the most important fairs in the South of France is

held on the extensive promenade in front of the Gravier. There Jasmin went to pick up any spare sous by

holding horses or cattle, or running errands, or performing any trifling commission for the farmers or

graziers. When he had filled to a slight extent his little purse, he went home at night and emptied the whole

contents into his mother's hand. His heart often sank as she received his earnings with smiles and tears. "Poor

child," she would say, "your help comes just in time." Thus the bitter thought of poverty and the evidences of

In the autumn Jasmin went gleaning in the cornfields, for it was his greatest pleasure to bring home some

additional help for the family needs. In September came the vintagethe gathering in and pressing of the

grapes previous to their manufacture into wine. The boy was able, with his handy helpfulness, to add a little

more money to the home store. Winter followed, and the weather became colder. In the dearth of firewood,

Jasmin was fain to preserve his bodily heat, notwithstanding his ragged clothes, by warming himself by the

sun in some sheltered nook so long as the day lasted; or he would play with his companions, being still

When the stern winter set in, Jasmin spent his evenings in the company of spinningwomen and children,

principally for the sake of warmth. A score or more of women, with their children, assembled in a large room,

lighted by a single antique lamp suspended from the ceiling. The women had distaffs and heavy spindles, by

means of which they spun a kind of coarse packthread, which the children wound up, sitting on stools at

their feet. All the while some old dame would relate the oldworld ogreish stories of Blue Beard, the

Sorcerer, or the Loup Garou, to fascinate the ears and trouble the dreams of the young folks. It was here, no

doubt, that Jasmin gathered much of the traditionary lore which he afterwards wove into his poetical ballads.

Jasmin had his moments of sadness. He was now getting a big fellow, and his mother was anxious that he

should receive some little education. He had not yet been taught to read; he had not even learnt his A B C.

The word school frightened him. He could not bear to be shut up in a close roomhe who had been

accustomed to enjoy a sort of vagabond life in the open air. He could not give up his comrades, his playing at

The mother, during the hum of her spinningwheel, often spoke in whispers to grandfather Boe of her desire

to send the boy to school. When Jasmin overheard their conversation, he could scarcely conceal his tears. Old

Boe determined to do what he could. He scraped together his little savings, and handed them over to the

mother. But the money could not then be used for educating Jasmin; it was sorely needed for buying bread.

The old man became unable to go out of doors to solicit alms. Age and infirmity kept him indoors. He began

to feel himself a burden on the impoverished family. He made up his mind to rid them of the incumbrance,

and desired the parents to put him into the family armchair and have him carried to the hospital. Jasmin has

"It happened on a Monday," he says in his Souvenirs: "I was then ten years old. I was playing in the square

with my companions, girded about with a wooden sword, and I was king; but suddenly a dreadful spectacle

disturbed my royalty. I saw an old man in an armchair borne along by several persons. The bearers

approached still nearer, when I recognised my afflicted grandfather. 'O God,' said I, 'what do I see? My old

grandfather surrounded by my family.' In my grief I saw only him. I ran up to him in tears, threw myself on

"In returning my embrace, he wept. 'O grandfather,' said I, 'where are you going? Why do you weep? Why

are you leaving our home?' 'My child,' said the old man, 'I am going to the hospital,[2] where all the Jasmins

die.' He again embraced me, closed his eyes, and was carried away. We followed him for some time under

Grandfather Boe did not survive long in the hospital. He was utterly worn out. After five days the old man

quietly breathed his last. His wallet was hung upon its usual nail in his former home, but it was never used

again. One of the breadwinners had departed, and the family were poorer than ever.

"On that Monday," says Jasmin, "I for the first time knew and felt that we were very poor."

All this is told with marvellous effect in the first part of the Souvenirs, which ends with a wail and a sob.

[1] It is stated in the Bibliographie Generale de l'Agenais, that Palissy was born in the district of Agen,

perhaps at La Chapelle Biron, and that, being a Huguenot, he was imprisoned in the Bastille at Paris, and died

there in 1590, shortly after the massacre of St. Bartholomew. But Palissy seems to have been born in another

town, not far from La Chapelle Biron. The Times of the 7th July, 1891, contained the following paragraph:

"A statue of Bernard Palissy was unveiled yesterday at VilleneuvesurLot, his native town, by M. Bourgeois,

One joyful day Jasmin's mother came home in an ecstasy of delight, and cried, "To school, my child, to

school!" "To school?" said Jasmin, greatly amazed. "How is this? Have we grown rich?" "No, my poor boy,

but you will get your schooling for nothing. Your cousin has promised to educate you; come, come, I am so

happy!" It was Sister Boe, the schoolmistress of Agen, who had offered to teach the boy gratuitously the

The news of Jacques' proposed scholarship caused no small stir at home. The mother was almost beside

herself with joy. The father too was equally moved, and shed tears of gratitude. He believed that the boy

might yet be able to help him in writing out, under his dictation, the Charivari impromptus which, he

supposed, were his chief forte. Indeed, the whole family regarded this great stroke of luck for Jacques in the

light of a special providence, and as the beginning of a brilliant destiny. The mother, in order to dress him

properly, rummaged the house, and picked out the least mended suit of clothes, in which to array the young

When properly clothed, the boy, not without fear on his own part, was taken by his mother to school.

Behold him, then, placed under the tuition of Sister Boe! There were some fifty other children at school,

mumbling at the letters of the alphabet, and trying to read their first easy sentences. Jasmin had a good

memory, and soon mastered the difficulties of the A B C. "'Twixt smiles and tears," he says, "I soon learnt to

In six months he was able to enter the Seminary in the Rue Montesquieu as a free scholar. He now served at

Mass. Having a good ear for music ,he became a chorister, and sang the Tantum ergo. He was a diligent boy,

and so far everything prospered well with him. He even received a prize. True, it was only an old cassock,

dry as autumn heather. But, being trimmed up by his father, it served to hide his ragged clothes beneath.

His mother was very proud of the cassock. "Thank God," she said, "thou learnest well; and this is the reason

why, each Tuesday, a white loaf comes from the Seminary. It is always welcome, for the sake of the hungry

little ones." "Yes," he replied, "I will try my best to be learned for your sake." But Jasmin did not long wear

the cassock. He was shortly after turned out of the Seminary, in consequence of a naughty trick which he

Jasmin tells the story of his expulsion with great frankness, though evidently ashamed of the transaction. He

was passing through the inner court one day, during the Shrove Carnival, when, looking up, he caught sight

of a petticoat. He stopped and gazed. A strange tremor crept through his nerves. What evil spirit possessed

him to approach the owner of the petticoat? He looked up again, and recognised the sweet and rosycheeked

Catherinethe housemaid of the Seminary. She was perched near the top of a slim ladder leaning against the

A vision flashed through Jasmin's mind"a life all velvet," as he expressed it,and he approached the

ladder. He climbed up a few steps, and what did he see? Two comely ankles and two pretty little feet. His

heart burned within him, and he breathed a loud sigh. The girl heard the sigh, looked down, and huddled up

the ladder, crying piteously. The ladder was too slim to bear two. It snapped and fell, and they tumbled down,

The loud screams of the girl brought all the household to the spotthe Canons, the little Abbe, the cook, the

scullion indeed all the inmates of the Seminary. Jasmin quaintly remarks, "A girl always likes to have the

sins known that she has caused others to commit." But in this case, according to Jasmin's own showing, the

girl was not to blame. The trick which he played might be very innocent, but to the assembled household it

First, he had a terrible wigging from the master; and next, he was sentenced to imprisonment during the rest

In default of a dungeon, they locked him in a dismal little chamber, with some bread and water. Next day,

Shrove Tuesday, while the Carnival was afoot, Jasmin felt very angry and very hungry. "Who sleeps eats,"

says the proverb. "But," said Jasmin, "the proverb lies: I did not sleep, and was consumed by hunger." Then

It happened that the Convent preserves were kept in the room wherein he was confined. Their odour attracted

him, and he climbed up, by means of a table and chair, to the closet in which they were stored. He found a

splendid pot of preserves. He opened it; and though he had no spoon, he used his fingers and soon emptied

the pot. What a delicious treat he enjoyed enough to make him forget the pleasures of the Carnival.

Jasmin was about to replace the empty pot, when he heard the clickclack of a door behind him. He looked

round, and saw the Superior, who had unlocked the door, and come to restore the boy to liberty. Oh, unhappy

day! When the Abbe found the prisoner stealing his precious preserves, he became furious. "What!

plundering my sweetmeats?" he cried. "Come down, sirrah, come down! no pardon for you now." He pulled

Jasmin from his chair and table, and the empty jar fell broken at his feet. "Get out, get out of this house, thou

imp of hell!" And taking Jasmin by the scruff of the neck, he thrust him violently out of the door and into the

But worse was yet to come. When the expelled scholar reached the street, his face and mouth were smeared

with jam. He was like a blackamoor. Some urchins who encountered him on his homeward route, surmised

that his disguise was intended as a masque for the Carnival. He ran, and they pursued him. The mob of boys

increased, and he ran the faster. At last he reached his father's door, and rushed in, half dead with pain,

They were surprised and astonished at his sudden entrance. After kissing them all round, he proceeded to

relate his adventures at the Seminary. He could not tell them all, but he told enough. His narrative was

received with dead silence. But he was thirsty and hungry. He saw a pot of kidneybean porridge hanging

over the fire, and said he would like to allay his hunger by participating in their meal. But alas! The whole of

it had been consumed. The pot was empty, and yet the children were not satisfied with their dinner. "Now I

know," said the mother, "why no white bread has come from the Seminary." Jasmin was now greatly

distressed. "Accursed sweetmeats," he thought. "Oh! what a wretch I am to have caused so much misery and

The children had eaten only a few vegetables; and now there was another mouth to fill. The fire had almost

expired for want of fuel. The children had no bread that day, for the Seminary loaf had not arrived. What

were they now to do? The mother suffered cruel tortures in not being able to give her children bread,

At last, after glancing at her left hand, she rose suddenly. She exclaimed in a cheerful voice, "Wait patiently

until my return." She put her Sunday kerchief on her head, and departed. In a short time she returned, to the

delight of the children, with a loaf of bread under her arm. They laughed and sang, and prepared to enjoy

their feast, though it was only of bread. The mother apparently joined in their cheerfulness, though a sad pain

gnawed at her heart. Jasmin saw his mother hide her hand; but when it was necessary for her to cut the loaf,

after making the cross according to custom, he saw that the ring on her left hand had disappeared. "Holy

Cross," he thought, "it is true that she has sold her weddingring to buy bread for her children."

This was a sad beginning of life for the poor boy. He was now another burden on the family. Old Boe had

gone, and could no longer help him with his savoury morsels. He was so oppressed with grief, that he could

no longer play with his comrades as before. But Providence again came to his aid. The good Abbe Miraben

heard the story of his expulsion from the Seminary. Though a boy may be tricky he cannot be perfect, and the

priest had much compassion on him. Knowing Jasmin's abilities, and the poverty of his parents, the Abbe

used his influence to obtain an admission for him to one of the town's schools, where he was again enabled to

The good Abbe was helpful to the boy in many ways. One evening, when Jasmin was on his way to the

Augustins to read and recite to the Sisters, he was waylaid by a troop of his old playfellows. They wished him

to accompany them to the old rendezvous in the square; but he refused, because he had a previous

engagement. The boys then began to hustle him, and proceeded to tear off his tattered clothes. He could only

At length his good friend Miraben came up and rescued him. He drove away the boys, and said to Jasmin,

"Little one, don't breathe a word; your mother knows nothing. They won't torment you long! Take up thy

clothes," he said. "Come, poverty is not a crime. Courage! Thou art even rich. Thou hast an angel on high

watching over thee. Console thyself, brave child, and nothing more will happen to vex thee."

The encouragement of the Abbe proved prophetic. No more troubles of this kind afflicted the boy.

The aged priest looked after the wellbeing of himself and family. He sent them bread from time to time, and

kept the wolf from their door. Meanwhile Jasmin did what he could to help them at home. During the vintage

time he was well employed; and also at fair times. He was a helpful boy, and was always willing to oblige

But the time arrived when he must come to some determination as to his future calling in life. He was averse

to being a tailor, seeing the sad results of his father's trade at home. After consultation with his mother, he

resolved on becoming a barber and hairdresser. Very little capital was required for carrying on that trade;

Long after, when Jasmin was a comparatively thriving man, he said: "Yes, I have eaten the bread of charity;

most of my ancestors died at the hospital; my mother pledged her nuptial ring to buy a loaf of bread. All this

shows how much misery we had to endure, the frightful picture of which I have placed in the light of day in

my Souvenirs. But I am afraid of wearying the public, as I do not wish to be accused of aiming too much at

contrasts. For when we are happy, perfectly happy, there is nothing further from what I am, and what I have

been, as to make me fear for any such misconstruction on the part of my hearers."

Jasmin was sixteen years old when he was apprenticed to a barber and hairdresser at Agen. The barber's shop

was near the Prefecturethe ancient palace of the Bishop. It was situated at the corner of Lamoureux Street

and the alley of the Prefecture. There Jasmin learnt the art of cutting, curling, and dressing hair, and of deftly

using the comb and the razor. The master gave him instructions in the trade, and watched him while at work.

Jasmin was willing and active, and was soon able to curl and shave with any apprentice in Agen.

After the day's work was over, the apprentice retired to his garret under the tiles. There he spent his evenings,

and there he slept at night. Though the garret was infested by rats, he thought nothing of them; he had known

They did him no harm, and they even learnt to know him. His garret became his paradise, for there he

renewed his love of reading. The solitariness of his life did him good, by throwing his mind in upon himself,

and showing the mental stuff of which he was made. All the greatest and weightiest things have been done in

The first books he read were for the most part borrowed. Customers who came to the shop to be shaved or

have their hair dressed, took an interest in the conversation of the bright, cheerful, darkeyed lad, and some

of them lent him books to read. What joy possessed him when he took refuge in his garret with a new book!

Opening the book was like opening the door of a new world. What enchantment! What mystery! What a

In reading a new book Jasmin forgot his impoverished boyhood, his grandfather Boe and his death in the

hospital, his expulsion from the Seminary, and his mother's sale of her weddingring to buy bread for her

children. He had now left the past behind, and a new world lay entrancingly before him. He read, and

The first books he read were of comparatively little importance, though they furnished an opening into

literature. 'The Children's Magazine'[1] held him in raptures for a time. Some of his friendly customers lent

him the 'Fables of Florian,' and afterwards Florian's pastoral romance of 'Estelle'perhaps his best work. The

singer of the Gardon entirely bewitched Jasmin. 'Estelle' allured him into the rosyfingered regions of bliss

and happiness. Then Jasmin himself began to rhyme. Florian's works encouraged him to write his first verses

in the harmonious Gascon patois, to which he afterwards gave such wonderful brilliancy.

In his after life Jasmin was often asked how and when he first began to feel himself a poet. Some think that

the poetical gift begins at some fixed hour, just as one becomes a barrister, a doctor, or a professor. But

"I have often searched into my past life," he said, "but I have never yet found the day when I began my career

There are certain gifts which men can never acquire by will and work, if God has not put the seed of them

When such a seed has been planted, its divine origin is shown by its power of growth and expansion; and in a

noble soul, apparently insurmountable difficulties and obstacles cannot arrest its development. The life and

career of Jasmin amply illustrates this truth. Here was a young man born in the depths of poverty. In his early

life he suffered the most cruel needs of existence. When he became a barber's apprentice, he touched the

lowest rung of the ladder of reputation; but he had at least learned the beginnings of knowledge.

He knew how to read, and when we know the twentyfour letters of the alphabet, we may learn almost

everything that we wish to know. From that slight beginning most men may raise themselves to the heights of

moral and intellectual worth by a persevering will and the faithful performance of duty.

At the same time it must be confessed that it is altogether different with poetical genius. It is not possible to

tell what unforeseen and forgotten circumstances may have given the initial impulse to a poetic nature. It is

not the result of any fortuitous impression, and still less of any act of the will.

It is possible that Jasmin may have obtained his first insight into poetic art during his solitary evening walks

along the banks of the Garonne, or from the nightingales singing overhead, or from his chanting in the choir

when a child. Perhaps the 'Fables of Florian' kindled the poetic fire within him; at all events they may have

acted as the first stimulus to his art of rhyming. They opened his mind to the love of nature, to the pleasures

There is nothing in the occupation of a barber incompatible with the cultivation of poetry. Folez, the old

German poet, was a barber, as well as the still more celebrated Burchiello, of Florence, whose sonnets are

still admired because of the purity of their style. Our own Allan Ramsay, author of 'The Gentle Shepherd,'

In southern and Oriental life the barber plays an important part. In the Arabian tales he is generally a shrewd,

meddling, inquisitive fellow. In Spain and Italy the barber is often the one brilliant man in his town; his shop

is the place where gossip circulates, and where many a pretty intrigue is contrived.

Men of culture are often the friends of barbers. Buffon trusted to his barber for all the news of Montbard.

Moliere spent many long and pleasant hours with the barber of Pezenas. Figaro, the famous barber of Seville,

was one of the most perfect prototypes of his trade. Jasmin was of the same calling as Gil Bias, inspired with

the same spirit, and full of the same talent. He was a Frenchman of the South, of the same race as Villon and

Even in the prim and formal society of the eighteenth century, the barber occupied no unimportant part. He

and the sculptor, of all working men, were allowed to wear the swordthat distinctive badge of gentility. In

short, the barber was regarded as an artist. Besides, barbers were in ancient times surgeons; they were the

only persons who could scientifically "let blood." The BarberSurgeons of London still represent the class.

They possess a cup presented to the Guild by Charles II., in commemoration of his escape while taking

But to return to the adventures of Jasmin's early life. He describes with great zest his first visit to a theatre. It

was situated near at hand, by the ancient palace of the Bishop. After his day's work was overhis shaving,

curling, and hairdressinghe went across the square, and pressed in with the rest of the crowd. He took his

"'Heavens!' said he, 'where am I?' The curtain rises! 'Oh, this is lovely! It is a new world; how beautifully they

sing; and how sweetly and tenderly they speak!' I had eyes for nothing else: I was quite beside myself with

joy. 'It is Cinderella,' I cried aloud in my excitement. 'Be quiet,' said my neighbour. 'Oh, sir! why quiet?

Where are we? What is this?' 'You gaping idiot,' he replied, 'this is the Comedy!'

"Jasmin now remained quiet; but he saw and heard with all his eyes and ears. 'What love! what poetry!' he

thought: 'it is more than a dream! It's magic. O Cinderella, Cinderella! thou art my guardian angel!'

Jasmin entered his garret late at night; and he slept so soundly, that next morning his master went up to rouse

him. "Where were you last night? Answer, knave; you were not back till midnight?" "I was at the Comedy,"

answered Jasmin sleepily; "it was so beautiful!" "You have been there then, and lost your head. During the

day you make such an uproar, singing and declaiming. You, who have worn the cassock, should blush. But I

give you up; you will come to no good. Change, indeed! You will give up the comb and razor, and become an

"This terrible word," says Jasmin, "fell like lead upon my heart, and threw me into consternation. Cinderella

was forthwith dethroned in my foolish mind; and my master's threat completely calmed me. I went on

faithfully with my work. I curled, and plaited hair in my little room. As the saying goes, S'il ne pleut, il bruine

(If it does not rain, it drizzles). When I suffered least, time passed all the quicker. It was then that, dreaming

and happy, I found two lives within meone in my daily work, another in my garret. I was like a bird; I

warbled and sang. What happiness I enjoyed in my little bed under the tiles! I listened to the warbling of

birds. Lo! the angel came, and in her sweetest voice sang to me. Then I tried to make verses in the language

of the shepherd swain. Bright thoughts came to me; great secrets were discovered. What hours! What lessons!

During the winter evenings, when night comes on quickly, Jasmin's small savings went to the oil merchant.

He trimmed his little lamp, and went on till late, reading and rhyming. His poetical efforts, first written in

French, were to a certain extent successful. While shaving his customers, he often recited to them his verses.

They were amazed at the boy's cleverness, and expressed their delight. He had already a remarkable talent for

recitation; and in course of time he became eloquent. It was some time, however, before his powers became

generally known. The ladies whose hair he dressed, sometimes complained that their curl papers were

scrawled over with writing, and, when opened out, they were found covered with verses.

The men whom he shaved spread his praises abroad. In so small a town a reputation for versemaking soon

becomes known. "You can see me," he said to a customer, "with a comb in my hand, and a verse in my head.

I give you always a gentle hand with my razor of velvet. My mouth recites while my hand works."

When Jasmin desired to display his oratorical powers, he went in the evenings to the quarter of the Augustins,

where the spinningwomen assembled, surrounded by their boys and girls. There he related to them his

Indeed, he even began to be patronized. His master addressed him as "Moussu,"the master who had

Thus far, everything had gone well with him. What with shaving, hairdressing, and rhyming, two years soon

passed away. Jasmin was now eighteen, and proposed to start business on his own account. This required

very little capital; and he had already secured many acquaintances who offered to patronize him. M. Boyer

d'Agen, who has recently published the works of Jasmin, with a short preface and a bibliography,[4] says that

he first began business as a hairdresser in the Cour SaintAntoine, now the Cour Voltaire. When the author

of this memoir was at Agen in the autumn of 1888, the proprietor of the Hotel du Petit St. Jean informed him

that a little apartment had been placed at Jasmin's disposal, separated from the Hotel by the entrance to the

But desiring to have a tenement of his own, he shortly after took a small house alongside the Promenade du

Gravier; and he removed and carried on his trade there for about forty years. The little shop is still in

existence, with Jasmin's signboard over the entrance door: "Jasmin, coiffeur des Jeunes Gens," with the

barber's suddish hanging from a pendant in front. The shop is very small, with a little sittingroom behind,

and several bedrooms above. When I entered the shop during my visit to Agen, I found a customer sitting

before a lookingglass, wrapped in a sheet, the lower part of his face covered with lather, and a young fellow

Jasmin's little saloon was not merely a shaving and a curling shop. Eventually it became known as the

sanctuary of the Muses. It was visited by some of the most distinguished people in France, and became

celebrated throughout Europe. But this part of the work is reserved for future chapters.

[3] In England, some barbers, and barber's sons, have eventually occupied the highest positions. Arkwright,

the founder of the cotton manufacture, was originally a barber. Tenterden, Lord Chief Justice, was a barber's

son, intended for a chorister in Canterbury Cathedral. Sugden, afterwards Lord Chancellor, was opposed by a

noble lord while engaged in a parliamentary contest. Replying to the allegation that he was only the son of a

country barber, Sugden said: "His Lordship has told you that I am nothing but the son of a country barber; but

he has not told you all, for I have been a barber myself, and worked in my father's shop,and all I wish to

is, that had his Lordship been born the son of a country barber, he would have been a barber still!"

[4] OEUVRES COMPLETES DE JACQUES JASMIN: Preface de l'Edition,, Essai d'orthographe gasconne

d'apres les langues Romane et d'Oc, et collation de la traduction litterale. Par Boyer d'Agen. 1889. Quatre

Jasmin was now a bright, vivid, and handsome fellow, a favourite with men, women, and children. Of course,

an attractive young man, with a pleasant, comfortable home, could not long remain single. At length love

came to beautify his existence. "It was for her sake," he says, "that I first tried to make verses in the sweet

patois which she spoke so well; verses in which I asked her, in rather lofty phrases, to be my guardian angel

Mariette[1] was a pretty darkeyed girl. She was an old companion of Jasmin's, and as they began to know

each other better, the acquaintance gradually grew into affection, and finally into mutual love. She was of his

own class of life, poor and hardworking. After the day's work was over, they had many a pleasant walk

together on the summer evenings, along the banks of the Garonne, or up the ascending road toward the

Hermitage and the rocky heights above the town. There they pledged their vows; like a poet, he promised to

love her for ever. She believed him, and loved him in return. The rest may be left to the imagination.

Jasmin still went on dreaming and rhyming! Mariette was a lovely subject for his rhymes. He read his verses

to her; and she could not but be pleased with his devotion, even though recited in verse. He scribbled his

rhymes upon his curlpapers; and when he had read them to his sweetheart, he used them to curl the hair of

his fair customers. When too much soiled by being written on both sides, he tore them up; for as yet, he had

When the minds of the young pair were finally made up, their further courtship did not last very long. They

The weddingday at length arrived! Jasmin does not describe his bride's dress. But he describes his own. "I

might give you," he says in his Souvenirs, "a picture of our happy nuptial day. I might tell you at length of

my newly dyed hat, my dress coat with blue facings, and my homespun linen shirt with calico front. But I

forbear all details. My godfather and godmother were at the wedding. You will see that the purse did not

It is true that Jasmin's weddinggarment was not very sumptuous, nor was his bride's; but they did the best

that they could, and looked forward with hope. Jasmin took his wife home to the pleasant house on the

Gravier; and joy and happiness sat down with them at their own fireside. There was no Charivari, because

their marriage was suitable. Both had been poor, and the wife was ready and willing to share the lot of her

young husband, whether in joy or sorrow. Their home was small and cosy very different from the

Customers came, but not very quickly. The barber's shop was somewhat removed from the more populous

parts of the town. But when the customers did come, Jasmin treated them playfully and humorously. He was

as lively as any Figaro; and he became such a favourite, that when his customers were shaved or had their

hair dressed, they invariably returned, as well as recommended others to patronize the new coiffeur.

His little shop, which was at first nearly empty, soon became fuller and fuller of customers. People took

pleasure in coming to the hairdresser's shop, and hearing him recite his verses. He sang, he declaimed, while

plying his razor or his scissors. But the chins and tresses of his sitters were in no danger from his skipping

about, for he deftly used his hands as well as his head. His razor glistened lightly over the stubbly beards, and

Except when so engaged, he went on rhyming. In a little town, gossip flies about quickly, and even gets into

One day Jasmin read in one of the Agen journals, "Pegasus is a beast that often carries poets to the hospital."

Were the words intended for him? He roared with laughter. Some gossip had bewitched the editor. Perhaps he

was no poet. His rhymes would certainly never carry him to the hospital. Jasmin's business was becoming a

little more lucrative.. It is true his house was not yet fully furnished, but day by day he was adding to the

plenishing. At all events his humble home protected him and his wife from wind and weather.

On one occasion M. Gontaud, an amiable young poet, in a chaffing way, addressed Jasmin as "Apollo!" in

former times regarded as the god of poetry and music. The epistle appeared in a local journal. Jasmin read it

aloud to his family. Gontaud alleged in his poem that Apollo had met Jasmin's mother on the banks of the

Garonne, and fell in love with her; and that Jasmin, because of the merits of his poetry, was their son.

Up flamed the old pair! "What, Catherine?" cried the old man," is it true that you have been a coquette? How!

have I been only the fosterfather of thy little poet?" "No! No!" replied the enraged mother; "he is all thine

own! Console thyself, poor John; thou alone hast been my mate. And who is this 'Pollo, the humbug who has

deceived thee so? Yes, I am lame, but when I was washing my linen, if any coxcomb had approached me, I

would have hit him on the mouth with a stroke of my mallet!" "Mother," exclaimed the daughter, "'Pollo is

only a fool, not worth talking about; where does he live, Jacques?" Jasmin relished the chaff, and explained

that he only lived in the old mythology, and had no part in human affairs. And thus was Apollo, the ancient

Years passed on, the married pair settled down quietly, and their life of happiness went on pleasantly. The

honeymoon had long since passed. Jasmin had married at twenty, and Mariette was a year younger.

When a couple live together for a time, they begin to detect some little differences of opinion. It is well if

they do not allow those little differences to end in a quarrel. This is always a sad beginning of a married life.

There was one thing about her husband that Mariette did not like. That was his versemaking. It was all very

well in courtship, but was it worth while in business? She saw him scribbling upon curlpapers instead of

attending to his periwigs. She sometimes interrupted him while he was writing; and on one occasion, while

Jasmin was absent on business, she went so far as to burn his pens and throw his ink into the fire!

Jasmin was a goodnatured man, but he did not like this treatment. It was not likely to end in a quiet

domestic life. He expostulated, but it was of little use. He would not give up his hobby. He went on rhyming,

and in order to write down his verses he bought new pens and a new bottle of ink. Perhaps he felt the germs

of poetic thought moving within him. His wife resented his conduct. Why could he not attend to the shaving

and hairdressing, which brought in money, instead of wasting his time in scribbling verses on his

M. Charles Nodier, member of the French Academy, paid a visit to Agen in 1832. Jasmin was then

thirtyfour years old. He had been married fourteen years, but his name was quite unknown, save to the

people of Agen. It was well known in the town that he had a talent for versification, for he was accustomed to

One quiet morning M. Nodier was taking a leisurely walk along the promenade of the Gravier, when he was

attracted by a loud altercation going on between a man and a woman in the barber's shop. The woman was

declaiming with the fury of a Xantippe, while the man was answering her with Homeric laughter. Nodier

entered the shop, and found himself in the presence of Jasmin and his wife. He politely bowed to the pair, and

said that he had taken the liberty of entering to see whether he could not establish some domestic concord

"Is that all you came for?" asked the wife, at the same time somewhat calmed by the entrance of a stranger.

"Yes, my dearcertainly; but" "Your wife is right, sir," said Nodier, thinking that the quarrel was about

"Truly, sir," rejoined Jasmin; "if you were a lover of poetry, you would not find it so easy to renounce it."

"What!" replied Jasmin, "so much the better. You will be able to help me out of my difficulties."

"You must not expect any help from me, for I presume you are oppressed with debts."

"Femme ou demon, ange ou sylphide, Oh! par pitie, fuis, laissemoi! Doux miel d'amour n'est que poison

"Je te l'ai dit, mon coeur sommeille; Laissele, de ses maux a peine il est gueri, Et j'ai peur que ta voix si

douce a mon oreille Par un chant d'amour ne l'eveille, Lui, que l'amour a taut meurtri!"

This was only about a fourth part of the verses which Jasmin had composed.[2] Nodier confessed that he was

greatly pleased with them. Turning round to the wife he said, "Madame, poetry knocks at your door; open it.

That which inspires it is usually a noble heart and a distinguished spirit, incapable of mean actions. Let your

Then, turning to the poet, and holding out his hand, he asked, "What is your name, my friend?"

"Jacques Jasmin," he timidly replied. "A good name," said Nodier. "At the same time, while you give fair

play to your genius, don't give up the manufacture of periwigs, for this is an honest trade, while

Nodier then took his leave, but from that time forward Jasmin and he continued the best of friends. A few

years later, when the first volume of the Papillotos appeared, Nodier published his account of the above

interview in Le Temps. He afterwards announced in the Quotidienne the outburst of a new poet on the banks

of the Garonnea poet full of piquant charm, of inspired harmonya Lamartine, a Victor Hugo, a Gascon

After Nodier's departure, Madame Jasmin took a more favourable view of the versification of her husband.

She no longer chided him. The shop became more crowded with customers. Ladies came to have their hair

dressed by the poet: it was so original! He delighted them with singing or chanting his verses. He had a

sympathetic, perhaps a mesmeric voice, which touched the souls of his hearers, and threw them into the

Besides attending to his shop, he was accustomed to go out in the afternoons to dress the hair of four or five

ladies. This occupied him for about two hours, and when he found the ladies at home, he returned with four

or five francs in his purse. But often they were not at home, and he came home francless. Eventually he gave

up this part of his trade. The receipts at the shop were more remunerative. Madame encouraged this

The evenings passed pleasantly. Jasmin took his guitar and sang to his wife and children; or, in the summer

evenings they would walk under the beautiful elms in front of the Gravier, where Jasmin was ready for

business at any moment. Such prudence, such iligence, could not but have its effect. When Jasmin's first

"The songs, the curlpapers," said Jasmin, "brought in such a rivulet of silver, that, in my poetic joy, I broke

into morsels and burnt in the fire that dreaded armchair in which my ancestors had been carried to the

Madame Jasmin now became quite enthusiastic. Instead of breaking the poet's pens and throwing his ink into

the fire, she bought the best pens and the best ink. She even supplied him with a comfortable desk, on which

he might write his verses. "Courage, courage!" she would say. "Each verse that you write is another tile to the

The rivulet of silver increased so rapidly, that in the course of a short time Jasmin was enabled to buy the

house in which he livedtiles, rafters, and all. Instead of Pegasus carrying him to the hospital, it carried him

to the office of the Notary, who enrolled him in the list of collectors of taxes. He was now a man of

substance, a man to be trusted. The notary was also employed to convey the tenement to the prosperous

"When Pegasus kicks with a fling of his feet, He sends me to curl on my hobby horse fleet; I lose all my time,

[1] In Gascon Magnounet; her pet name Marie, or in French Mariette. Madame Jasmin called herself Marie

[2] The remaining verses are to be found in the collected edition of his worksthe fourth volume of Las

[3] Papillotes, as we have said, are curlpapers. Jasmin's words, in Gascon, are these:

"Quand Pegazo reguiuno, et que d'un cot de pe Memboyo friza mas marotos, Perdi moun ten, es bray, mais

Jasmin's first efforts at versemaking were necessarily imperfect. He tried to imitate the works of others,

rather than create poetical images of his own. His verses consisted mostly of imitations of the French poems

which he had read. He was overshadowed by the works of Boileau, Gresset, Rousseau, and especially by

The recollections of their poetry pervaded all his earlier verses. His efforts in classical French were by no

means successful. It was only when he had raised himself above the influence of authors who had preceded

Jasmin did not at first write in Gascon. In fact, he had not yet mastered a perfect knowledge of this dialect.

Though familiarly used in ancient times, it did not exist in any written form. It was the speech of the common

people; and though the Gascons spoke the idiom, it had lost much of its originality. It had become mixed,

more or less, with the ordinary French language, and the old Gascon words were becoming gradually

Yet the common people, after all, remain the depositories of old idioms and old traditions, as well as of the

inheritances of the past. They are the most conservative element in society. They love their old speech, their

old dress, their old manners and customs, and have an instinctive worship of ancient memories.

Their old idioms are long preserved. Their old dialect continues the language of the fireside, of daily toil, of

daily needs, and of domestic joys and sorrows. It hovers in the air about them, and has been sucked in with

their mothers' milk. Yet, when a primitive race such as the Gascons mix much with the people of the

adjoining departments, the local dialect gradually dies out, and they learn to speak the language of their

The Gascon was disappearing as a speech, and very few of its written elements survived. Was it possible for

Jasmin to revive the dialect, and embody it in a written language? He knew much of the patois, from hearing

it spoken at home. But now, desiring to know it more thoroughly, he set to work and studied it. He was

almost as assiduous as Sir Walter Scott in learning obscure Lowland words, while writing the Waverley

Novels. Jasmin went into the marketplaces, where the peasants from the country sold their produce; and

there he picked up many new words and expressions. He made excursions into the country round Agen,

where many of the old farmers and labourers spoke nothing but Gascon. He conversed with illiterate people,

and especially with old women at their spinningwheels, and eagerly listened to their ancient tales and

He thus gathered together many a golden relic, which he afterwards made use of in his poetical works. He

studied Gascon like a pioneer. He made his own lexicon, and eventually formed a written dialect, which he

wove into poems, to the delight of the people in the South of France. For the Gascon dialectsuch is its

richness and beautyexpresses many shades of meaning which are entirely lost in the modern French.

When Jasmin first read his poems in Gascon to his townspeople at Agen, he usually introduced his readings

by describing the difficulties he had encountered in prosecuting his enquiries. is hearers, who knew more

French than Gascon, detected in his poems many comparatively unknown words,not indeed of his own

creation, but merely the result of his patient and longcontinued investigation of the Gascon dialect. Yet they

found the language, as written and spoken by him, full of harmonyrich, mellifluous, and sonorous. Gascon

resembles the Spanish, to which it is strongly allied, more than the Provencal, the language of the

Hallam, in his 'History of the Middle Ages,' regards the sudden outburst of Troubadour poetry as one

symptom of the rapid impulse which the human mind received in the twelfth century, contemporaneous with

the improved studies that began at the Universities. It was also encouraged by the prosperity of Southern

France, which was comparatively undisturbed by internal warfare, and it continued until the tremendous

storm that fell upon Languedoc during the crusade against the Albigenses, which shook off the flowers of

The language of the SouthWest of France, including the Gascon, was then called Langue d'Oc; while that of

the southeast of France, including the Provencal, was called Langue d'Oil. M. Littre, in the Preface to his

Dictionary of the French language, says that he was induced to begin the study of the subject by his desire to

In speaking of the languages of Western Europe, M. Littre says that the German is the oldest, beginning in

the fourth century; that the French is the next, beginning in the ninth century; and that the English is the last,

beginning in the fourteenth century. It must be remembered, however, that Plat Deutsch preceded the

German, and was spoken by the Frisians, Angles, and Saxons, who lived by the shores of the North Sea.

The Gaelic or Celtic, and Kymriac languages, were spoken in the middle and northwest of France; but these,

except in Brittany, have been superseded by the modem French language, which is founded mainly on Latin,

German, and Celtic, but mostly on Latin. The English language consists mostly of Saxon, Norse, and

NormanFrench with a mixture of Welsh or Ancient British. That language is, however, no test of the

genealogy of a people, is illustrated by the history of France itself. In the fourth and fifth centuries, the

Franks, a powerful German race, from the banks of the Rhine, invaded and conquered the people north of the

Somme, and eventually gave the name of France to the entire country. The Burgundians and Visigoths, also a

German race, invaded France, and settled themselves in the southeast. In the year 464, Childeric the Frank

The whole history of the occupation of France is told by Augustin Thierry, in his 'Narratives of the

Merovingian Times.' "There are Franks," he says in his Preface, "who remained pure Germans in Gaul;

GalloRomans, irritated and disgusted by the barbarian rule; Franks more or less influenced by the manners

and customs of civilised life; and 'Romans more or less barbarian in mind and manners.' The contrast may be

followed in all its shades through the sixth century, and into the middle of the seventh; later, the Germanic

and GalloRoman stamp seemed effaced and lost in a semibarbarism clothed in theocratic forms."

The Franks, when they had completed the conquest of the entire country, gave it the name of

Frankenricthe Franks' kingdom. Eventually, Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, descended from

Childeric the Frank, was in 800 crowned Emperor of the West. Towards the end of his reign, the Norsemen

began to devastate the northern coast of Frankenric. AixlaChapelle was Charlemagne's capital, and there

he died and was buried. At his death, the Empire was divided among his sons. The Norse Vikingers continued

their invasions; and to purchase repose, Charles the Simple ceded to Duke Rollo a large territory in the

northwest of France, which in deference to their origin, was known by the name of Normandy.

There NormanFrench was for a long time spoken. Though the Franks had supplanted the Romans, the

Roman language continued to be spoken. In 996 Paris was made the capital of France; and from that time, the

language of Paris became, with various modifications, the language of France; and not only of France, but the

Roman or Latin tongue became the foundation of the languages of Italy, Spain, and Portugal.

Thus, Gaulish, Frankish, and Norman disappeared to give place to the LatinFrench. The Kymriac language

was preserved only in Brittany, where it still lingers. And in the southwest of France, where the population

was furthest removed from the invasions of the Gauls, Ostrogoths, and Visigoths, the Basques continued to

preserve their language,the Basques, who are supposed by Canon Isaac Taylor to be the direct descendants

The descendants of the Gauls, however, constitute the mass of the people in Central France. The Gauls, or

Galatians, are supposed to have come from the central district of Asia Minor. They were always a warlike

people. In their wanderings westward, they passed through the north of Italy and entered France, where they

settled in large numbers. Dr. Smith, in his Dictionary of the Bible, says that "Galatai is the same word as

Keltici," which indicates that the Gauls were Kelts. It is supposed that St. Paul wrote his Epistle to the

Galatians soon after his visit to the country of their origin. "Its abruptness and severity, and the sadness of its

tone, are caused by their sudden perversion from the doctrine which the Apostle had taught them, and which

at first they had received so willingly. It is no fancy, if we see in this fickleness a specimen of that 'esprit

impretueux, ouvert a toutes les impressions,' and that 'mobilite extreme,' which Thierry marks as

characteristic of the Gaulish race." At all events, the language of the Gauls disappeared in Central France to

make way for the language or the Capital the modern French, founded on the Latin. The Gaulish race,

nevertheless, preserved their characteristicsquickness, lightness, mobility, and elasticityqualities which

enabled them quickly to conceive new ideas, and at the same time to quickly abandon them. The Franks had

given the country the name it now bearsthat of France. But they were long regarded as enemies by the

Central and Southern Gauls. In Gascony, the foreigner was called Low Franciman, and was regarded with

"This term of Franciman," says Miss Costello, who travelled through the country and studied the subject,

"evidently belongs to a period of the English occupation of Aquitaine, when a Frenchman was another word

for an enemy."[3] But the word has probably a more remote origin. When the Franks, of German origin, burst

into Gaul, and settled in the country north of the Loire, and afterwards carried their conquests to the Pyrenees,

"Then all the countries," says Thierry, "united by force to the empire of the Franks, and over which in

consequence of this union, the name of France had extended itself, made unheardof efforts to reconquer

their ancient names and places. Of all the Gallic provinces, none but the southern ones succeeded in this great

enterprise; and after the wars of insurrection, which, under the sons of Charlemagne, succeeded the wars of

conquest, Aquitaine and Provence became distinct states. Among the South Eastern provinces reappeared

even the ancient name of Gaul, which had for ever perished north of the Loire. The chiefs of the new

Kingdom of Aries, which extended from the Jura to the Alps, took the title of Gaul in opposition to the Kings

It is probable that this was the cause of the name of "Franciman" being regarded as an hereditary term of

reproach in the Gaulish country south of the Loire. Gascon and Provencal were the principal dialects which

remained in the South, though Littre classes them together as the language of the Troubadours.

They were both well understood in the South; and Jasmin's recitations were received with as much

Mezzofanti, a very Tower of Babel in dialects and languages, said of the Provencal, that it was the only patois

of the Middle Ages, with its numerous derivations from the Greek, the Arabic, and the Latin, which has

survived the various revolutions of language. The others have been altered and modified. They have suffered

from the caprices of victory or of fortune. Of all the dialects of the Roman tongue, this patois alone preserves

its purity and life. It still remains the sonorous and harmonious language of the Troubadours. The patois has

the suppleness of the Italian, the sombre majesty of the Spanish, the energy and preciseness of the Latin, with

the "Molle atque facetum, le dolce de, l'Ionic; which still lives among the Phoceens of Marseilles. The

imagination and genius of Gascony have preserved the copious richness of the language.

M. de Lavergne, in his notice of Jasmin's works, frankly admits the local jealousy which existed between the

Troubadours of Gascony and Provence. There seemed, he said, to be nothing disingenuous in the silence of

the Provencals as to Jasmin's poems. They did not allow that he borrowed from them, any more than that they

borrowed from him. These men of Southern France are born in the land of poetry. It breathes in their native

air. It echoes round them in its varied measures. Nay, the rhymes which are its distinguishing features,

The seeds lie dormant in their native soil, and when trodden under foot, they burst through the ground and

evolve their odour in the open air. Gascon and Provencal alike preserve the same relation to the classic

romancethat lovely but shortlived eldest daughter of the Latinthe language of the Troubadours.

We have said that the Gascon dialect was gradually expiring when Jasmin undertook its revival. His success

in recovering and restoring it, and presenting it in a written form, was the result of laborious investigation. He

did not at first realize the perfect comprehension of the idiom, but he eventually succeeded by patient

perseverance, When we read his poems, we are enabled to follow, step by step, his lexicological progress.

At first, he clung to the measures most approved in French poetry, especially to Alexandrines and Iambic

tetrameters, and to their irregular association in a sort of ballad metre, which in England has been best

Jasmin's first rhymes were written upon curl papers, and then used on the heads of his lady customers. When

the spirit of original poetry within him awoke, his style changed. Genius brought sweet music from his heart

and mind. Imagination spiritualised his nature, lifted his soul above the cares of ordinary life, and awakened

the consciousness of his affinity with what is pure and noble. Jasmin sang as a bird sings; at first in weak

notes, then in louder, until at length his voice filled the skies. Near the end of his life he was styled the Saint

Jasmin might be classed among the Uneducated Poets. But what poet is not uneducated at the beginning of

The lowly man, against whom the asperities of his lot have closed the doors of worldly academies, may

nevertheless have some special vocation for the poetic life. Academies cannot shut him out from the odour of

the violet or the song of the nightingale. He hears the lark's song filling the heavens, as the happy bird fans

the milkwhite cloud with its wings. He listens to the purling of the brook, the bleating of the lamb, the song

of the milkmaid, and the joyous cry of the reaper. Thus his mind is daily fed with the choicest influences of

nature. He cannot but appreciate the joy, the glory, the unconscious delight of living. "The beautiful is master

of a star." This feeling of beauty is the nurse of civilisation and true refinement. Have we not our Burns, who

Clare, the peasant boy; Bloomfield, the farmer's lad; Tannahill, the weaver; Allan Ramsay, the

perukemaker; Cooper, the shoemaker; and Critchley Prince, the factoryworker; but greater than these was

France too has had its uneducated poets. Though the ancient songwriters of France were noble; Henry IV.,

author of Charmante Gabrielle; Thibault, Count of Champagne; Lusignan, Count de la Marche; Raval,

Blondel, and Basselin de la Vive, whose songs were as joyous as the juice of his grapes; yet some of the best

French poets of modem times have been of humble originMarmontel, Moliere, Rousseau, and Beranger.

There were also Reboul, the baker; Hibley, the workingtailor; Gonzetta, the shoemaker; Durand, the joiner;

Magu, the weaver; Poucy, the mason; Germiny, the cooper;[5] and finally, Jasmin the barber and hair dresser,

The first poem which Jasmin composed in the Gascon dialect was written in 1822, when he was only

twentyfour years old. It was entitled La fidelitat Agenoso, which he subsequently altered to Me cal Mouri

(Il me fait mourir), or "Let me die." It is a languishing romantic poem, after the manner of Florian, Jasmin's

first master in poetry. It was printed at Agen in a quarto form, and sold for a franc. Jasmin did not attach his

SainteBeuve, in his notice of the poem, says, "It is a pretty, sentimental romance, showing that Jasmin

possessed the brightness and sensibility of the Troubadours. As one may say, he had not yet quitted the guitar

for the flageolet; and Marot, who spoke of his flageolet, had not, in the midst of his playful spirit, those

tender accents which contrasted so well with his previous compositions. And did not Henry IV., in the midst

of his Gascon gaieties and sallies, compose his sweet song of Charmante Gabrielle? Jasmin indeed is the poet

who is nearest the region of Henry IV."[6] Me cal Mouri was set to music by Fourgons, and obtained great

popularity in the south. It was known by heart, and sung everywhere; in Agen, Toulouse, and throughout

Provence. It was not until the publication of the first volume of his poems that it was known to be the work of

Miss Louisa Stuart Costello, when making her pilgrimage in the South of France, relates that, in the course of

her journey," A friend repeated to me two charming ballads picked up in Languedoc, where there is a variety

in the patois. I cannot resist giving them here, that my readers may compare the difference of dialect. I wrote

them clown, however, merely by ear, and am not aware that they have ever been printed. The mixture of

As the words of Jasmin's romance were written down by Miss Costello from memory, they are not quite

accurate; but her translation into English sufficiently renders the poet's meaning. The following is the first

"Deja la ney encrumis la naturo, Tout es tranquille et tout cargo lou dol; Dins lou clouche la brezago

murmuro, Et lou tuquet succedo al rossignol: Del mal, helas! bebi jusq'a la ligo, Moun co gemis sans espouer

"Already sullen night comes sadly on, And nature's form is clothed with mournful weeds; Around the tower

is heard the breeze's moan, And to the nightingale the bat succeeds. Oh! I have drained the cup of misery, My

fainting heart has now no hope in store. Ah! wretched me! what have I but to die? For I have lost my love for

"Fair, tender Phoebe, hasten on thy course, My woes revive while I behold thee shine, For of my hope thou

art no more the source, And of my happiness no more the sign. Oh! I have drained the cup of misery, My

fainting heart has now no bliss in store. Ah! wretched me! what have I but to die? Since I have lost my love

The whole of the poem was afterwards translated into modem French, and, though somewhat artificial, it

Jasmin's success in his native town, and his growing popularity, encouraged him to proceed with the making

of verses. His poems were occasionally inserted in the local journals; but the editors did not approve of his

use of the expiring Gascon dialect. They were of opinion that his works might be better appreciated if they

appeared in modern French. Gascon was to a large extent a foreign language, and greatly interfered with

Nevertheless he held on his way, and continued to write his verses in Gascon. They contained many personal

lyrics, tributes, dedications, hymns for festivals, and impromptus, scarcely worthy of being collected and

printed. Jasmin said of the last description of verse: "One can only pay a poetical debt by means of

impromptus, and though they may be good money of the heart, they are almost always bad money of the

Jasmin's next poem was The Charivari (Lou Charibari), also written in Gascon. It was composed in 1825,

when he was twentyseven years old; and dedicated to M. Duprount, the Advocate, who was himself a

poetaster. The dedication contained some fine passages of genuine beauty and graceful versification. It was in

some respects an imitation of the Lutrin of Boileau. It was very different from the doggerel in which he had

taken part with his humpbacked father so long ago. Then he had blown the cowhorn, now he spoke with the

tongue of a trumpet. The hero of Jasmin's Charivari was one Aduber, an old widower, who dreamt of

remarrying. It reminded one of the strains of Beranger; in other passages of the mockheroic poem of

Though the poem when published was read with much interest, it was not nearly so popular as Me cal Mouri.

This lastmentioned poem, his first published work, touched the harp of sadness; while his Charivari

displayed the playfulness of joy. Thus, at the beginning of his career, Jasmin revealed himself as a poet in

two very different styles; in one, touching the springs of grief, and in the other exhibiting brightness and

happiness. At the end of the same year he sounded his third and deepest note in his poem On the Death of

General Foyone of France's truest patriots. Now his lyre was complete; it had its three stringsof sadness,

These three poemsMe cal Mouri, the Charivari, and the ode On the Death of General Foy, with some other

verseswere published in 1825. What was to be the title of the volume? As Adam, the carpenterpoet of

Nevers, had entitled his volume of poetry 'Shavings,' so Jasmin decided to name his collection 'The

Curlpapers of Jasmin, Coiffeur of Agen.' The title was a good one, and the subsequent volumes of his works

were known as La Papillotos (the Curlpapers) of Jasmin. The publication of this first volume served to make

Jasmin's name popular beyond the town in which they had been composed and published. His friend M. Gaze

said of him, that during the year 1825 he had been marrying his razor with the swan's quill; and that his hand

Charles Nodier, his old friend, who had entered the barber's shop some years before to intercede between the

poet and his wife, sounded Jasmin's praises in the Paris journals. He confessed that he had been greatly struck

with the Charivari, and boldly declared that the language of the Troubadours, which everyone supposed to be

dead, was still in full life in France; that it not only lived, but that at that very moment a poor barber at Agen,

without any instruction beyond that given by the fields, the woods, and the heavens, had written a

seriocomic poem which, at the risk of being thought crazy by his colleagues of the Academy, he considered

to be better composed than the Lutrin of Boileau, and even better than one of Pope's masterpieces, the Rape

The first volume of the Papillotes sold very well; and the receipts from its sale not only increased Jasmin's

income, but also increased his national reputation. Jasmin was not, however, elated by success. He remained

simple, frugal, honest, and hardworking. He was not carried off his feet by eclat. Though many illustrious

strangers, when passing through Agen, called upon and interviewed the poetical coiffeur, he quietly went

back to his razors, his combs, and his periwigs, and cheerfully pursued the business that he could always

[2] His words are these: "La conception m'en fut suggeree par mes etudes sur la vieille langue francaise ou

langue d'oil. Je fus si frappe des liens qui unissent le francais moderne au francais ancien, j'apercus tant de

cas ou les sens et des locutions du jour ne s'expliquent que par les sens et les locutions d'autrefois, tant

d'exemples ou la forme des mots n'est pas intelligible sans les formes qui ont precede, qu'il me sembla que la

doctrine et meme l'usage de la langue restent mal assis s'ils ne reposent sur leur base antique." (Preface, ii.)

During the next four years Jasmin composed no work of special importance. He occasionally wrote poetry,

but chiefly on local subjects. In 1828 he wrote an impromptu to M. Pradel, who had improvised a Gascon

song in honour of the poet. The Gascon painter, Champmas, had compared Jasmin to a ray of sunshine, and

in 1829 the poet sent him a charming piece of verse in return for his compliment.

In 1830 Jasmin composed The Third of May, which was translated into French by M. Duvigneau. It appears

that the Count of Dijon had presented to the town of Nerac, near Agen, a bronze statue of Henry IV.,

executed by the sculptor Raggiof the same character as the statue erected to the same monarch at Pau. But

though Henry IV. was born at Pau, Nerac was perhaps more identified with him, for there he had his strong

Nerac was at one time almost the centre of the Reformation in France. Clement Marot, the poet of the

Reformed faith, lived there; and the house of Theodore de Beze, who emigrated to Geneva, still exists. The

Protestant faith extended to Agen and the neighbouring towns. When the Roman Catholics obtained the upper

hand, persecutions began. Vindocin, the pastor, was burned alive at Agen. J. J. Scaliger was an eyewitness

of the burning, and he records the fact that not less than 300 victims perished for their faith.

At a later time Nerac, which had been a prosperous town, was ruined by the Revocation of the Edict of

Nantes; for the Protestant population, who had been the most diligent and industrious in the town and

neighbourhood, were all either "converted," hanged, sent to the galleys, or forced to emigrate to England,

Holland, or Prussia. Nevertheless, the people of Nerac continued to be proud of their old monarch.

of the marble pedestal supporting the statue were the words "Alumno, mox patri nostro, Henrico quarto," and

"Brabes Gascons! A moun amou per bous aou dibes creyre; Benes! Benes! ey plaze de bous beyre!

The words were assumed to be those of; Henry IV., and may be thus translated into English:

"Brave Gascons! You may well trust my love for you; Come! come! I leave to you my glory! Come near!

It is necessary to explain how the verse in Gascon came to be engraved on the pedestal of the statue. The

Society of Agriculture, Sciences, and Arts, of Agen, offered a prize of 300 francs for the best Ode to the

memory of Henry the Great. Many poems were accordingly sent in to the Society; and, after some

consideration, it was thought that the prize should be awarded to M. Jude Patissie. But amongst the

thirtynine poems which had been presented for examination, it was found that two had been written in the

Gascon dialect. The committee were at first of opinion that they could not award the prize to the author of

any poem written in the vulgar tongue. At the same time they reported that one of the poems written in

Gascon possessed such real merit, that the committee decided by a unanimous vote that a prize should be

awarded to the author of the best poem written in the Gascon dialect. Many poems were accordingly sent in

and examined. Lou Tres de May was selected as the best; and on the letter attached to the poem being

opened, the president proclaimed the author to be "Jasmin, Coiffeur." After the decision of the Society at

Agen, the people of Nerac desired to set their seal upon their judgment, and they accordingly caused the

above words to be engraved on the reverse side of the pedestal supporting the statue of Henry IV. Jasmin's

poem was crowned by the Academy of Agen; and though it contained many fine verses, it had the same

M. Rodiere, Professor of Law at Toulouse, was of opinion that during the four years during which Jasmin

produced no work of any special importance, he was carefully studying Gascon; for it ought to be known that

the language in which Godolin wrote his fine poems is not without its literature. "The fact," says Rodiere,

"that Jasmin used some of his time in studying the works of Godolin is, that while in Lou Charibari there are

some French words illdisguised in a Gascon dress, on the other hand, from the year 1830, there are none;

and the language of Jasmin is the same as the language of Godolin, except for a few trifling differences, due

Besides studying Gascon, Jasmin had some military duties to perform. He was corporal of the third company

of the National Guard of Agen; and in 1830 he addressed his comrades in a series of verses. One of these was

a song entitled 'The Flag of Liberty' (Lou Drapeou de la Libertat); another, 'The Good Allmerciful God!'

Two years later, in 1832, Jasmin composed The Gascons, which he improvised at a banquet given to the

noncommissioned officers of the 14th Chasseurs. Of course, the improvisation was carefully prepared; and

it was composed in French, as the noncommissioned officers did not understand the Gascon dialect.

Jasmin extolled the valour of the French, and especially of the Gascons. The last lines of his eulogy ran as

"O Liberty! mother of victory, Thy flag always brings us success! Though as Gascons we sing of thy glory,

In the same year Jasmin addressed the poet Beranger in a pleasant poetical letter written in classical French.

Beranger replied in prose; his answer was dated the 12th of July, 1832. He thanked Jasmin for his fervent

eulogy. While he thought that the Gascon poet's praise of his works was exaggerated, he believed in his

"I hasten," said Beranger, "to express my thanks for the kindness of your address. Believe in my sincerity, as

I believe in your praises. Your exaggeration of my poetical merits makes me repeat the first words of your

address, in which you assume the title of a Gascon[2] poet. It would please me much better if you would be a

French poet, as you prove by your epistle, which is written with taste and harmony. The sympathy of our

sentiments has inspired you to praise me in a manner which I am far from meriting, Nevertheless, sir, I am

"You have been born and brought up in the same condition as myself. Like me, you appear to have triumphed

over the absence of scholastic instruction, and, like me too, you love your country. You reproach me, sir, with

the silence which I have for some time preserved. At the end of this year I intend to publish my last volume; I

will then take my leave of the public. I am now fiftytwo years old. I am tired of the world. My little mission

is fulfilled, and the public has had enough of me. I am therefore making arrangements for retiring. Without

the desire for living longer, I have broken silence too soon. At least you must pardon the silence of one who

has never demanded anything of his country. I care nothing about power, and have now merely the ambition

"I ask your pardon for submitting to you these personal details. But your epistle makes it my duty. I thank

you again for the pleasure you have given me. I do not understand the language of Languedoc, but, if you

speak this language as you write French, I dare to prophecy a true success in the further publication of your

Notwithstanding this advice of Beranger and other critics, Jasmin continued to write his poems in the Gascon

dialect. He had very little time to spare for the study of classical French; he was occupied with the trade by

which he earned his living, and his business was increasing. His customers were always happy to hear him

He was equally unfortunate with M. Minier of Bordeaux. Jasmin addressed him in a Gascon letter full of

bright poetry, not unlike Burns's Vision, when he dreamt of becoming a songwriter. The only consolation

that Jasmin received from M. Minier was a poetical letter, in which the poet was implored to retain his

Perhaps the finest work which Jasmin composed at this period of his life was that which he entitled Mous

Soubenis, or 'My Recollections.' In none of his poems did he display more of the characteristic qualities of his

mind, his candour, his pathos, and his humour, than in these verses. He used the rustic dialect, from which he

never afterwards departed. He showed that the Gascon was not yet a dead language; and he lifted it to the

level of the most serious themes. His verses have all the greater charm because of their artless gaiety, their

Jasmin began to compose his 'Recollections' in 1830, but the two first cantos were not completed until two

years later. The third canto was added in 1835, when the poem was published in the first volume of his

'CurlPapers' (Papillotes). These recollections, in fact, constitute Jasmin's autobiography, and we are

indebted to them for the description we have already given of the poet's early life.

Many years later Jasmin wrote his Mous noubels Soubenis 'My New Recollections'; but in that work he

returned to the trials and the enjoyments of his youth, and described few of the events of his later life. "What

a pity," says M. Rodiere, "that Jasmin did not continue to write his impressions until the end of his life! What

trouble he would have saved his biographers! For how can one speak when Jasmin ceases to sing?"

It is unnecessary to return to the autobiography and repeat the confessions of Jasmin's youth. His joys and

sorrows are all described therehis birth in the povertystricken dwelling in the Rue Fon de Rache, his love

for his parents, his sports with his playfellows on the banks of the Garonne, his blowing the horn in his

father's Charivaris, his enjoyment of the titbits which old Boe brought home from his beggingtours, the

decay of the old man, and his conveyance to the hospital, "where all the Jasmins die;" then his education at

the Academy, his toying with the housemaid, his stealing the preserves, his expulsion from the seminary,

While composing the first two cantos of the Souvenirs he seemed half ashamed of the homeliness of the tale

he had undertaken to relate. Should he soften and brighten it? Should he dress it up with false lights and

colours? For there are times when falsehood in silk and gold are acceptable, and the naked newborn truth is

"Myself, nor less, nor more, I'll draw for you, And if not bright, the likeness shall be true."

The third canto of the poem was composed at intervals. It took him two more years to finish it. It commences

with his apprenticeship to the barber; describes his first visit to the theatre, his reading of Florian's romances

and poems, his solitary meditations, and the birth and growth of his imagination. Then he falls in love, and a

new era opens in his life. He writes verses and sings them. He opens a barber's shop of his own, marries, and

brings his young bride home. "Two angels," he says, "took up their abode with me." His newlywedded wife

"Who, fluttering softly from on high, Raised on his wing and bore me far, Where fields of balmiest ether are;

There, in the shepherd lassie's speech I sang a song, or shaped a rhyme; There learned I stronger love than I

can teach. Oh, mystic lessons! Happy time! And fond farewells I said, when at the close of day, Silent she led

He then speaks of the happiness of his wedded life; he shaves and sings most joyfully. A little rivulet of silver

passes into the barber's shop, and, in a fit of poetic ardour, he breaks into pieces and burns the wretched

armchair in which his ancestors were borne to the hospital to die. His wife no longer troubles him with her

doubts as to his verses interfering with his business. She supplies him with pen, paper, ink, and a comfortable

desk; and, in course of time, he buys the house in which he lives, and becomes a man of importance in Agen.

"Thus, reader, have I told my tale in cantos three: Though still I sing, I hazard no great risk; For should

Pegasus rear and fling me, it is clear, However ruffled all my fancies fair, I waste my time, 'tis true; though

Robert Nicoll, the Scotch poet, said of his works: "I have written my heart in my poems; and rude,

unfinished, and hasty as they are, it can be read there." Jasmin might have used the same words. "With all my

faults," he said, "I desired to write the truth, and I have described it as I saw it."

In his 'Recollections' he showed without reserve his whole heart. Jasmin dedicated his 'Recollections,' when

finished, to M. Florimond de SaintAmand, one of the first gentlemen who recognised his poetical talents.

This was unquestionably the first poem in which Jasmin exhibited the true bent of his genius. He avoided

entirely the French models which he had before endeavoured to imitate; and he now gave full flight to the

artless gaiety and humour of his Gascon muse. It is unfortunate that the poem cannot be translated into

English. It was translated into French; but even in that kindred language it lost much of its beauty and pathos.

The more exquisite the poetry that is contained in one language, the more difficulty there is in translating it

M. Charles Nodier said of Lou Tres de May that it contains poetic thoughts conveyed in exquisite words; but

it is impossible to render it into any language but its own. In the case of the Charivari he shrinks from

attempting to translate it. There is one passage containing a superb description of the rising of the sun in

"Quand l'Auroro, fourrado en raoubo de sati, Desparrouillo, san brut, las portos del mati.'

Some of the words translated into French might seem vulgar, though in Gascon they are beautiful. In English

"When Aurora, enfurred in her robe of satin, Unbars, without noise, the doors of the morning."

"Dream if you like," says Nodier, "of the Aurora of winter, and tell me if Homer could have better robed it in

words. The Aurora of Jasmin is quite his own; 'unbars the doors of the morning'; it is done without noise, like

a goddess, patient and silent, who announces herself to mortals only by her brightness of light. It is this

finished felicity of expression which distinguishes great writers. The vulgar cannot accomplish it."

Again Nodier says of the 'Recollections': "They are an ingenuous marvel of gaiety, sensibility, and passion! I

use," he says, "this expression of enthusiasm; and I regret that I cannot be more lavish in my praises. There is

almost nothing in modem literature, and scarcely anything in ancient, which has moved me more profoundly

Happy and lovely children of Guienne and Languedoc, read and reread the Souvenirs of Jasmin; they will

give you painful recollections of public schools, and perhaps give you hope of better things to come. You will

learn by heart what you will never forget. You will know from this poetry all that you ought to treasure."

Jasmin added several other poems to his collection before his second volume appeared in 1835. Amongst

these were his lines on the Polish nationAux debris de la Nation Polonaise, and Les Oiseaux Voyageurs,

ou Les Polonais en Franceboth written in Gascon. Saintbeuve thinks the latter one of Jasmin's best works.

"It is full of pathos," he says, "and rises to the sublime through its very simplicity. It is indeed difficult to

exaggerate the poetic instinct and the unaffected artlessness of this amiable bard. At the same time," he said,"

Jasmin still wanted the fire of passion to reach the noblest poetic work. Yet he had the art of style. If Agen

was renowned as 'the eye of Guienne,' Jasmin was certainly the greatest poet who had ever written in the pure

SainteBeuve also said of Jasmin that he was "invariably sober." And Jasmin said of himself, "I have learned

that in moments of heat and emotion we are all eloquent and laconic, alike in speech and

actionunconscious poets in fact; and I have also learned that it is possible for a muse to become all this

Another of his supplementary poems consisted of a dialogue between Ramoun, a soldier of the Old Guard,

and Mathiou, a peasant. It is of a political cast, and Jasmin did not shine in politics. He was, however, always

a patriot, whether under the Empire, the Monarchy, or the Republic. He loved France above all things, while

he entertained the warmest affection for his native province. If Jasmin had published his volume in classical

French he might have been lost amidst a crowd of rhymers; but as he published the work in his native dialect,

he became forthwith distinguished in his neighbourhood, and was ever after known as the Gascon poet.

Nor did he long remain unknown beyond the district in which he lived. When his second volume appeared in

1835, with a preface by M. Baze, an advocate of the Royal Court of Agen, it created considerable excitement,

not only at Bordeaux and Toulouse, but also at Paris, the centre of the literature, science, and fine arts of

France. There, men of the highest distinction welcomed the work with enthusiasm.

M. Baze, in his preface, was very eulogistic. "We have the pleasure," he said, "of seeing united in one

collection the sweet Romanic tongue which the South of France has adopted, like the privileged children of

her lovely sky and voluptuous climate; and her lyrical songs, whose masculine vigour and energetic

sentiments have more than once excited patriotic transports and awakened popular enthusiasm. For Jasmin is

above all a poet of the people. He is not ashamed of his origin. He was born in the midst of them, and though

a poet, still belongs to them. For genius is of all stations and ranks of life. He is but a hairdresser at Agen, and

more than that, he wishes to remain so. His ambition is to unite the razor to the poet's pen."

At Paris the work was welcomed with applause, first by his poetic sponsor, Charles Nodier, in the Temps,

where he congratulated Jasmin on using the Gascon patois, though still under the ban of literature. "It is a

veritable Saint Bartholomew of innocent and beautiful idioms, which can scarcely be employed even in the

hours of recreation." He pronounced Jasmin to be a Gascon Beranger, and quoted several of his lines from the

Charivari, but apologised for their translation into French, fearing that they might lose much of their rustic

What was a still greater honour, Jasmin was reviewed by the first critic of FranceSainteBeuve in the

leading critical journal, the Revue des deux Mondes. The article was afterwards republished in his

Contemporary Portraits.[5] He there gives a general account of his poems; compares him with the English

and Scotch poets of the working class; and contrasts him with Reboul, the baker of Nimes, who writes in

classical French, after the manner of the 'Meditations of Lamartine.' He proceeds to give a brief account of

Jasmin's life, taken from the Souvenirs, which he regards as a beautiful work, written with much artlessness

Various other reviews of Jasmin's poems appeared, in Agen, Bordeaux, Toulouse, and Paris, by men of

literary markby Leonce de Lavergne, and De Mazude in the Revue des deux Mondes by Charles

Labitte, M. Ducuing, and M. de Pontmartin. The latter classed Jasmin with Theocritus, Horace, and La

Fontaine, and paid him the singular tribute, "that he had made Goodness as attractive as other French writers

had made Badness." Such criticisms as these made Jasmin popular, not only in his own district, but

We cannot withhold the interesting statement of Paul de Musset as to his interview with Jasmin in 1836, after

the publication of his second volume of poems. Paul de Musset was the author of several novels, as well as of

Lui et Elle, apropos of his brother's connection with George Sand. Paul de Musset thus describes his visit to

"Let no one return northward by the direct road from Toulouse. Nothing can be more dreary than the Lot, the

Limousin, and the interminable Dordogne; but make for Bordeaux by the plains of Gascony, and do not

forget the steamboat from Marmande. You will then find yourself on the Garonne, in the midst of a beautiful

country, where the air is vigorous and healthy. The roads are bordered with vines, arranged in arches, lovely

to the eyes of travellers. The poets, who delight in making the union of the vine with the trees which support

it an emblem of marriage, can verify their comparisons only in Gascony or Italy. It is usually pear trees that

"Thanks to M. Charles Nodier, who had discovered a man of modest talent buried in this province, I knew a

little of the verses of the Gascon poet Jasmin. Early one morning, at about seven, the diligence stopped in the

middle of a Place, where I read this inscription over a shopdoor, 'Jasmin, Coiffeur des jeunes gens.' We

were at Agen. I descended, swallowed my cup of coffee as fast as I could, and entered the shop of the most

lettered of perukemakers. On a table was a mass of pamphlets and some of the journals of the South.

"'Monsieur Jasmin?' said I on entering. 'Here I am, sir, at your service,' replied a handsome brownhaired

"'Will you shave me?' I asked. 'Willingly, sir,' he replied, I sat down and we entered into conversation. 'I have

'Monsieur then comprehends the patois?' 'A little,' I said; 'one of my friends has explained to me the difficult

passages. But tell me, Monsieur Jasmin, why is it that you, who appear to know French perfectly, write in a

"'Ah, sir, how could a poor rhymer like me appear amongst the great celebrities of Paris? I have sold eighteen

hundred copies of my little pieces of poetry (in pamphlet form), and certainly all who speak Gascon know

them well. Remember that there are at least six millions of people in Languedoc.'

"My mouth was covered with soapsuds, and I could not answer him for some time. Then I said, 'But a

hundred thousand persons at most know how to read, and twenty thousand of them can scarcely be able to

"'Well, sir, I am content with that amount. Perhaps you have at Paris more than one writer who possesses his

twenty thousand readers. My little reputation would soon carry me astray if I ventured to address all Europe.

The voice that appears sonorous in a little place is not heard in the midst of a vast plain. And then, my readers

are confined within a radius of forty leagues, and the result is of real advantage to an author.'

"'Ah! And why do you not abandon your razor?' I enquired of this singular poet. 'What would you have?' he

said. 'The Muses are most capricious; today they give gold, tomorrow they refuse bread. The razor secures

me soup, and perhaps a bottle of Bordeaux. Besides, my salon is a little literary circle, where all the young

people of the town assemble. When I come from one of the academies of which I am a member, I find myself

among the tools which I can manage better than my pen; and most of the members of the circle usually pass

"It is a fact that M. Jasmin shaves more skilfully than any other poet. After a long conversation with this

simpleminded man, I experienced a certain confusion in depositing upon his table the amount of fifty

centimes which I owed him on this occasion, more for his talent than for his razor; and I remounted the

[1] M. Duvigneau thus translated the words into French: he begins his verses by announcing the birth of

"A son aspect, mille cris d'allegresse Ebranlent le palais et montent jusqu'au ciel: Le voila beau comme dans

sa jeunesse, Alors qu'il recevait le baiser maternel. A ce peuple charme qui des yeux le devore Le bon Roi

semble dire encore: 'Braves Gascons, accourez tous; A mon amour pour vous vous devez croire; Je met a

[3] This letter was written before Jasmin had decided to publish the second volume of his Papillotes, which

"Atai boudroy dan bous fini ma triplo paouzo; Mais anfin, ey cantat, n'hazardi pas gran caouzo: Quand

Pegazo reguinno, et que d'un cot de pe M'emboyo friza mas marotos, Perdi moun ten, es bray, mais noun pas

[5] 'Portraits Contemporains,' ii. 50. Par C. A. SainteBeuve, Membre de l'Academie Francaise. 1847.

[6] 'Perpignan, l'Ariege et le poete Jasmin' (Journal politique et litteraire de LotetGaronne).

Jasmin was now thirtysix years old. He was virtually in the prime of life. He had been dreaming, he had

been thinking, for many years, of composing some poems of a higher order than his Souvenirs. He desired to

embody in his work some romantic tales in verse, founded upon local legends, noble in conception,

In these new lyrical poems his intention was to aim high, and he succeeded to a marvellous extent. He was

enabled to show the depth and strength of his dramatic powers, his fidelity in the description of romantic and

picturesque incidents, his shrewdness in reading character and his skill in representing it, all of which he did

in perfect innocence of all established canons in the composition of dramatic poetry.

The first of Jasmin's poetical legends was 'The Blind Girl of CastelCuille' (L'Abuglo). It was translated into

English, a few years after its appearance, by Lady Georgiana Fullerton, daughter of the British ambassador at

Paris,[1] and afterwards by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the American poet. Longfellow follows the

rhythm of the original, and on the whole his translation of the poem is more correct, so that his version is to

"Only the Lowland tongue of Scotland might Rehearse this little tragedy aright; Let me attempt it with an

At the end of his translation Longfellow adds: Jasmin, the author of this beautiful poem, is to the South of

France what Burns is to the South of Scotland, the representative of the heart of the people,one of those

happy bards who are born with their mouths full of birds (la bouco pleno d'auuvelous). He has written his

own biography in a poetic form, and the simple narrative of his poverty, his struggles, and his triumphs, is

very touching. He still lives at Agen, on the Garonne, and long may he live there to delight his native land

with native songs!" It is unnecessary to quote the poem, which is so wellknown by the numerous readers of

The legend is founded on a popular tradition. CastelCuille stands upon a bluff rock in the pretty valley of

SaintAmans, about a league from Agen. The castle was of considerable importance many centuries ago,

while the English occupied Guienne; but it is now in ruins, though the village near it still exists. In a cottage,

at the foot of the rock, lived the girl Marguerite, a soldier's daughter, with her brother Paul. The girl had been

betrothed to her lover Baptiste; but during his absence she was attacked by virulent smallpox and lost her

eyesight. Though her beauty had disappeared, her love remained. She waited long for her beloved Baptiste,

but he never returned. He forsook his betrothed Marguerite, and plighted his troth to the fairer and richer

Marguerite heard at night the song of their espousals on the eve of the marriage. She was in despair, but

suppressed her grief. Wednesday morning arrived, the eve of St. Joseph. The bridal procession passed along

the village towards the church of SaintAmans, singing the bridal song. The fair and fertile valley was

bedecked with the blossoms of the apple, the plum, and the almond, which whitened the country round.

Nothing could have seemed more propitious. Then came the chorus, which was no invention of the poet, but

a refrain always sung at rustic weddings, in accordance with the custom of strewing the bridal path with

"The paths with buds and blossoms strew, A lovely bride approaches nigh; For all should bloom and spring

Under the blue sky and brilliant sunshine, the joyous young people frisked along. The picture of youth,

gaiety, and beauty, is full of truth and nature. The bride herself takes part in the frolic. With roguish eyes she

escapes and cries: "Those who catch me will be married this year!" And then they descend the hill towards

the church of SaintAmans. Baptiste, the bridegroom, is out of spirits and mute. He takes no part in the sports

In the cottage under the cliff Marguerite meditates a tragedy. She dresses herself, and resolves to attend the

wedding at SaintAmans with her little brother. While dressing, she slips a knife into her bosom, and then

they start for the church. The bridal party soon arrived, and Marguerite heard their entrance.

The ceremony proceeded. Mass was said. The weddingring was blessed; and as Baptiste placed it on the

bride's finger, he said the accustomed words. In a moment a voice cried: "It is he! It is he;" and Marguerite

rushed through the bridal party towards him with a knife in her hand to stab herself; but before she could

reach the bridegroom she fell down dead brokenhearted! The crime which she had intended to commit

In the evening, in place of a bridal song, the De Profundis was chanted, and now each one seemed to say:

"The roads shall mourn, and, veiled in gloom, So fair a corpse shall leave its home! Should mourn and weep,

This poem was finished in August 1835; and on the 26th of the same month it was publicly recited by Jasmin

There was great beauty, tenderness, and pathos in the poem. It was perfectly simple and natural. The poem

might form the subject of a drama or a musical cantata. The lamentations of Marguerite on her blindness

SainteBeuve, in criticising Jasmin's poems, says that "It was in 1835 that his talent raised itself to the

eminence of writing one of his purest compositionsnatural, touching and disinterestedhis Blind Girl of

CastelCuille, in which he makes us assist in a fete, amidst the joys of the villagers; and at the grief of a

young girl, a fiancee whom a severe attack of smallpox had deprived of her eyesight, and whom her betrothed

"The grief of the poor abandoned girl, her changes of colour, her attitude, her conversation, her projectsthe

whole surrounded by the freshness of spring and the laughing brightness of the seasonexhibits a character

of nature and of truth which very few poets have been able to attain. One is quite surprised, on reading this

simple picture, to be involuntarily carried back to the most expressive poems of the ancient Greeksto

Theocritus for examplefor the Marguerite of Jasmin may be compared with the Simetha of the Greek poet.

This is true poetry, rich from the same sources, and gilded with the same imagery. In his new compositions

Jasmin has followed his own bias; this man, who had few books, but meditated deeply in his heart and his

love of nature; and he followed the way of true art with secret and persevering labour in what appeared to

"His language," SainteBeuve continues, "is always the most natural, faithful, transparent, truthful, eloquent,

and sober; never forget this last characteristic. He is never more happy than when he finds that he can borrow

from an artizan or labourer one of those words which are worth ten of others. It is thus that his genius has

refined during the years preceding the time in which he produced his greatest works. It is thus that he has

become the poet of the people, writing in the popular patois, and for public solemnities, which remind one of

those of the Middle Ages and of Greece; thus he finds himself to be, in short, more than any of our

contemporaries, of the School of Horace, of Theocritus, or of Gray, and all the brilliant geniuses who have

The Blind Girl was the most remarkable work that Jasmin had up to this time composed. There is no country

where an author is so popular, when he is once known, as in France. When Jasmin's poem was published he

became, by universal consent, the Poet Laureate of the South. Yet some of the local journals of Bordeaux

made light of his appearance in that city for the purpose of reciting his as yet unknown poem. "That a barber

and hairdresser of Agen," they said, "speaking and writing in a vulgar tongue, should attempt to amuse or

But Jasmin soon showed them that genius is of no rank or condition of life; and their views shortly underwent

a sudden change. His very appearance in the city was a triumph. Crowds resorted to the large hall, in which

he was to recite his new poem of the Blind Girl of CastelCuille. The prefect, the mayor, the members of the

Academy, and the most cultivated people of the city were present, and received him with applause.

There might have been some misgivings as to the success of the poem, but from the moment that he appeared

on the platform and began his recitation, every doubt disappeared. He read the poem with marvellous

eloquence; while his artistic figure, his mobile countenance, his darkbrown eyebrows, which he raised or

lowered at will, his expressive gesticulation, and his passionate acting, added greatly to the effect of his

he no longer declaimed, but sang after the manner of the peasants in their popular chaunt. His eyes became

suffused with tears, and those who listened to the patois, even though they only imperfectly understood it,

He was alike tender and impressive throughout the piece, especially at the death of the blind girl; and when

he had ended, a storm of applause burst from the audience. There was a clapping of hands and a thunderous

It was a remarkable spectacle, that a humble working man, comparatively uneducated, should have evoked

the tumultuous applause of a brilliant assembly of intelligent ladies and gentlemen. It was indeed something

extraordinary. Some said that he declaimed like Talma or Rachel, nor was there any note of dissonance in his

reception. The enthusiasm was general and unanimous amongst the magistrates, clergy, scientific men,

artists, physicians, shipowners, men of business, and working people. They all joined in the applause when

From this time forward Jasmin was one of the most popular men at Bordeaux. He was entertained at a series

of fetes. He was invited to soirees by the prefect, by the archbishop, by the various social circles, as well as

by the workmen's associations. They vied with each other for the honour of entertaining him. He went from

matinees to soirees, and in ten days he appeared at thirtyfour different entertainments.

At length he became thoroughly tired and exhausted by this enormous feteing. He longed to be away and at

home with his wife and children. He took leave of his friends and admirers with emotion, and,

notwithstanding the praises and acclamations he had received at Bordeaux, he quietly turned to pursue his

It was one of the most remarkable things about Jasmin, that he was never carried off his feet by the brilliant

ovations he received. Though enough to turn any poor fellow's head, he remained simple and natural to the

last. As we say in this country, he could "carry corn" We have said that "Gascon" is often used in connection

with boasting or gasconading. But the term was in no way applicable to Jasmin. He left the echo of praises

He was not, however, without tempters to wean him from his home and his ordinary pursuits. In 1836, the

year after his triumphal reception at Bordeaux, some of his friends urged him to go to Paristhe centre of

But no! he had never contemplated the idea of leaving his native town. A rich wine merchant of Toulouse

was one of his tempters. He advised Jasmin to go to the great metropolis, where genius alone was recognised.

Jasmin answered him in a charming letter, setting forth the reasons which determined him to remain at home,

"You too," he said, "without regard to troubling my days and my nights, have written to ask me to carry my

guitar and my dressingcomb to the great city of kings, because there, you say, my poetical humour and my

wellknown verses will bring torrents of crowns to my purse. Oh, you may well boast to me of this shower of

gold and its clinking stream. You only make me cry: 'Honour is but smoke, glory is but glory, and money is

only money!' I ask you, in no craven spirit, is money the only thing for a man to seek who feels in his heart

the least spark of poetry? In my town, where everyone works, leave me as I am. Every summer, happier than

a king, I lay up my small provision for the winter, and then I sing like a goldfinch under the shade of a poplar

or an ashtree, only too happy to grow grey in the land which gave me birth. One hears in summer the

pleasant zigo, ziou, ziou, of the nimble grasshopper, or the young sparrow pluming his wings to make himself

ready for flight, he knows not whither; but the wise man acts not so. I remain here in my home. Everything

suits meearth, sky, airall that is necessary for my comfort. To sing of joyous poverty one must be joyful

and poor. I am satisfied with my ryebread, and the cool water from my fountain."

Jasmin remained faithful to these rules of conduct during his life. Though he afterwards made a visit to Paris,

it was only for a short time; but his native town of Agen, his home on the Gravier, his shop, his wife and his

children, continued to be his little paradise. His muse soared over him like a guardian angel, giving him songs

for his happiness and consolation for his sorrows. He was, above all things, happy in his wife. She cheered

him, strengthened him, and consoled him. He thus portrayed her in one of his poems:

Jasmin was attached to his wife, not only by her beauty, but by her good sense. She counselled and advised

him in everything. He gave himself up to her wise advice, and never had occasion to regret it. It was with her

modest marriageportion that he was enabled to establish himself as a master hairdresser.

When he opened his shop, he set over the entrance door this sign: "L'Art embellit La Nature: Jasmin, Coiffeur

des Jeunes Gens." As his family grew, in order to increase his income, he added the words, " Coiffeur des

Dames." This proved to be a happy addition to his business. Most of the ladies of Agen strove for the honour

of having their hair dressed by the poetical barber. While dressing their hair he delighted them with his songs.

He had a sympathetic voice, which touched their souls and threw them into the sweetest of dreams.

Though Jasmin was always disposed to rhyme a little, his wise wife never allowed him to forget his regular

daily work. At the same time she understood that his delicate nature could not be entirely absorbed by the

labours of an ordinary workman. She was no longer jealous of his solitary communions with his muse; and

after his usual hours of occupation, she left him, or sat by him, to enable him to pursue his dear reveries in

Mariette, or Marie, as she was usually called, was a thoroughly good partner for Jasmin. Though not by any

means a highly educated woman, she felt the elevating effects of poetry even on herself. She influenced her

husband's mind through her practical wisdom and good sense, while he in his turn influenced hers by

Jasmin, while he was labouring over some song or verse, found it necessary to recite it to some one near him,

but mostly to his wife. He wandered with her along the banks of the Garonne, and while he recited, she

listened with bated breath. She could even venture to correct him; for she knew, better than he did, the

ordinary Gascon dialect. She often found for him the true word for the picture which he desired to present to

his reader. Though Jasmin was always thankful for her help, he did not abandon his own words without some

little contention. He had worked out the subject in his mind, and any new word, or mode of description,

When he at length recognised the justice of her criticism, he would say, "Marie, you are right; and I will

again think over the subject, and make it fit more completely into the Gascon idiom." In certain cases

When Jasmin, after much labour and correction, had finished his poem, he would call about him his intimate

friends, and recite the poem to them. He had no objection to the most thorough criticism, by his wife as well

as by his friends. When the poem was long and elaborate, the auditors sometimes began to yawn. Then the

wife stepped in and said: "Jasmin, you must stop; leave the remainder of the poem for another day." Thus the

The people of Agen entertained a lively sympathy for their poet. Even those who might to a certain extent

depreciate his talent, did every justice to the nobility of his character. Perhaps some might envy the position

of a man who had risen from the ranks and secured the esteem of men of fortune and even of the leaders of

literary opinion. Jasmin, like every person envied or perhaps detracted, had his hours of depression. But the

strong soul of his wife in these hours came to his relief, and assuaged the spirit of the man and the poet.

Jasmin was at one time on the point of abandoning versemaking. Yet he was encouraged to proceed by the

demands which were made for his songs and verses. Indeed, no fete was considered complete without the

recitations of Jasmin. It was no doubt very flattering; yet fame has its drawbacks. His invitations were usually

Jasmin was no doubt recognised as a poet, and an excellent reciter; yet he was a person who handled the razor

and the curlingtongs. When he was invited to a local party, it was merely that he might recite his verses

gratuitously. He did not belong to their social circle, and his wife was not included. What sympathy could she

have with these distinguished personages? At length Jasmin declined to go where his wife could not be

invited. He preferred to stay at home with his family; and all further invitations of this sort were refused.

Besides, his friend Nodier had warned him that a poet of his stamp ought not to appear too often at the feasts

of the lazy; that his time was too precious for that; that a poet ought, above all, not to occupy himself with

Some of his local critics, not having comprehended the inner life of Jasmin, compared his wife to the

gardener of Boileau and the maidservant of Moliere. But the comparison did not at all apply. Jasmin had no

gardener nor any old servant or housekeeper. Jasmin and Marie were quite different. They lived the same

lives, and were all in all to each other. They were both of the people; and though she was without culture, and

had not shared in the society of the educated, she took every interest in the sentiments and the prosperity of

One might ask, How did Jasmin acquire his eloquence of declamationhis power of attracting and moving

assemblies of people in all ranks of life? It was the result, no doubt, partly of the gifts with which the Creator

had endowed him, and partly also of patience and persevering study. He had a fine voice, and he managed it

with such art that it became like a perfectly tuned instrument in the hands of a musician.

His voice was powerful and pathetic by turns, and he possessed great sweetness of intonation,combined

with sympathetic feeling and special felicity of emphasis. And feeling is the vitalising principle of poetry.

Jasmin occasionally varied his readings by singing or chaunting the songs which occurred in certain parts of

his poems. This, together with his eloquence, gave such immense vital power to the recitations of the

And we shall find, from the next chapter, that Jasmin used his pathetic eloquence for very noble,one might

[1] The translation appeared in 'Bentley's Miscellany' for March 1840. It was published for a charitable

purpose. Mrs. Craven, in her 'Life of Lady Georgiana Fullerton,' says: "It was put in at once, and its two

hundred and seventy lines brought to the author twelve guineas on the day on which it appeared. Lady

Fullerton was surprised and delighted. All her long years of success, different indeed in degree, never effaced

[3] In Gascon: "Las carreros diouyon gemi, Tan belo morto bay sourti! Diouyon gemi, diouyon ploura, Tan

[4] in Gascon: "Jour per aoutres, toutjour! et per jou, malhurouzo, Toutjour ney,toutjour ney! Que fay negre

[5] SainteBeuve: 'Causeries du Lundi,' iv. 2401 (edit. 1852); and 'Portraits Contemporains,' ii. 61 (edit,

It is now necessary to consider Jasmin in an altogether different characterthat of a benefactor of his

species. Selfsacrifice and devotion to others, forgetting self while spending and being spent for the good of

one's fellow creatures, exhibit man in his noblest characteristics. But who would have expected such virtues

to be illustrated by a man like Jasmin, sprung from the humblest condition of life?

Charity may be regarded as a universal duty, which it is in every person's power to practise. Every kind of

help given to another, on proper motives, is an act of charity; and there is scarcely any man in such a

straitened condition as that he may not, on certain occasions, assist his neighbour. The widow that gives her

mite to the treasury, the poor man that brings to the thirsty a cup of cold water, perform their acts of charity,

though they may be of comparatively little moment. Wordsworth, in a poetic gem, described the virtue of

This maxim of Wordsworth's truly describes the life and deeds of Jasmin. It may be said that he was first

incited to exert himself on behalf of charity to his neighbours, by the absence of any Poor Law in France such

as we have in England. In the cases of drought, when the crops did not ripen; or in the phylloxera blights,

when the grapes were ruined; or in the occasional disastrous floods, when the whole of the agricultural

produce was swept away; the small farmers and labourers were reduced to great distress. The French peasant

is usually very thrifty; but where accumulated savings were not available for relief, the result, in many cases,

Jasmin felt that, while himself living in the midst of blessings, he owed a duty, on such occasions, to the

extreme necessities of his neighbours. The afflicted could not appeal to the administrators of local taxes; all

that they could do was to appeal to the feelings of the benevolent, and rely upon local charity. He believed

that the extremely poor should excite our liberality, the miserable our pity, the sick our assistance, the

It was under such circumstances that Jasmin consented to recite his poems for the relief of the afflicted poor.

His fame had increased from year to year. His songs were sung, and his poems were read, all over the South

of France. When it was known that he was willing to recite his poems for charitable purposes he was

When bread fell short in wintertime, and the poor were famished; when an hospital for the needy was

starving for want of funds; when a creche or infants' asylum had to be founded; when a school, or an

orphanage, had to be built or renovated, and money began to fail, an appeal was at once made to Jasmin's

It was not then usual for men like Jasmin to recite their poems in public. Those who possessed his works

might recite them for their own pleasure. But no one could declaim them better than he could, and his

It is true, that about the same time Mr. Dickens and Mr. Thackeray were giving readings from their works in

England and America. Both readers were equally popular; but while they made a considerable addition to

their fortunes,[1] Jasmin realised nothing for himself; all that was collected at his recitations was given to the

Of course, Jasmin was received with enthusiasm in those towns and cities which he visited for charitable

purposes. When it was known that he was about to give one of his poetical recitals, the artisan left his shop,

the blacksmith his smithy, the servant her household work; and the mother often shut up her house and went

with her children to listen to the marvelous poet. Young girls spread flowers before his pathway; and lovely

women tore flowers from their dresses to crown their beloved minstrel with their offerings.

Since his appearance at Bordeaux, in 1835, when he recited his Blind Girl for a charitable purpose, he had

been invited to many meetings in the neighbourhood of Agen, wherever any worthy institution had to be

erected or assisted. He continued to write occasional verses, though not of any moment, for he was still

All further thoughts of poetical composition were, however, dispelled, by the threatened famine in the

LotetGaronne. In the winter of 1837 bread became very dear in the South of France. The poor people were

suffering greatly, and the usual appeal was made to Jasmin to come to their help. A concert was advertised to

be given at Tonneins, a considerable town to the northwest of Agen, when the local musicians were to give

For this purpose he composed his 'Charity' (La Caritat). It was addressed to the ladies and musicians who

assisted at the entertainment. Charity is a short lyrical effusion, not so much a finished poem as the utterings

of a tender heart. Though of some merit, it looks pale beside The Blind Girl. But his choice of the subject

proved a forecast of the noble uses which Jasmin was afterwards enabled to make of his poetical talents.

Man, he said in his verses, is truly great, chiefly through his charity. The compassionate man, doing his

works of benevolence, though in secret, in a measure resembles the Divine Author of his being. The

This is, of course, a very feeble attempt to render the words of Jasmin. He was most pathetic when he

recounted the sorrows of the poor. While doing so, he avoided exciting their lower instincts. He disavowed

all envy of the goods of others. He maintained respect for the law, while at the same time he exhorted the rich

to have regard for their poorer brethren. "It is the glory of the people," he said at a meeting of workmen, "to

protect themselves from evil, and to preserve throughout their purity of character."

This was the spirit in which Jasmin laboured. He wrote some other poems in a similar strain'The Rich and

Poor,' 'The Poor Man's Doctor,' 'The Rich Benefactor' (Lou Boun Riche); but Jasmin's own Charity contained

the germ of them all. He put his own soul into his poems. At Tonneins, the emotion he excited by his reading

of Charity was very great, and the subscriptions for the afflicted poor were correspondingly large.

The municipality never forgot the occasion; and whenever they became embarrassed by the poverty of the

people, they invariably appealed to Jasmin, and always with the same success. On one occasion the Mayor

wrote to him: "We are still under the charm of your verses; and I address you in the name of the poor people

of Tonneins, to thank you most gratefully for the charitable act you have done for their benefit. The evening

you appeared here, sir, will long survive in our memory. It excited everywhere the most lively gratitude. The

poor enjoyed a day of happiness, and the rich enjoyed a day of pleasure, for nothing can be more blessed than

Jasmin, in replying to this letter, said: "Christ's words were, 'Ye have the poor always with you'; in

pronouncing this fact, he called the world to deeds of charity, and instituted this admirable joint responsibility

(solidarite), in virtue of which each man should fulfil the duty of helping his poorer neighbours. It is this

responsibility which, when the cry of hunger or suffering is heard, is most instrumental in bringing all

generous souls to the front, in order to create and multiply the resources of the poor."

Jasmin's success at Tonneins led to numerous invitations of a like character. "Come over and help us," was

the general cry during that winter of famine. The barber's shop was invaded by numerous deputations; and the

postman was constantly delivering letters of invitation at his door. He was no longer master of his time, and

had considerable difficulty in attending to his own proper business. Sometimes his leisure hours were

appropriated six months beforehand; and he was often peremptorily called upon to proceed with his

When he could find time enough to spare from his business, he would consent to give another recitation.

When the distance was not great he walked, partly for exercise, and partly to save money. There were few

railways in those days, and hiring a conveyance was an expensive affair. Besides, his desire always was, to

hand over, if possible, the whole of the receipts to the charitable institutions for whose benefit he gave his

The wayfaring poet, on his approach to the town in which he was to appear, was usually met by crowds of

people. They received him with joy and acclamation. The magistrates presented him with a congratulatory

address. Deputations from neighbouring towns were present at the celebration. At the entrance to the town

Jasmin often passed under a triumphal arch, with "Welcome, Jasmin! our native poet!" inscribed upon it. He

was conveyed, headed by the local band, to the hall where he was to give his recitation.

Jasmin's appearance at Bergerac was a great event. Bergerac is a town of considerable importance, containing

about fourteen thousand inhabitants, situated on the right or north bank of the river Dordogne. But during that

terrible winter the poor people of Bergerac were in great distress, and Jasmin was summoned to their help.

The place was at too great a distance from Agen for him to walk thither, and accordingly he was obliged to

take a conveyance. He was as usual met by a multitude of people, who escorted him into the town.

The magistrates could not find a place sufficiently large to give accommodation to the large number of

persons who desired to hear him. At length they found a large building which had been used as a barn; and

there they raised a platform for the poet. The place was at once filled, and those who could not get admission

crowded about the entrance. Some of the people raised ladders against the walls of the building, and

clambered in at the windows. Groups of auditors were seen at every place where they could find a footing.

Unfortunately the weather was rainy, and a crowd of women filled the surrounding meadow, sheltered by

More than five hundred persons had not been able to find admission, and it was therefore necessary for

Jasmin to give several more readings to satisfy the general enthusiasm. All the receipts were given over by

Jasmin for the benefit of the poor, and the poet hurried home at once to his shaving and hairdressing.

On another occasion, at Gontaud, the weather was more satisfactory. The day was fine and sunny, and the

ground was covered with flowers. About the time that Jasmin was expected, an open carriage, festooned with

flowers, and drawn by four horses, was sent to the gate of the town, escorted by the municipal council, to

wait for the poet. When he arrived on foot for the place was at no great distance from Agen twelve young

girls, clothed in white, offered him a bouquet of flowers, and presented him with an address. He then entered

the carriage and proceeded to the place where he was to give his recitation. All went well and happily, and a

Then at Damazan, where he gave another reading for the same purpose, after he had entered the carriage

which was to convey him to the place of entertainment, a number of girls preceded the carriage in which the

poet sat, and scattered flowers in his way, singing a refrain of the country adapted to the occasion. It

These are only specimens of the way in which Jasmin was received during his missions of philanthropy. He

went from north to south, from east to west, by river and by road, sleeping where he could, but always happy

and cheerful, doing his noble work with a full and joyous heart. He chirruped and sang from time to time as if

his mouth was full of nightingales. And he was never without enthusiastic multitudes to listen to his recitals,

and to share their means with the poor and afflicted. We might fill this little story with a detailed account of

his journeyings; but a summary account is all that is at present necessary. We shall afterwards return to the

[1] Mr. George Dolby, in his work 'Charles Dickens as I knew him,' tells "the story of the famous 'reading

tours,' the most brilliantly successful enterprises that were ever undertaken." Chappell and Co. paid him 1500

sterling for thirty readings in London and the provinces, by which they realised 5000 sterling. Arthur Smith

and Mr. Headland were his next managers, and finally Mr. George Dolby. The latter says that Mr. Dickens

computed the money he netted under the Smith and Headland management at about 12,000 sterling; and

Jasmin published no further poems for three or four years. His time was taken up with his trade and his

philanthropic missions. Besides, he did not compose with rapidity; he elaborated his poems by degrees; he

arranged the plot of his story, and then he clothed it with poetical words and images. While he walked and

journeyed from place to place, he was dreaming and thinking of his next dramatic poemhis Franconnette,

Like most of his previous poems, Jasmin wrote Franconnette in the Gascon dialect. Some of his intimate

friends continued to expostulate with him for using this almost dead and virtually illiterate patois. Why not

write in classical French? M. Dumon, his colleague at the Academy of Agen, again urged him to employ the

"Under the reign of our Henry IV.," said M. Dumon, "the Langue d'Oil became, with modifications, the

language of the French, while the Langue d'Oc remained merely a patois. Do not therefore sing in the dialect

of the past, but in the language of the present, like Beranger, Lamartine, and Victor Hugo.

"What," asked M. Dumon, "will be the fate of your original poetry? It will live, no doubt, like the dialect in

which it is written; but is this, the Gascon patois, likely to live? Will it be spoken by our posterity as long as it

has been spoken by our ancestors? I hope not; at least I wish it may be less spoken. Yet I love its artless and

picturesque expressions, its lively recollections of customs and manners which have long ceased to exist, like

those old ruins which still embellish our landscape. But the tendency which is gradually effacing the vestiges

"When Rome fell under the blows of the barbarians, she was entirely conquered; her laws were subjected at

the same time as her armies. The conquest dismembered her idiom as well as her empire.... The last trace of

national unity disappeared in this country after the Roman occupation. It had been Gaul, but now it became

France. The force of centralisation which has civilised Europe, covering this immense chaos, has brought to

light, after more than a hundred years, this most magnificent creation the French monarchy and the French

language. Let us lament, if you will, that the poetical imagination and the characteristic language of our

ancestors have not left a more profound impression. But the sentence is pronounced; even our Henry IV.

"Popular poet as you are, you sing to posterity in the language of the past. This language, which you recite so

well, you have restored and perhaps even created; yet you do not feel that it is the national language; this

powerful instrument of a new era, which invades and besieges yours on all sides like the last fortress of an

Jasmin was cut to the quick by this severe letter of his friend, and he lost not a moment in publishing a

defence of the language condemned to death by his opponent. He even displayed the force and harmony of

the language which had been denounced by M. Dumon as a patois. He endeavoured to express himself in the

most characteristic and poetical style, as evidence of the vitality of his native Gascon. He compared it to a

widowed mother who dies, and also to a mother who does not die, but continues young, lovely, and alert,

even to the last. Dumon had published his protest on the 28th of August, 1837, and a few days later, on the

When by her couch her son may stay, And press her hand, and watch her eyes, And feel, though she revives

It is not thus, believe me, sir, With this enchantressshe will call Our second mother: Frenchmen err, Who,

cent'ries since, proclaimed her fall! Our mothertongueall melody While music lives can never die.

Yes! she still lives, her words still ring; Her children yet her carols sing; And thousand years may roll away

The people love their ancient songs, and will While yet a people, love and keep them still: These lays are as

their mother; they recall Fond thoughts of mother, sister, friends, and all The many little things that please the

heart, The dreams, the hopes, from which we cannot part. These songs are as sweet waters, where we find

Health in the sparkling wave that nerves the mind. In ev'ry home, at ev'ry cottage door, By ev'ry fireside,

when our toil is o'er, These songs are round usnear our cradles sigh, And to the grave attend us when we

Oh, think, cold critics! 'twill be late and long, Ere time shall sweep away this flood of song! There are who

bid this music sound no more, And you can hear them, nor defenddeplore! You, who were born where its

Slept in its arms, and wakened to its kiss, Danced to its sounds, and warbled to its tone You can forsake it

in an hour like this! Yes, weary of its age, renouncedisown And blame one minstrel who is

This is but a paraphrase of Jasmin's poem, which, as we have already said, cannot be verbally translated into

any other language. Even the last editor of Jasmin's poemsBoyer d'Agen does not translate them into

French poetry, but into French prose. Much of the aroma of poetry evaporates in converting poetical thoughts

Jasmin, in one part of his poem, compares the ancient patois to one of the grand old elms in the Promenade de

Gravier, which, having in a storm had some of its branches torn away, was ordered by the local authorities to

be rooted up. The labourers worked away, but their pickaxes became unhafted. They could not uproot the

tree; they grew tired and forsook the work. When the summer came, glorious verdure again clothed the

remaining boughs; the birds sang sweetly in the branches, and the neighbours rejoiced that its roots had been

Jasmin's description of his mothertongue is most touching. Seasons pass away, and, as they roll on, their

echoes sound in our ears; but the loved tongue shall not and must not die. The mothertongue recalls our own

dear mother, sisters, friends, and crowds of bygone associations, which press into our minds while sitting by

the evening fire. This tongue is the language of our toils and labours; she comes to us at our birth, she lingers

"No, noI cannot desert my mothertongue!" said Jasmin. "It preserves the folklore of the district; it is the

language of the poor, of the labourer, the shepherd, the farmer and grapegatherers, of boys and girls, of

brides and bridegrooms. The people," he said to M. Dumon, "love to hear my songs in their native dialect.

You have enough poetry in classical French; leave me to please my compatriots in the dialect which they

love. I cannot give up this harmonious language, our second mother, even though it has been condemned for

three hundred years. Why! she still lives, her voice still sounds; like her, the seasons pass, the bells ring out

their peals, and though a hundred thousand years may roll away, they will still be sounding and ringing!"

Jasmin has been compared to Dante. But there is this immense difference between them. Dante was virtually

the creator of the Italian language, which was in its infancy when he wrote his 'Divine Comedy' some six

hundred years ago, while Jasmin was merely reviving a graduallyexpiring dialect. Drouilhet de Sigalas has

said that Dante lived at the sunrise of his language, while Jasmin lived at its sunset. Indeed, Gascon was not a

written language, and Jasmin had to collect his lexicon, grammar, and speech mostly from the peasants who

lived in the neighbourhood of Agen. Dante virtually created the Italian language, while Jasmin merely

Jasmin was not deterred by the expostulations of Dumon, but again wrote his new epic of Franconnette in

Gascon. It took him a long time to clothe his poetical thoughts in words. Nearly five years had elapsed since

he recited The Blind Girl of CastelCuille to the citizens of Bordeaux; since then he had written a few

poetical themes, but he was mainly thinking and dreaming, and at times writing down his new epic

Franconnette. It was completed in 1840, when he dedicated the poem to the city of Toulouse.

The story embodied in the poem was founded on an ancient tradition. The time at which it occurred was

towards the end of the sixteenth century, when France was torn to pieces by the civil war between the

Huguenots and the Catholics. Agen was then a centre of Protestantism. It was taken and retaken by both

parties again and again. The Huguenot captain, Truelle, occupied the town in April 1562; but Blaize de

Montluc, "a fierce Catholic," as he is termed by M. Paul Joanne, assailed the town with a strong force and

recaptured it. On entering the place, Montluc found that the inhabitants had fled with the garrison, and "the

terrible chief was greatly disappointed at not finding any person in Agen to slaughter."[2] Montluc struck

with a heavy hand the Protestants of the South. In the name of the God of Mercy he hewed the Huguenots to

pieces, and, after spreading desolation through the South, he retired to his fortress at Estellac, knelt before the

altar, took the communion, and was welcomed by his party as one of the greatest friends of the Church.

The civil war went on for ten years, until in August 1572 the massacre of Saint Bartholomew took place.

After that event the word "Huguenot" was abolished, or was only mentioned with terror. Montluc's castle of

Estellac, situated near the pretty village of Estanquet, near Roquefortfamous for its cheese still exists;

his cabinet is preserved, and his tomb and statue are to be seen in the adjoining garden. The principal scenes

of the following story are supposed to have occurred at Estanquet, a few miles to the south of Agen.

Franconnette, like The Blind Girl of CastelCuille, is a story of rivalry in love; but, though more full of

adventure, it ends more happily. Franconnette was a village beauty. Her brilliant eyes, her rosy complexion,

her cherry lips, her lithe and handsome figure, brought all the young fellows of the neighbourhood to her feet.

Her father was a banished Huguenot, but beauty of person sets differences of belief at defiance.

The village lads praised her and tried to win her affections; but, like beauties in general, surrounded by

At length two rivals appearedone Marcel, a soldier under Montluc, favoured by Franconnette's

grandmother, and Pascal, the village blacksmith, favoured by the girl herself. One Sunday afternoon a

number of young men and maidens assembled at the foot of Montluc's castle of Estellac on the votive festival

of St. Jacques at Roquefort. Franconnette was there, as well as Marcel and Pascal, her special admirers.

Dancing began to the music of the fife; but Pascal, the handsomest of the young men, seemed to avoid the

village beauty. Franconnette was indignant at his neglect, but was anxious to secure his attention and

devotion. She danced away, sliding, whirling, and pirouetting. What would not the admiring youths have

In these village dances, it is the custom for the young men to kiss their partners, if they can tire them out; but

in some cases, when the girl is strong; and an accomplished dancer, she declines to be tired until she wishes

to cease dancing. First one youth danced with Franconnette, then another; but she tired them all. Then came

Marcel, the soldier, wearing his sabre, with a cockade in his capa tall and stately fellow, determined to win

the reward. But he too, after much whirling and dancing, was at last tired out: he was about to fall with

dizziness, and then gave in. On goes the dance; Franconnette waits for another partner; Pascal springs to her

side, and takes her round the waist. Before they had made a dozen steps, the girl smiles and stops, and turns

Marcel started up in a rage, and drawing himself to his full height, he strode to Pascal. "Peasant!" he said,

"thou hast supplied my place too quickly," and then dealt him a thundering blow between the eyes. Pascal

was not felled; he raised his arm, and his fist descended on Marcel's head like a bolt. The soldier attempted to

draw his sabre. When Pascal saw this, he closed with Marcel, grasped him in his arms, and dashed him to the

Marcel was about to rise to renew the duel, when suddenly Montluc, who happened to be passing with the

Baron of Roquefort, stepped forward and sternly ordered the combatants to separate. This terrible encounter

put an end to the fete. The girls fled like frightened doves. The young men escorted Pascal to his home

preceded by the fifers. Marcel was not discouraged. On recovering his speech, he stammered out, grinding his

teeth: "They shall pay clearly for this jesting; Franconnette shall have no other husband than myself."

Many months passed. The harvest was gathered in. There were no more outdoor fetes or dances. The

villagers of Estanquet assembled round their firesides. Christmas arrived with it games and carolsinging.

Then came the Feast of Lovers, called the Buscou,[4] on the last day of the year, where, in a large chamber,

some hundred distaffs were turning, and boys and girls, with nimble fingers, were winding thread of the

finest flax. Franconnette was there, and appointed queen of the games. After the winding was over, the songs

and dances began to the music of a tambourin. The queen, admired by all, sang and danced like the rest.

Pascal was not there; his mother was poor, and she endeavoured to persuade him to remain at home and

work. After a short struggle with himself, Pascal yielded. He turned aside to his forge in silent dejection; and

soon the anvil was ringing and the sparks were flying, while away down in the village the busking went

merrily on. "If the prettiest were always the most sensible," says Jasmin, "how much my Franconnette might

have accomplished;" but instead of this, she flitted from place to place, idle and gay, jesting, singing,

Then Thomas, Pascal's friend, asked leave to sing a few verses; and, fixing his keen eyes upon the coquette,

he began in tones of lutelike sweetness the following song, entitled 'The Syren with a Heart of Ice.' We have

Et te siet. Mais res d'acos, maynado, Al bounhur pot mena; Qu'es acos d'estre aymado, Quand on sat pas

"Wayward shepherd maid, Syren with heart of ice, Oh! tell us, tell us! when We listen for the hour When

thou shalt feel Ever so free and gay, And when you flutter o'er The number you subdue, Upon thy path they

fall At thy feet. But nothing comes of this, young maid, To happiness it never leads; What is it to be loved

Such poetry however defies translation. The more exquisite the mastery of a writer over his own language,

the more difficult it is to reproduce it in another. But the spirit of the song is in Miss Costello's translation,[5]

When reciting Franconnette, Jasmin usually sang The Syren to music of his own composition. We

All were transported with admiration at the beautiful song. When Thomas had finished, loud shouts were

raised for the name of the poet. "Who had composed this beautiful lay?" "It is Pascal," replied Thomas.

"Bravo, Pascal! Long live Pascal! "was the cry of the young people. Franconnette was unwontedly touched

by the song. "But where is Pascal?" she said. "If he loves, why does he not appear?" "Oh," said Laurent,

another of his rivals, in a jealous and piqued tone, "he is too poor, he is obliged to stay at home, his father is

so infirm that he lives upon alms!" "You lie," cried Thomas. "Pascal is unfortunate; he has been six months ill

from the wounds he received in defence of Franconnette, and now his family is dependent upon him; but he

Franconnette remained quiet, concealing her emotions. Then the games began. They played at Cache Couteau

or Hunt the Slipper. Dancing came next; Franconnette was challenged by Laurent, and after many rounds the

girl was tired, and Laurent claimed the kisses that she had forfeited. Franconnette flew away like a bird;

Laurent ran after her, caught her, and was claiming the customary forfeit, when, struggling to free herself,

Franconnette was again unfortunate. Illluck seems to have pursued the girl. The games came to an end, and

the young people were about to disperse when, at this unlucky moment, the door was burst open and a

sombre apparition appeared. It was the Black Forest sorcerer, the supposed warlock of the neighbourhood.

"Unthinking creatures," he said, "I have come from my gloomy rocks up yonder to open your eyes. You all

adore this Franconnette. Behold, she is accursed! While in her cradle her father, the Huguenot, sold her to the

devil. He has punished Pascal and Laurent for the light embrace she gave them. He warned in time and avoid

The sorcerer ended; sparks of fire surrounded him, and after turning four times round in a circle he suddenly

disappeared! Franconnette's friends at once held aloof from her. They called out to her," Begone!" All in a

maze the girl shuddered and sickened; she became senseless, and fell down on the floor in a swoon. The

young people fled, leaving her helpless. And thus ended the second fete which began so gaily.

The grossest superstition then prevailed in France, as everywhere. Witches and warlocks were thoroughly

believed in, far more so than belief in God and His Son. The news spread abroad that the girl was accursed

and sold to the Evil One, and she was avoided by everybody. She felt herself doomed. At length she reached

her grandmother's house, but she could not work, she could scarcely stand. The once radiant Franconnette

Thus ended two cantos of the poem. The third opens with a lovely picture of a cottage by a leafy brookside in

the hamlet of Estanquet. The spring brought out the singingbirds to pair and build their nests. They listened,

but could no longer hear the music which, in former years, had been almost sweeter than their own. The

nightingales, more curious than the rest, flew into the maid's garden; they saw her straw hat on a bench, a

rake and wateringpot among the neglected jonquils, and the rose branches running riot. Peering yet further

and peeping into the cottage door, the curious birds discovered an old woman asleep in her armchair, and a

pale, quiet girl beside her, dropping tears upon her lily hands. "Yes, yes, it is. Franconnette," says the poet.

"You will have guessed that already. A poor girl, weeping in solitude, the daughter of a Huguenot, banned by

Nevertheless her grandmother said to her, "My child, it is not true; the sorcerer's charge is false. He of good

cheer, you are more lovely than ever." One gleam of hope had come to Franconnette; she hears that Pascal

has defended her everywhere, and boldly declared her to be the victim of a brutal plot. She now realised how

great was his goodness, and her proud spirit was softened even to tears. The grandmother put in a good word

for Marcel, but the girl turned aside. Then the old woman said, "Tomorrow is Easter Day; go to Mass, pray

as you never prayed before, and take the blessed bread, proving that you are numbered with His children for

The girl consented, and went to the Church of Saint Peter on Easter morning. She knelt, with her chaplet of

beads, among the rest, imploring Heaven's mercy. But she knelt alone in the midst of a wide circle. All the

communicants avoided her. The churchwarden, Marcel's uncle, in his longtailed coat, with a pompous step,

passed her entirely by, and refused her the heavenly meal. Pascal was there and came to her help. He went

forward to the churchwarden and took from the silver plate the crown piece[6] of the holy element covered

with flowers, and took and presented two pieces of the holy bread to Franconnetteone for herself, the other

From that moment she begins to live a new life, and to understand the magic of love. She carries home the

blessed bread to the ancient dame, and retires to her chamber to give herself up, with the utmost gratefulness,

to the rapturous delight of loving. "Ah," says Jasmin in his poem, "the sorrowing heart aye loveth best!"

Yet still she remembers the fatal doom of the sorcerer that she is sold for a price to the demon. All seem to

believe the hideous tale, and no one takes her part save Pascal and her grandmother. She kneels before her

At the next fete day she repaired to the church of Notre Dame de bon Encontre,[7] where the inhabitants of

half a dozen of the neighbouring villages had assembled, with priests and crucifixes, garlands and tapers,

banners and angels. The latter, girls about to be confirmed, walked in procession and sang the Angelus at the

appropriate hours. The report had spread abroad that Franconnette would entreat the Blessed Virgin to save

her from the demon. The strangers were more kind to her than her immediate neighbours, and from many a

pitying heart the prayer went up that a miracle might be wrought in favour of the beautiful maiden. She felt

their sympathy, and it gave her confidence. The special suppliants passed up to the altar one by

oneAnxious mothers, disappointed lovers, orphans and children. They kneel, they ask for blessings, they

Now came the turn of Franconnette. Pascal was in sight and prayed for her success. She went forward in a

happy frame of mind, with her taper and a bouquet of flowers. She knelt before the priest. He took the sacred

image and presented it to her; but scarcely had it touched the lips of the orphan when a terrible peal of

thunder rent the heavens, and a bolt of lightning struck the spire of the church, extinguishing her taper as well

as the altar lights. This was a most unlucky coincidence for the terrified girl; and, cowering like a lost soul,

she crept out of the church. The people were in consternation. "It was all true, she was now sold to the devil!

The truth is that the storm of thunder and lightning prevailed throughout the neighbourhood. It is a common

thing in southern climes. The storm which broke out at Notre Dame destroyed the belfry; the church of

Roquefort was demolished by a bolt of lightning, the spire of Saint Pierre was ruined. The storm was

followed by a tempest of hail and rain. Agen was engulfed by the waters; her bridge was destroyed,[8] and

many of the neighbouring vineyards were devastated. And all this ruin was laid at the door of poor

The neighboursher worst enemiesdetermined to burn the daughter of the Huguenot out of her cottage.

The grandmother first heard the cries of the villagers: "Fire them, let them both burn together." Franconnette

rushed to the door and pleaded for mercy. "Go back," cried the crowd, "you must both roast together." They

set fire to the rick outside and then proceeded to fire the thatch of the cottage. "Hold, hold!" cried a stern

voice, and Pascal rushed in amongst them. "Cowards! would you murder two defenceless women? Tigers that

Marcel too appeared; he had not yet given up the hope of winning Franconnette's love. He now joined Pascal

in defending her and the old dame, and being a soldier of Montluc, he was a powerful man in the

neighbourhood. The girl was again asked to choose between the two. At last, after refusing any marriage

under present circumstances, she clung to Pascal. "I would have died alone," she said, "but since you will

have it so, I resist no longer. It is our fate; we will die together." Pascal was willing to die with her, and

turning to Marcel he said: "I have been more fortunate than you, but you are a brave man and you will forgive

me. I have no friend, but will you act as a squire and see me to my grave?" After struggling with his feelings,

A fortnight later, the marriage between the unhappy lovers took place. Every one foreboded disaster. The

wedding procession went down the green hill towards the church of Notre Dame. There was no singing, no

dancing, no merriment, as was usual on such occasions. The rustics shuddered at heart over the doom of

Pascal. The soldier Marcel marched at the head of the weddingparty. At the church an old woman appeared,

Pascal's mother. She flung her arms about him and adjured him to fly from his false bride, for his marriage

would doom him to death. She even fell at the feet of her son and said that he should pass over her body

rather than be married. Pascal turned to Marcel and said: "Love overpowers me! If I die, will you take care of

Then the gallant soldier dispelled the gloom which had overshadowed the union of the loving pair. "I can do

no more," he said; "your mother has conquered me. Franconnette is good, and pure, and true. I loved the

maid, Pascal, and would have shed my blood for her, but she loved you instead of me.

"Know that she is not sold to the Evil One. In my despair I hired the sorcerer to frighten you with his

mischievous tale, and chance did the rest. When we both demanded her, she confessed her love for you. It

"But your mother has disarmed me; she reminds me of my own. Live, Pascal, for your wife and your mother!

You need have no more fear of me. It is better that I should die the death of a soldier than with a crime upon

Thus saying, he vanished from the crowd, who burst into cheers. The happy lovers fell into each other's arms.

"And now," said Jasmin, in concluding his poem, "I must lay aside my pencil. I had colours for sorrow; I

[1] The whole of Jasmin's answer to M. Dumon will be found in the Appendix at the end of this volume.

[3] The dance still exists in the neighbourhood of Agen. When there a few years ago, I was drawn by the

sound of a fife and a drum to the spot where a dance of this sort was going on. It was beyond the suspension

bridge over the Garonne, a little to the south of Agen. A number of men and women of the workingclass

were assembled on the grassy sward, and were dancing, whirling, and pirouetting to their hearts' content.

Sometimes the girls bounded from the circle, were followed by their sweethearts, and kissed. It reminded one

[4] Miss Harriet Preston, of Boston, U.S., published part of a translation of Franconnette in the 'Atlantic

Monthly' for February, 1876, and adds the following note: "The buscou, or busking, was a kind of bee, at

which the young people assembled, bringing the thread of their late spinning, which was divided into skeins

of the proper size by a broad and thin plate of steel or whalebone called a busc. The same thing, under

precisely the same name, figured in the toilets of our grandmothers, and hence, probably, the Scotch use of

[6] A custom which then existed in certain parts of France. It was taken by the French emigrants to Canada,

where it existed not long ago. The crown of the sacramental bread used to be reserved for the family of the

[7] A church in the suburbs of Agen, celebrated for its legends and miracles, to which numerous pilgrimages

[8] A long time ago the inhabitants of the town of Agen communicated with the other side of the Garonne by

means of little boats. The first wooden bridge was commenced when Aquitaine was governed by the English,

in the reign of Richard Coeurdelion, at the end of the twelfth century. The bridge was destroyed and

repaired many times, and one of the piles on which the bridge was built is still to be seen. It is attributed to

Napoleon I. that he caused the first bridge of stone to be erected, for the purpose of facilitating the passage of

his troops to Spain. The work was, however, abandoned during his reign, and it was not until the Restoration

that the bridge was completed. Since that time other bridges, especially the suspension bridge, have been

erected, to enable the inhabitants of the towns on the Garonne to communicate freely with each other.

It had hitherto been the custom of Jasmin to dedicate his poems to one of his friends; but in the case of

Franconnette he dedicated the poem to the city of Toulouse. His object in making the dedication was to

express his gratitude for the banquet given to him in 1836 by the leading men of the city, at which the

Toulouse was the most wealthy and prosperous city in the South of France. Among its citizens were many

men of literature, art, and science. Jasmin was at first disposed to dedicate Franconnette to the city of

Bordeaux, where he had been so graciously received and feted on the recitation of his Blind Girl of

CastelCuille; but he eventually decided to dedicate the new poem to the city of Toulouse, where he had

Jasmin was received with every honour by the city which had adopted him. It was his intention to read the

poem at Toulouse before its publication. If there was one of the towns or cities in which his language was

understoodone which promised by the strength and depth of its roots to defy all the chances of the

The place in which he first recited the poem was the Great Hall of the Museum. When the present author saw

it about two years ago, the ground floor was full of antique tombs, statues, and monuments of the past; while

the hall above it was crowded with pictures and works of art, ancient and modern.

About fifteen hundred persons assembled to listen to Jasmin in the Great Hall. "It is impossible," said the

local journal,[1] "to describe the transport with which he was received." The vast gallery was filled with one

of the most brilliant assemblies that had ever met in Toulouse. Jasmin occupied the centre of the platform. At

his right and left hand were seated the Mayor, the members of the Municipal Council, the Military Chiefs, the

members of the Academy of JeuxFloraux,[2] and many distinguished persons in science, literature, and

learning. A large space had been reserved for the accommodation of ladies, who appeared in their light

summer dresses, coloured like the rainbow; and behind them stood an immense number of the citizens of

Jasmin had no sooner begun to recite his poem than it was clear that he had full command of his audience.

Impressed by his eloquence and powers of declamation, they were riveted to their seats, dazzled and moved

by turns, as the crowd of beautiful thoughts passed through their minds. The audience were so much absorbed

by the poet's recitation that not a whisper was heard. He evoked by the tones and tremor of his voice their

sighs, their tears, their indignation. He was by turns gay, melancholy, artless, tender, arch, courteous, and

declamatory. As the drama proceeded, the audience recognised the beauty of the plot and the poet's

knowledge of the human heart. He touched with grace all the cords of his lyre. His poetry evidently came

The success of the recitation was complete, and when Jasmin resumed his seat he received the most

enthusiastic applause. As the whole of the receipts were, as usual, handed over by Jasminto the local

charities, the assembly decided by acclamation that a subscription should be raised to present to the poet, who

had been adopted by the city, some testimony of their admiration for his talent, and for his having first recited

Jasmin handed over to the municipality the manuscript of his poem in a volume beautifully bound. The

Mayor, in eloquent language, accepted the work, and acknowledged the fervent thanks of the citizens of

As at Bordeaux, Jasmin was feted and entertained by the most distinguished people of the city. At one of the

numerous banquets at which he was present, he replied to the speech of the chairman by an impromptu in

honour of those who had so splendidly entertained him. But, as he had already said: "Impromptus may be

On the day following the entertainment, Jasmin was invited to a "grand banquet" given by the coiffeurs of

Toulouse, where they presented him with "a crown of immortelles and jasmines," and to them also he recited

Franconnette was shortly after published, and the poem was received with almost as much applause by the

public as it had been by the citizens of Toulouse. Saintebeuve, the prince of French critics, said of the

"In all his compositions Jasmin has a natural, touching idea; it is a history, either of his invention, or taken

from some local tradition. With his facility as an improvisatore, aided by the patois in which he writes,...

when he puts his dramatis personae into action, he endeavours to depict their thoughts, all their simple yet

lively conversation, and to clothe them in words the most artless, simple, and transparent, and in a language

true, eloquent, and sober: never forget this latter characteristic of Jasmin's works."[5]

M. de Lavergne says of Franconnette, that, of all Jasmin's work, it is the one in which he aimed at being most

entirely popular, and that it is at the same time the most noble and the most chastened. He might also have

added the most chivalrous. "There is something essentially knightly," says Miss Preston, "in Pascal's cast of

character, and it is singular that at the supreme crisis of his fate he assumes, as if unconsciously, the very

"Some squire (donzel) should follow me to death. It is altogether natural and becoming in the highminded

M. Charles NodierJasmin's old friendwas equally complimentary in his praises of Franconnette. When a

"I have received with lively gratitude, my dear and illustrious friend, your beautiful verses, and your

charming and affectionate letter. I have read them with great pleasure and profound admiration. A Although

ill in bed, I have devoured Franconnette and the other poems. I observe, with a certain pride, that you have

followed my advice, and that you think in that fine language which you recite so admirably, in place of

translating the patois into French, which deprives it of its fullness and fairness. I thank you a thousand times

for your very flattering epistle. I am too happy to expostulate with you seriously as to the gracious things you

have said to me; my name will pass to posterity in the works of my friends; the glory of having been loved by

The time at length arrived for the presentation of the testimonial of Toulouse to Jasmin. It consisted of a

branch of laurel in gold. The artist who fashioned it was charged to put his best work into the golden laurel,

so that it might be a chef d'oeuvre worthy of the city which conferred it, and of being treasured in the

museum of their adopted poet. The work was indeed admirably executed. The stem was rough, as in nature,

though the leaves were beautifully polished. It had a ribbon delicately ornamented, with the words "Toulouse

When the work was finished and placed in its case, the Mayor desired to send it to Jasmin by a trusty

messenger. He selected Mademoiselle Gasc, assisted by her father, advocate and member of the municipal

council, to present the tribute to Jasmin. It ought to have been a fete day for the people of Agen, when their

illustrious townsman, though a barber, was about to receive so cordial an appreciation of his poetical genius

from the learned city of Toulouse. It ought also to have been a fete day for Jasmin himself.

But alas! an unhappy coincidence occurred which saddened the day that ought to have been a day of triumph

for the poet. His mother was dying. When Mademoiselle Gasc, accompanied by her father, the Mayor of

Agen, and other friends of Jasmin, entered the shop, they were informed that he was by the bedside of his

mother, who was at death's door. The physician, who was consulted as to her state, said that there might only

He accordingly came out for a few moments from his mother's bedside. M. Gasc explained the object of the

"I thank you, in the name of the city of Toulouse, for the fine poem which you have dedicated to us. This

branch of laurel will remind you of the youthful and beautiful Muse which has inspired you with such

"And I also, sir, am most happy and proud of the mission which has been entrusted to me."

Then she presented him with the casket which contained the golden laurel. Jasmin responded in the lines

"Yesterday! Thanks, Toulouse, for our old language and for my poetry. Your beautiful golden branch

ennobles both. And you who offer it to me, gracious messengerqueen of song and queen of heartstell

your city of my perfect happiness, and that I never anticipated such an honour even in my most golden

"Today! Fascinated by the laurel which Toulouse has sent me, and which fills my heart with joy, I cannot

forget, my dear young lady, the sorrow which overwhelms methe fatal illness of my motherwhich

makes me fear that the most joyful day of my life will also be the most sorrowful."

Jasmin's alarms were justified. His prayers were of no avail. His mother died with her hand in his shortly

after the deputation had departed. Her husband had preceded her to the tomb a few years before. He always

had a firm presentiment that he should be carried in the armchair to the hospital, "where all the Jasmins die."

But Jasmin did his best to save his father from that indignity. He had already broken the armchair, and the

Some four months after the recitation of Franconnette at Toulouse, Jasmin resumed his readings in the cause

of charity. In October 1840 he visited Oleron, and was received with the usual enthusiasm; and on his return

to Pau, he passed the obelisk erected to Despourrins, the Burns of the Pyrenees. At Pau he recited his

Franconnette to an immense audience amidst frenzies of applause. It was alleged that the people of the

Pyrenean country were prosaic and indifferent to art. But M. Dugenne, in the 'Memorial des Pyrenees,' said

that it only wanted such a bewitching poet as Jasminwith his vibrating and magical voiceto rouse them

"His poetry," he said, "is not merely the poetry of illusions; it is alive, and inspires every heart. His admirable

delicacy! His profound tact in every verse! What aristocratic poet could better express in a higher degree the

Jasmin did not seem to be at all elated by these eulogiums. When he had finished his recitations, he returned

to Agen, sometimes on foot, sometimes in the diligence, and quietly resumed his daily work. His success as a

poet never induced him to resign his more humble occupation. Although he received some returns from the

sale of his poems, he felt himself more independent by relying upon the income derived from his own

His increasing reputation never engendered in him, as is too often the case with selftaught geniuses who

suddenly rise into fame, a supercilious contempt for the ordinary transactions of life. "After all," he said,

[2] The Society of the JeuxFloraux derives its origin from the ancient Troubadours. It claims to be the oldest

society of the kind in Europe. It is said to have been founded in the fourteenth century by Clemence Isaure, a

Toulousian lady, to commemorate the "Gay Science." A meeting of the society is held every year, when

prizes are distributed to the authors of the best compositions in prose and verse. It somewhat resembles the

annual meeting of the Eisteddfod, held for awarding prizes to the bards and composers of Wales.

[6] "La politesse du coeur," a French expression which can scarcely be translated into English; just as

Jasmin had been so often advised to visit Paris and test his powers there, that at length he determined to

proceed to the capital of France. It is true, he had been eulogized in the criticisms of SainteBeuve, Leonce

de Lavergne, Charles Nodier, and Charles de Mazade; but he desired to make the personal acquaintance of

some of these illustrious persons, as well as to see his son, who was then settled in Paris. It was therefore in

some respects a visit of paternal affection as well as literary reputation. He set out for Paris in the month of

Jasmin was a boy in his heart and feelings, then as always. Indeed, he never ceased to be a boyin his

What a succession of wonders to him was Parisits streets, its boulevards, its Tuileries, its Louvre, its Arc

Accompanied by his son Edouard, he spent about a week in visiting the most striking memorials of the

capital. They visited together the Place de la Concorde, the Hotel de Ville, Notre Dame, the Madeleine, the

Champs Elysees, and most of the other sights. At the Colonne Vendome, Jasmin raised his head, looked up,

and stood erect, proud of the glories of France. He saw all these things for the first time, but they had long

There are "country cousins" in Paris as well as in London. They are known by their dress, their manners, their

amazement at all they see. When Jasmin stood before the Vendome Column, he extended his hand as if he

were about to recite one of his poems. "Oh, my son," he exclaimed, "such glories as these are truly

magnificent!" The son, who was familiar with the glories, was rather disposed to laugh. He desired, for

decorum's sake, to repress his father's exclamations. He saw the people standing about to hear his father's

words. "Come," said the young man, "let us go to the Madeleine, and see that famous church." "Ah,

Edouard," said Jasmin, "I can see well enough that you are not a poet; not you indeed!"

During his visit, Jasmin wrote regularly to his wife and friends at Agen, giving them his impressions of Paris.

His letters were full of his usual simplicity, brightness, boyishness, and enthusiasm. "What wonderful things I

have already seen," he said in one of his letters, "and how many more have I to see tomorrow and the

following days. M. Dumon, Minister of Public Works" (Jasmin's compatriot and associate at the Academy of

Agen), "has given me letters of admission to Versailles, SaintCloud, Meudon in fact, to all the public places

After a week's tramping about, and seeing the most attractive sights of the capital, Jasmin bethought him of

his literary friends and critics. The first person he called upon was SainteBeuve, at the Mazarin Library, of

which he was director. "He received me like a brother," said Jasmin, "and embraced me. He said the most

flattering things about my Franconnette, and considered it an improvement upon L'Aveugle. 'Continue,' he

said, 'my good friend' and you will take a place in the brightest poetry of our epoch.' In showing me over the

shelves in the Library containing the works of the old poets, which are still read and admired, he said, 'Like

Jasmin next called upon Charles Nodier and Jules Janin. Nodier was delighted to see his old friend, and after

a long conversation, Jasmin said that "he left him with tears in his eyes." Janin complimented him upon his

works, especially upon his masterly use of the Gascon language. "Go on," he said, "and write your poetry in

the patois which always appears to me so delicious. You possess the talent necessary for the purpose; it is so

The Parisian journals mentioned Jasmin's appearance in the capital; the most distinguished critics had highly

approved of his works; and before long he became the hero of the day. The modest hotel in which he stayed

during his visit, was crowded with visitors. Peers, ministers, deputies, journalists, members of the French

The proprietor of the hotel began to think that he was entertaining some prince in disguisethat he must

have come from some foreign court to negotiate secretly some lofty questions of state. But when he was

entertained at a banquet by the barbers and hairdressers of Paris, the opinions of "mine host" underwent a

sudden alteration. He informed Jasmin's son that he could scarcely believe that ministers of state would

bother themselves with a country perukemaker! The son laughed; he told the maitre d'hotel that his bill

Jasmin was not, however, without his detractors. Even in his own country, many who had laughed heartily

and wept bitterly while listening to his voice, feared lest they might have given vent to their emotions against

the legitimate rules of poetry. Some of the Parisian critics were of opinion that he was immensely overrated.

They attributed the success of the Gascon poet to the liveliness of the southerners, who were excited by the

merest trifles; and they suspected that Jasmin, instead of being a poet, was but a clever gasconader, differing

Now that Jasmin was in the capital, his real friends, who knew his poetical powers, desired him to put an end

to these prejudices by reciting before a competent tribunal some of his most admired verses. He would have

had no difficulty in obtaining a reception at the Tuileries. He had already received several kind favours from

the Duke and Duchess of Orleans while visiting Agen. The Duke had presented him with a ring set in

brilliants, and the Duchess had given him a gold pin in the shape of a flower, with a fine pearl surrounded by

diamonds, in memory of their visit. It was this circumstance which induced him to compose his poem 'La

Bago et L'Esplingo' (La Bague et L'Epingle) which he dedicated to the Duchess of Orleans.

But Jasmin aimed higher than the Royal family. His principal desire was to attend the French Academy; but

as the Academy did not permit strangers to address their meetings, Jasmin was under the necessity of

M. Leonce de Lavergne said to him: "You are now classed among our French poets; give us a recitation in

Gascon." Jasmin explained that he could not give his reading before the members of the Academy. "That

difficulty," said his friend, "can soon be got over: I will arrange for a meeting at the salon of one of our most

It was accordingly arranged that Jasmin should give a reading at the house of M. Augustin Thierry, one of the

greatest of living historians. The elite of Parisian society were present on the occasion, including Ampere,

Nizard, Burnouf, Ballanche, Villemain, and many distinguished personages of literary celebrity.

A word as to Jasmin's distinguished entertainer, M. Augustin Thierry. He had written the 'History of the

Conquest of England by the Normans'an original work of great value, though since overshadowed by the

more minute 'History of the Norman Conquest,' by Professor Freeman. Yet Thierry's work is still of great

interest, displaying gifts of the highest and rarest kind in felicitous combination. It shows the careful plodding

of the antiquary, the keen vision of the man of the world, the passionate fervour of the politician, the calm

dignity of the philosophic thinker, and the grandeur of the epic poet. Thierry succeeded in exhuming the dry

bones of history, clothing them for us anew, and presenting almost visibly the "age and body of the times"

Thierry had also written his 'Narratives of the Merovingian Times,' and revived almost a lost epoch in the

early history of France. In writing out these and other worksthe results of immense labour and

researchhe partly lost his eyesight. He travelled into Switzerland and the South of France in the company

of M. Fauriel. He could read no more, and towards the end of the year the remains of his sight entirely

disappeared. He had now to read with the eyes of others, and to dictate instead of writing. In his works he

was assisted by the friendship of M. Armand Carrel, and the affection and judgment of his loving young wife.

He proceeded with courage, and was able to complete the fundamental basis of the two Frankish dynasties.

He was about to follow his investigations into the history of the Goths, Huns, and Vandals, and other races

which had taken part in the dismemberment of the empire. "However extended these labours," he says,[1]

"my complete blindness could not have prevented my going through them; I was resigned as much as a

courageous man can be: I had made a friendship with darkness. But other trials came: acute sufferings and the

decline of my health announced a nervous disease of the most serious kind. I was obliged to confess myself

The last words of Thierry's Autobiographical Preface are most touching. "If, as I delight in thinking, the

interest of science is counted in the number of great national interests, I have given my country all that the

soldier mutilated on the field of battle gives her. Whatever may be the fate of my labours, this example I hope

will not be lost. I would wish it to serve to combat the species of moral weakness which is the disease of the

present generation; to bring back into the straight road of life some of those enervated souls that complain of

wanting faith, that know not what to do, and seek everywhere, without finding it, an object of worship and

admiration. Why say, with so much bitterness, that in this world, constituted as it is, there is no air for all

lungs, no employment for all minds? Is there not opportunity for calm and serious study? and is not that a

refuge, a hope, a field within the reach of all of us? With it, evil days are passed over without their weight

being felt; every one can make his own destiny; every one can employ his life nobly. This is what I have

done, and would do again if I had to recommence my career: I would choose that which has brought me to

where I am. Blind, and suffering without hope, and almost without intermission, I may give this testimony,

which from me will not appear suspicious; there is something in this world better than sensual enjoyments,

It was a solemn and anxious moment for Jasmin when he appeared before this select party of the most

distinguished literary men in Paris: he was no doubt placed at a considerable disadvantage, for his judges did

not even know his language. He had frequently recited to audiences who did not know Gascon; and on such

occasions he used, before commencing his recitation, to give in French a short sketch of his poem, with, an

explanation of some of the more difficult Gascon words. This was all; his mimic talent did the rest. His

gestures were noble and wellmarked. His eyes were flashing, but they became languishing when he

represented tender sentiments. Then his utterance changed entirely, often suddenly, following the expressions

It was remarkable that Jasmin should first recite before the blind historian The Blind Girl of CastelCuille. It

may be that he thought it his finest poem, within the compass of time allotted to him, and that it might best

please his audience. When he began to speak in Gascon he was heard with interest. A laugh was, indeed,

raised by a portion of his youthful hearers, but Jasmin flashed his penetrating eye upon them; and there was

no more laughter. When he reached the tenderest part he gave way to his emotion, and wept. Tears are as

contagious as smiles; and even the academicians, who may not have wept with Rachel, wept with Jasmin. It

was the echo of sorrow to sorrow; the words which blind despair had evoked from the blind Margaret.

All eyes were turned to Thierry as Jasmin described the girl's blindness. The poet omitted some of the more

painful lines, which might have occasioned sorrow to his kind entertainer. These lines, for instance, in

When Jasmin omitted this verse, Thierry, who had listened with rapt attention, interrupted him. "Poet," he

said, "you have omitted a passage; read the poem as you have written it." Jasmin paused, and then added the

omitted passage. "Can it be?" said the historian: "surely you, who can describe so vividly the agony of those

who cannot see, must yourself have suffered blindness!" The words of Jasmin might have been spoken by

Thierry himself, who in his hours of sadness often said, "I see nothing but darkness today."

At the end of his recital Jasmin was much applauded. Ampere, who had followed him closely in the French

translation of his poem, said: "If Jasmin had never written verse, it would be worth going a hundred leagues

to listen to his prose." What charmed his auditors most was his frankness. He would even ask them to listen

to what he thought his best verses. "This passage," he would say, "is very fine." Then he read it afresh, and

was applauded. He liked to be cheered. "Applaud! applaud!" he said at the end of his reading, "the clapping

After the recitation an interesting conversation took place. Jasmin was asked how it was that he first began to

write poetry; for every one likes to know the beginnings of selfculture. He thereupon entered into a brief

history of his life; how he had been born poor; how his grandfather had died at the hospital; and how he had

been brought up by charity. He described his limited education and his admission to the barber's shop; his

reading of Florian; his determination to do something of a similar kind; his first efforts, his progress, and

eventually his success. He said that his object was to rely upon nature and truth, and to invest the whole with

imagination and sensibility that delicate touch which vibrated through all the poems he had written. His

This seance at M. Thierry's completed the triumph of Jasmin at Paris. The doors of the most renowned salons

were thrown open to him. The most brilliant society in the capital listened to him and feted him. Madame de

Remusat sent him a present of a golden pen, with the words: "I admire your beautiful poetry; I never forget

you; accept this little gift as a token of my sincere admiration." Lamartine described Jasmin, perhaps with

Much of Jasmin's work was no doubt the result of intuition, for "the poet is born, not made." He was not so

much the poet of art as of instinct. Yet M. Charles de Mazede said of him: "Left to himself, without study, he

carried art to perfection." His defect of literary education perhaps helped him, by leaving him to his own

natural instincts. He himself said, with respect to the perusal of books: "I constantly read Lafontaine, Victor

Hugo, Lamartine and Beranger." It is thus probable that he may have been influenced to a considerable extent

Before Jasmin left Paris he had the honour of being invited to visit the royal family at the palace of Neuilly, a

favourite residence of Louis Philippe. The invitation was made through General de Rumigny, who came to

see the poet at his hotel for the purpose. Jasmin had already made the acquaintance of the Duke and Duchess

of Orleans, while at Agen a few years before. His visit to Neuilly was made on the 24th of May, 1842. He

was graciously received by the royal family. The Duchess of Orleans took her seat beside him. She read the

verse in Gascon which had been engraved on the pedestal of the statue at Nerac, erected to the memory of

Henry IV. The poet was surprised as well as charmed by her condescension. "What, Madame," he exclaimed,

"you speak the patois?" "El jou tabe" (and I also), said Louis Philippe, who came and joined the Princess and

the poet. Never was Jasmin more pleased than when he heard the words of the King at such a moment.

Jasmin was placed quite at his ease by this gracious reception. The King and the Duchess united in desiring

him to recite some of his poetry. He at once complied with their request, and recited his Caritat and L'Abuglo

('The Blind Girl'). After this the party engaged in conversation. Jasmin, by no means a courtier, spoke of the

past, of Henry IV., and especially of Napoleon" L'Ampereur," as he described him. Jasmin had, in the first

volume of his 'Papillotos,' written some satirical pieces on the court and ministers of Louis Philippe. His

friends wished him to omit these pieces from the new edition of his works, which was about to be published;

but he would not consent to do so. "I must give my works," he said, "just as they were composed; their

suppression would be a negation of myself, and an act of adulation unworthy of any trueminded man."

Before he left the royal party, the Duchess of Orleans presented Jasmin with a golden pin, ornamented with

pearls and diamonds; and the King afterwards sent him, as a souvenir of his visit to the Court, a beautiful

gold watch, ornamented with diamonds. Notwithstanding the pleasure of this visit, Jasmin, as with a

prophetic eye, saw the marks of sorrow upon the countenance of the King, who was already experiencing the

emptiness of human glory. Scarcely had Jasmin left the palace when he wrote to his friend Madame de

Virens, at Agen: "On that noble face I could see, beneath the smile, the expression of sadness; so that from

Another entertainment, quite in contrast with his visit to the King, was the banquet which Jasmin received

from the barbers and hairdressers of Paris. He there recited the verses which he had written in their honour.

M. Boisjoslin[1] says that half the barbers of Paris are Iberiens. For the last three centuries, in all the legends

and anecdotes, the barber is always a Gascon. The actor, the singer, often came from Provence, but much

During Jasmin's month at Paris he had been unable to visit many of the leading literary men; but he was

especially anxious to see M. Chateaubriand, the father of modern French literature. Jasmin was fortunate in

finding Chateaubriand at home, at 112 Rue du Bac. He received Jasmin with cordiality. "I know you

intimately already," said the author of the 'Genius of Christianity;' "my friends Ampere and Fauriel have

often spoken of you. They understand you, they love and admire you. They acknowledge your great talent,'

though they have long since bade their adieu to poetry; you know poets are very wayward," he added, with a

sly smile. "You have a happy privilege, my dear sir: when our age turns prosy, you have but to take your lyre,

in the sweet country of the south, and resuscitate the glory of the Troubadours. They tell me, that in one of

your recent journeys you evoked enthusiastic applause, and entered many towns carpeted with flowers. Ah,

"Ah, dear sir," said Jasmin, "you have achieved much more glory than I. Without mentioning the profound

respect with which all France regards you, posterity and the world will glorify you."

"Glory, indeed," replied Chateaubriand, with a sad smile. "What is that but a flower that fades and dies; but

speak to me of your sweet south; it is beautiful. I think of it, as of Italy; indeed it sometimes seems to me

Notwithstanding his triumphant career at Paris, Jasmin often thought of Agen, and of his friends and relations

at home. "Oh, my wife, my children, my guitar, my workshop, my papillotos, my pleasant Gravier, my dear

good friends, with what pleasure I shall again see you." That was his frequent remark in his letters to Agen.

He was not buoyed up by the praises he had received. He remained, as usual, perfectly simple in his thoughts,

ways, and habits; and when the month had elapsed, he returned joyfully to his daily work at Agen.

Jasmin afterwards described the recollections of his visit in his 'Voyage to Paris' (Moun Bouyatage a Paris). It

was a happy piece of poetry; full of recollections of the towns and departments through which he journeyed,

and finally of his arrival in Paris. Then the wonders of the capital, the crowds in the streets, the soldiers, the

And yet, he says, what a grand world it is! how tasteful! how fashionable! There seem to be no poor. They

are all ladies and gentlemen. Each day is a Sabbath; and under the trees the children play about the fountains.

So different from Agen! He then speaks of his interview with Louis Philippe and the royal family, his recital

of L'Abuglo before "great ladies, great writers, lords, ministers, and great savants;" and he concludes his

The poem is full of the impressions of his mind at the time simple, clear, naive. It is not a connected

narrative, nor a description of what he saw, but it was full of admiration of Paris, the centre of France, and, as

Frenchmen think, of civilisation. It is the simple wonder of the country cousin who sees Paris for the first

timethe city that had so long been associated with his recollections of the past. And perhaps he seized its

Jasmin's visit to Paris in 1842 made his works more extensively known, both at home and abroad. His name

was frequently mentioned in the Parisian journals, and Frenchmen north of the Loire began to pride

themselves on their Gascon poet. His Blind Girl had been translated into English, Spanish, and Italian. The

principal English literary journal, the Athenaeum, called attention to his works a few months after his

appearance in Paris.[1] The editor introduced the subject in the following words:

"On the banks of the Garonne, in the picturesque and ancient town of Agen, there exists at this moment a man

of genius of the first ordera rustic Beranger, a Victor Hugo, a Lamartine a poet full of fire, originality,

and feelingan actor superior to any now in France, excepting Rachel, whom he resembles both in his

powers of declamation and his fortunes. He is not unknownhe is no mute inglorious Milton; for the first

poets, statesmen, and men of letters in France have been to visit him. His parlour chimneypiece, behind his

barber's shop, is covered with offerings to his genius from royalty and rank. His smiling, darkeyed wife,

exhibits to the curious the tokens of her husband's acknowledged merit; and gold and jewels shine in the eyes

of the astonished stranger, who, having heard his name, is led to stroll carelessly into the shop, attracted by a

gorgeous blue cloth hung outside, on which he may have read the words, Jasmin, Coiffeur."

After mentioning the golden laurels, and the gifts awarded to him by those who acknowledged his genius, the

editor proceeds to mention his poems in the Gascon dialecthis Souvenirs his Blind Girl and his

Franconnetteand then refers to his personal appearance. "Jasmin is handsome in person, with eyes full of

intelligence, of good features, a mobility of expression absolutely electrifying, a manly figure and an

agreeable address; but his voice is harmony itself, and its changes have an effect seldom experienced on or

off the stage. The melody attributed to Mrs. Jordan seems to approach it nearest. Had he been an actor instead

of a poet, he would have 'won all hearts his way'... On the whole, considering the spirit, taste, pathos, and

power of this poet, who writes in a patois hitherto confined to the lower class of people in a remote

districtconsidering the effect that his verses have made among educated persons, both French and foreign,

it is impossible not to look upon him as one of the remarkable characters of his age, and to award him, as the

city of Clemence Isaure has done, the Golden Laurel, as the first of the revived Troubadours, destined

perhaps to rescue his country from the reproach of having buried her poetry in the graves of Alain Chartier

It is probable that this article in the Athenaeum was written by Miss Louisa Stuart Costello, who had had an

interview with the poet, in his house at Agen, some years before. While making her tour through Auvergne

and Languedoc in 1840,[2] she states that she picked up three charming ballads, and was not aware that they

had ever been printed. She wrote them down merely by ear, and afterwards translated Me cal Mouri into

English (see page 57). The ballad was very popular, and was set to music. She did not then know the name of

the composer, but when she ascertained that the poet was "one Jasmin of Agen," she resolved to go out of her

way and call upon him, when on her journey to the Pyrenees about two years later.[3] She had already heard

much about him before she arrived, as he was regarded in Gascony as "the greatest poet in modern times."

She had no difficulty in finding his shop at the entrance to the Promenade du Gravier, with the lines in large

Miss Costello entered, and was welcomed by a smiling darkeyed woman, who informed her that her

husband was busy at that moment dressing a customer's hair, but begged that she would walk into his parlour

at the back of the shop. Madame Jasmin took advantage of her husband's absence to exhibit the memorials

which he had received for his gratuitous services on behalf of the public. There was the golden laurel from

the city of Toulouse; the golden cup from the citizens of Auch, the gold watch with chain and seals from "Le

Roi" Louis Philippe, the ring presented by the Duke of Orleans, the pearl pin from the Duchess, the fine

service of linen presented by the citizens of Pau, with other offerings from persons of distinction.

At last Jasmin himself appeared, having dressed his customer's hair. Miss Costello describes his manner as

wellbred and lively, and his language as free and unembarrassed. He said, however, that he was ill, and too

hoarse to read. He spoke in a broad Gascon accent, very rapidly and even eloquently. He told the story of his

difficulties and successes; how his grandfather had been a beggar, and all his family very poor, but that now

he was as rich as he desired to be. His son, he said, was placed in a good position at Nantes, and he exhibited

his picture with pride. Miss Costello told him that she had seen his name mentioned in an English Review.

Jasmin said the review had been sent to him by Lord Durham, who had paid him a visit; and then Miss

Costello spoke of Me cal Mouri, as the first poem of his that she had seen. "Oh," said he, "that little song is

His heart was now touched. He immediately forgot his hoarseness, and proceeded to read some passages

from his poems. "If I were only well," said he, "and you would give me the pleasure of your company for

some time, I would kill you with weeping: I would make you die with distress for my poor Margarido, my

pretty Franconnette." He then took up two copies of his Las Papillotos, handed one to Miss Costello, where

"He began," says the lady, "in a rich soft voice, and as we advanced we found ourselves carried away by the

spell of his enthusiasm. His eyes swam in tears; he became pale and red; he trembled; he recovered himself;

his face was now joyous, now exulting, gay, jocose; in fact, he was twenty actors in one; he rang the changes

from Rachel to Bouffe; and he finished by relieving us of our tears, and overwhelming us with astonishment.

He would have been a treasure on the stage; for he is still, though his youth is past, remarkably goodlooking

and striking; with black, sparkling eyes of intense expression; a fine ruddy complexion; a countenance of

wondrous mobility; a good figure, and action full of fire and grace: he has handsome hands, which he uses

with infinite effect; and on the whole he is the best actor of the kind I ever saw. I could now quite understand

what a Troubadour or jongleur he might be; and I look upon Jasmin as a revived specimen of that extinct

Miss Costello proceeded on her journey to Bearn and the Pyrenees, and on her return northwards she again

renewed her acquaintance with Jasmin and his darkeyed wife. "I did not expect," she says, "that I should be

recognised; but the moment I entered the little shop I was hailed as an old friend. 'Ah' cried Jasmin, 'enfin la

voila encore!' I could not but be flattered by this recollection, but soon found that it was less on my own

account that I was thus welcomed, than because circumstances had occurred to the poet that I might perhaps

explain. He produced several French newspapers, in which he pointed out to me an article headed 'Jasmin a

Londres,' being a translation of certain notices of himself which had appeared in a leading English literary

journal the Athenaeum .... I enjoyed his surprise, while I informed him that I knew who was the reviewer and

translator; and explained the reason for the verses giving pleasure in an English dress, to the superior

simplicity of the English language over modern French, for which he had a great contempt, as unfitted for

lyrical composition.[4] He inquired of me respecting Burns, to whom he had been likened, and begged me to

"He had a thousand things to tell me; in particular, that he had only the day before received a letter from the

Duchess of Orleans, informing him that she had ordered a medal of her late husband to be struck, the first of

which should be sent to him. He also announced the agreeable news of the King having granted him a

pension of a thousand francs. He smiled and wept by turns as he told all this; and declared that, much as he

was elated at the possession of a sum which made him a rich man for life (though it was only equal to 42

"He then made us sit down while he read us two new poems; both charming, and full of grace and naivete;

and one very affecting, being an address to the King, alluding, to the death of his son.

"As he read, his wife stood by, and fearing that we did not comprehend the language, she made a remark to

that effect, to which he answered impatiently, 'Nonsense! don't you see they are in tears?' This was

unanswerable; we were allowed to hear the poem to the end, and I certainly never listened to anything more

"We had much conversation, for he was anxious to detain us; and in the course of it, he told me that he had

been by some accused of vanity. 'Oh!' he exclaimed, 'what would you have? I am a child of nature, and

cannot conceal my feelings; the only difference between me and a man of refinement is, that he knows how

to conceal his vanity and exaltation at success, while I let everybody see my emotions.'

"His wife drew me aside, and asked my opinion as to how much money it would cost to pay Jasmin's

expenses, if he undertook a journey to England. 'However,' she added, 'I dare say he need be at no charge, for

of course your Queen has read that article in his favour, and knows his merit. She probably will send for him,

pay all the expenses of his journey, and give him great fetes in London!" Miss Costello, knowing the

difficulty of obtaining Royal recognition of literary merit in England, unless it appears in forma pauperis,

advised the barberpoet to wait till he was sent fora very good advice, for then it would be never! She

concludes her recollections with this remark: "I left the happy pair, promising to let them know the effect that

the translation of Jasmin's poetry produced in the Royal mind. Indeed, their earnest simplicity was really

A contributor to the Westminster Review[5] also gave a very favourable notice of Jasmin and his poetry,

which, he said, was less known in England than it deserved to be; nor was it well known in France since he

wrote in a patois. Yet he had been well received by some of the most illustrious men in the capital, where

unaided genius, to be successful, must be genius indeed; and there the Gascon bard had acquired for himself a

The reviewer said that the Gascon patois was peculiarly expressive and hearttouching, and in the South it

was held in universal honour. Jasmin, he continued, is what Burns was to the Scottish peasantry; only he

received his honours in his lifetime. The comparison with Burns, however, was not appropriate. Burns had

more pith, vigour, variety, and passion, than Jasmin who was more of a descriptive writer. In some respects

Jasmin resembled Allan Ramsay, a barber and periwigmaker, like himself, whose Gentle Shepherd met with

as great a success as Jasmin's Franconnette. Jasmin, however, was the greater poet of the two.

The reviewer in the Westminster, who had seen Jasmin at Agen, goes on to speak of the honours he had

received in the South and at Parishis recitations in the little room behind his shop his personal

appearance, his hearty and simple mannersand yet his disdain of the mock modesty it would be affectation

to assume. The reviewer thus concludes: "From the first prepossessing, he gains upon you every moment; and

when he is fairly launched into the recital of one of his poems, his rich voice does full justice to the

harmonious Gascon. The animation and feeling he displays becomes contagious. Your admiration kindles,

and you become involved in his ardour. You forget the little room in which he recites; you altogether forget

the barber, and rise with him into a superior world, an experience in a way you will never forget, the power

exercised by a true poet when pouring forth his living thoughts in his own verses....

"Such is Jasminlively in imagination, warm in temperament, humorous, playful, easily made happy, easily

softened, enthusiastically fond of his province, of its heroes, of its scenery, of its language, and of its

manners. He is every inch a Gascon, except that he has none of that consequential selfimportance, or of the

love of boasting and exaggeration, which, falsely or not, is said to characterise his countrymen.

"Born of the people, and following a humble trade, he is proud of both circumstances; his poems are full of

allusions to his calling; and without ever uttering a word in disparagment of other classes, he everywhere

sings the praises of his own. He stands by his order. It is from it he draws his poetry; it is there he finds his

"And this is his great charm, as it is his chief distinction. He invests virtue, however lowly, with the dignity

that belongs to it. He rewards merit, however obscure, with its due honour. Whatever is true or beautiful or

good, finds from him an immediate sympathy. The true is never rejected by him because it is commonplace;

nor the beautiful because it is everyday; nor the good because it is not also great. He calls nothing unclean but

vice and crime, He sees meanness in nothing but in the sham, the affectation, and the spangles of outward

"But while it is in exalting lowly excellence that Jasmin takes especial delight, he is not blind, as some are, to

excellence in high places. All he seeks is the sterling and the real. He recognises the sparkle of the diamond

"He is thus preeminently the poet of nature; not, be it understood, of inanimate nature only, but of nature

also, as it exists in our thoughts, and words, and acts of nature as it is to be found living and moving in

humanity. But we cannot paint him so well as he paints himself. We well remember how, in his little shop at

Agen, he described to us what he believed to be characteristic of his poetry; and we find in a letter from him

"'I believe,' he said, 'that I have portrayed a part of the noble sentiments which men and women may

experience here below. I believe that I have emancipated myself more than anyone has ever done from every

school, and I have placed myself in more direct communication with nature. My poetry comes from my heart.

I have taken my pictures from around me in the most humble conditions of men; and I have done for my

A few years later Mr. Angus B. Reach, a wellknown author, and a contributor to Punch in its earlier days,

was appointed a commissioner by the Morning Chronicle to visit, for industrial purposes, the districts in the

South of France. His reports appeared in the Chronicle; but in 1852, Mr. Reach published a fuller account of

his journeys in a volume entitled 'Claret and Olives, from the Garonne to the Rhone.'[6] In passing through

the South of France, Mr. Reach stopped at Agen. "One of my objects," he says, "was to pay a literary visit to

a very remarkable manJasmin, the peasantpoet of Provence and Languedocthe 'Last of the

Troubadours,' as, with more truth than is generally to be found in ad captandum designations, he terms

himself, and is termed by the wide circle of his admirers; for Jasmin's songs and rural epics are written in the

patois of the people, and that patois is the still almost unaltered Langue d'Octhe tongue of the chivalric

"But Jasmin is a Troubadour in another sense than that of merely availing himself of the tongue of the

menestrels. He publishes, certainly, conforming so far to the usages of our degenerate modern times; but his

great triumphs are his popular recitations of his poems. Standing bravely up before an expectant assembly of

perhaps a couple of thousand personsthe hotblooded and quickbrained children of the Souththe

modern Troubadour plunges over head and ears into his lays, evoking both himself and his applauding

audiences into fits of enthusiasm and excitement, which, whatever may be the excellence of the poetry, an

"The raptures of the New Yorkers and Bostonians with Jenny Lind are weak and cold compared with the

ovations which Jasmin has received. At a recitation given shortly before my visit to Auch, the ladies present

actually tore the flowers and feathers out of their bonnets, wove them into extempore garlands, and flung

them in showers upon the panting minstrel; while the editors of the local papers next morning assured him, in

floods of flattering epigrams, that humble as he was now, future ages would acknowledge the 'divinity' of a

There is a feature, however, about these recitations which is still more extraordinary than the uncontrollable

fits of popular enthusiasm which they produce. His last entertainment before I saw him was given in one of

the Pyrenean cities, and produced 2,000 francs. Every sous of this went to the public charities; Jasmin will

not accept a stiver of money so earned. With a species of perhaps overstrained, but certainly exalted, chivalric

feeling, he declines to appear before an audience to exhibit for money the gifts with which nature has

"After, perhaps, a brilliant tour through the South of France, delighting vast audiences in every city, and

flinging many thousands of francs into every poorbox which he passes, the poet contentedly returns to his

humble occupation, and to the little shop where he earns his daily bread by his daily toil as a barber and

hairdresser. It will be generally admitted that the man capable of selfdenial of so truly heroic a nature as

"One would be puzzled to find a similar instance of perfect and absolute disinterestedness in the roll of

minstrels, from Homer downwards; and, to tell the truth, there does seem a spice of Quixotism mingled with

and tinging the pure fervour of the enthusiast. Certain it is, that the Troubadours of yore, upon whose model

Jasmin professes to found his poetry, were by no means so scrupulous. 'Largesse' was a very prominent word

in their vocabulary; and it really seems difficult to assign any satisfactory reason for a man refusing to live

upon the exercise of the finer gifts of his intellect, and throwing himself for his bread upon the daily

"Jasmin, as may be imagined, is well known in Agen. I was speedily directed to his abode, near the open

Place of the town, and within earshot of the rush of the Garonne; and in a few moments I found myself

pausing before the lintel of the modest shop inscribed Jasmin, Perruquier, Coiffeur des jeunes Gens. A little

brass basin dangled above the threshold; and looking through the glass I saw the master of the establishment

shaving a fatfaced neighbour. Now I had come to see and pay my compliments to a poet, and there did

appear to me to be something strangely awkward and irresistibly ludicrous in having to address, to some

extent, in a literary and complimentary vein, an individual actually engaged in so excessively prosaic and

"I retreated, uncertain what to do, and waited outside until the shop was clear. Three words explained the

nature of my visit, and Jasmin received me with a species of warm courtesy, which was very peculiar and

very charming; dashing at once, with the most clattering volubility and fiery speed of tongue, into a sort of

rhapsodical discourse upon poetry in general, and the patois of it, spoken in Languedoc, Provence, and

"Jasmin is a wellbuilt and strongly limbed man of about fifty, with a large, massive head, and a broad pile of

forehead, overhanging two piercingly bright blackeyes, and features which would be heavy, were they

allowed a moment's repose from the continual play of the facial muscles, sending a neverending series of

varying expressions across the dark, swarthy visage. Two sentences of his conversation were quite sufficient

"The first thing which struck me was the utter absence of all the mockmodesty, and the pretended

selfunderrating, conventionally assumed by persons expecting to be complimented upon their sayings or

doings. Jasmin seemed thoroughly to despise all such flimsy hypocrisy. 'God only made four Frenchmen

poets,' he burst out with, 'and their names are, Corneille, Lafontaine, Beranger, and Jasmin!'

"Talking with the most impassioned vehemence, and the most redundant energy of gesture, he went on to

declaim against the influences of civilisation upon language and manners as being fatal to all real poetry. If

the true inspiration yet existed upon earth, it burned in the hearts and brains of men far removed from cities,

salons, and the clash and din of social influences. Your only true poets were the unlettered peasants, who

poured forth their hearts in song, not because they wished to make poetry, but because they were joyous and

"Colleges, academies, schools of learning, schools of literature, and all such institutions, Jasmin denounced

as the curse and the bane of true poetry. They had spoiled, he said, the very French language. You could no

more write poetry in French now than you could in arithmetical figures. The language had been licked and

kneaded, and tricked out, and plumed, and dandified, and scented, and minced, and ruled square, and

chipped (I am trying to give an idea of the strange flood of epithets he used)and pranked out, and

polished, and muscadineduntil, for all honest purposes of true high poetry, it was mere unavailable and

"It might do for cheating agents de change on the Bourse for squabbling politicians in the Chambersfor

mincing dandies in the salonsfor the sarcasm of Scribeish comedies, or the coarse drolleries of Palais

Royal farces, but for poetry the French language was extinct. All modern poets who used it were faiseurs de

phrasethinking about words and not feelings. 'No, no,' my Troubadour continued, 'to write poetry, you

must get the language of a rural peoplea language talked among fields, and trees, and by rivers and

mountainsa language never minced or disfigured by academies and dictionarymakers, and journalists;

you must have a language like that which your own Burns, whom I read of in Chateaubriand, used; or like the

brave, old, mellow tongueunchanged for centuriesstuffed with the strangest, quaintest, richest, raciest

idioms and odd solemn words, full of shifting meanings and associations, at once pathetic and familiar,

homely and gracefulthe language which I write in, and which has never yet been defiled by calculating

men of science or jackadandy litterateurs.' "The above sentences may be taken as a specimen of the ideas

with which Jasmin seemed to be actually overflowing from every pore in his bodyso rapid, vehement, and

loud was his enunciation of them. Warming more and more as he went on, he began to sketch the outlines of

his favourite pieces. Every now and then plunging into recitation, jumping from French into patois, and from

patois into French, and sometimes spluttering them out, mixed up pellmell together. Hardly pausing to take

breath, he rushed about the shop as he discoursed, lugging out, from old chests and drawers, piles of old

newspapers and reviews, pointing out a passage here in which the estimate of the writer pleased him, a

passage there which showed how perfectly the critic had mistaken the scope of his poetic philosophy, and

exclaiming, with the most perfect naivete, how mortifying it was for men of original and profound genius to

be misconceived and misrepresented by pigmy whippersnapper scamps of journalists.

"There was one review of his works, published in a London 'Recueil,' as he called it, to which Jasmin referred

with great pleasure. A portion of it had been translated, he said, in the preface to a French edition of his

works; and he had most of the highly complimentary phrases by heart. The English critic, he said, wrote in

the Tintinum, and he looked dubiously at me when I confessed that I had never heard of the organ in

'Pourtant,' he said, 'je vous le ferai voir,' and I soon perceived that Jasmin's Tintinum was no other than the

"In the little back drawingroom behind the shop, to which the poet speedily introduced me, his sister [it

must have been his wife], a meek, smiling woman, whose eyes never left him, following as he moved with a

beautiful expression of love and pride in his glory, received me with simple cordiality. The walls were

covered with testimonials, presentations, and trophies, awarded by critics and distinguished persons, literary

and political, to the modern Troubadour. Not a few of these are of a nature to make any man most

legitimately proud. Jasmin possesses gold and silver vases, laurel branches, snuffboxes, medals of honour,

and a whole museum of similar gifts, inscribed with such characteristic and laconiclegends as 'Au Poete, Les

"The number of garlands of immortelles, wreaths of ivyjasmin (punning upon the name), laurel, and so

forth, utterly astonished me. Jasmin preserved a perfect shrubbery of such tokens; and each symbol had, of

course, its pleasant associative remembrance. One was given by the ladies of such a town; another was the

gift of the prefect's wife of such a department. A handsome fulllength portrait had been presented to the poet

by the municipal authorities of Agen; and a letter from M. Lamartine, framed, above the chimneypiece,

avowed the writer's belief that the Troubadour of the Garonne was the Homer of the modern world. M.

Jasmin wears the ribbon of the Legion of Honour, and has several valuable presents which were made to him

"I have been somewhat minute in giving an account of my interview with M. Jasmin, because he is really the

popular poet the peasant poet of the South of Francethe Burns of Limousin, Provece, and Languedoc.

His songs are in the mouths of all who sing in the fields and by the cottage firesides. Their subjects are

always rural, naive, and full of rustic pathos and rustic drollery. To use his words to me, he sings what the

hearts of the people say, and he can no more help it than can the birds in the trees. Translations into French of

his main poems have appeared; and compositions more full of natural and thoroughly unsophisticated pathos

"Jasmin writes from a teeming brain and a beaming heart; and there is a warmth and a glow, and a strong,

happy, triumphant march of song about his poems, which carry you away in the perusal as they carried away

of course, from the French translations, and I can well conceive that they give but a comparatively faint

transcript of the pith and power of the original. The patois in which these poems are written is the common

peasant language of the Southwest of France. It varies in some slight degree in different districts, but not

more than the broad Scotch of Forfarshire differs from that of Ayrshire. As for the dialect itself, it seems in

the main to be a species of cross between old French and Spanish holding, however, I am assured, rather to

the latter tongue than to the former, and constituting a bold, copious, and vigorous speech, very rich in its

colouring, full of quaint words and expressive phrases, and especially strong in all that relates to the language

"I hardly know how long my interview with Jasmin might have lasted, for he seemed by no means likely to

tire of talking, and his talk was too good and too curious not to be listened to with interest; but the sister [or

wife] who had left us for a moment, coming back with the intelligence that there was quite a gathering of

customers in the shop, I hastily took my leave, the poet squeezing my hand like a vice, and immediately

thereafter dashing into all that appertains to curlingirons, scissors, razors, and lather, with just as much

apparent energy and enthusiasm as he had flung into his rhapsodical discourse on poetry and language!"

It is scarcely necessary to apologise for the length of this extract, because no author that we know ofnot

even any French authorhas given so vivid a description of the man as he lived, moved, and talked, as Mr.

Reach; and we believe the reader will thank us for quoting from an almost entirely forgotten book, the above

[1] The Athenaeum, 5th November, 1842. 'The Curlpapers of Jasmin, the Barber of Agen.' ('Las Papillotos

[4] "There are no poets in France now", he said to Miss Costello. "There cannot be. The language does not

admit of it. Where is the fire, the spirit, the expression, the tenderness, the force, of the Gascon? French is but

the ladder to reach the first floor of the Gascon; how can you get up to a height except by means of a ladder?"

[6] Published by David Bogue, Fleet Street. 1852. Mr. Reach was very particular about the pronunciation of

his name. Being a native of Inverness, the last vowel was guttural. One day, dining with Douglas Jerrold, who

insisted on addressing him as Mr. Reek or Reech, "No," said the other; "my name is neither Reek nor

The poet had no sooner returned from his visit to Paris than he was besieged with appeals to proceed to the

relief of the poor in the South of France. Indeed, for more than thirty years he devoted a considerable part of

his time to works of charity and benevolence. He visited successively cities and towns so far remote from

each other, as Bayonne and Marseilles, Bagneres and Lyons. He placed his talents at the service of the public

from motives of sheer benevolence, for the large collections which were made at his recitations were not of

The first place he visited on this occasion was Carcassonne, southeast of Toulouse,a town of considerable

importance, and containing a large number of poor people. M. Dugue, prefect of the Aude, wrote to Jasmin:

"The crying needs of this winter have called forth a desire to help the poor; but the means are sadly wanting.

Our thoughts are necessarily directed to you. Will you come and help us?" Jasmin at once complied. He was

After several successful recitations, a considerable sum of money was collected for the relief of the poor of

Carcassonne. To perpetuate the recollection of Jasmin's noble work, and to popularise the genius of the poet,

the Prefect of the Aude arranged that Jasmin's poems should be distributed amongst all the schools of his

department, and for this purpose a portion of the surplus funds was placed at the disposal of the

Bordeaux next appealed to the poet. He had a strong love for Bordeaux. It was the place where he had first

recited his Blind Girl, where he had first attracted public attention, and where he was always admired and

always feted. The Orphan Institution of the city was in difficulties; its funds were quite exhausted; and who

should be invited to come to their help but their old friend Jasmin? He was again enthusiastically received.

The Franklin Rooms were crowded, and money flowed quickly into the orphans' treasury. Among the poems

At the end of the recital a pretty little orphan girl came forward and presented Jasmin with a laurel adorned

To Jasmin, with the orphans' gratitude." Jasmin finally descended from the rostrum and mixed with the

audience, who pressed round him and embraced him. The result was the collection of more than a thousand

No matter what the institution was, or where it was situated, if it was in difficulties, and Jasmin was appealed

to, provided it commended itself to his judgment, he went far and near to give his help. A priest at a remote

place in Perigord had for some time endeavoured to found an agricultural colony for the benefit of the

labourers, and at last wrote to Jasmin for assistance. The work had been patronised by most of the wealthy

people of the province; but the colony did not prosper. There remained no one to help them but the noble

barber of Agen. Without appealing any more to the rich for further aid, the priest applied to Jasmin through a

mutual friend, one of the promoters of the undertaking, who explained to him the nature of the enterprise. The

"MY DEAR SIR,I have already heard of the Pious Work of the curate of Vedey, and shall be most happy

to give him my services for one or two evenings, though I regret that I must necessarily defer my visit until

after the month of February next. In May I have promised to go twice to the help of the Albigenses, in aid of

their hospital and the poor of Alba. I start tomorrow for Cahors, to help in a work equally benevolent, begun

long ago. I am engaged for the month of August for Foix and Bagneres de Luchon, in behalf of a church and

an agricultural society. All my spare time, you will observe, is occupied; and though I may be tired out by my

journeys, I will endeavour to rally my forces and do all that I can for you. Tell the curate of Vedey, therefore,

that as his labour has been of long continuance, my Muse will be happy to help his philanthropic work during

In due time Jasmin fulfilled his promise, and a considerable sum was collected in aid of the agricultural

colony, which, to his great joy, was eventually established and prospered. On another and a very different

occasion the Society of Arts and Literature appealed to him. Their object was to establish a fund for the

assistance of the poorer members of their craftsomething like the Royal Literary Fund of London. The

letter addressed to him was signed by Baron Taylor, Ingres, Ambroise Thomas, Auber, Meyerbeer, Adolphe

Adam, Jules Simon, Zimmermann, Halevy, and others. It seemed extraordinary that men of such distinction

in art and literature should appeal to a man of such humble condition, living at so remote a place as Agen.

"We ask your help," they said, "for our work, which has only been begun, and is waiting for assistance. We

desire to have the encouragement and powerful support of men of heart and intelligence. Do not be surprised,

sir, that we address this demand to you. We have not yet appealed to the part of France in which you live; but

we repose our hopes in your admirable talent, inspired as it is with Christian charity, which has already given

birth to many benefactions, for the help of churches, schools, and charitable institutions, and has spread

amongst your compatriots the idea of relieving the poor and necessitous." Incited by these illustrious men,

Jasmin at once took the field, and by his exertions did much towards the foundation of the proposed

The strength of his constitution seemed to be inexhaustible. On one occasion he went as far as Marseilles. He

worked, he walked, he travelled, he recited almost without end. Though he sometimes complained of being

overtired, he rallied, and went on as before. At Marseilles, for instance, he got up early in the morning, and

at 8 A.M. he was present at a private council in a school. At 11 he presided at a meeting of the Society of

Saint Francis Xavier, where he recited several of his poems before two thousand persons. At 2 o'clock he was

present at a banquet given in his honour. In the evening he had another triumphant reception. In the morning

he spoke of country, religion, and work to the humbler classes, and in the evening he spoke of love and

charity to a crowded audience of distinguished ladies. He was entertained at Marseilles like a prince, rather

He sometimes gave as many as three hundred recitations of this sort in a year; visiting nearly every town

from Bordeaux to Marseilles for all kinds of charitable institutions. Of course his travels were enlivened by

many adventures, and some people were unwilling to allow him to forget that he was a barber. When at

Auch, a town several miles to the south of Agen, he resided with the mayor. The time for the meeting had

nearly arrived; but the mayor was still busy with his toilet. The prefect of Gers was also waiting. Fearing the

impatience of his guests, the mayor opened the door of his chamber to apologise, showing his face covered

"Oh," said Jasmin, "why did you not perform your toilet sooner? But now let me help you." Jasmin at once

doffed his coat, gave the finishing touch to his razor, and shaved the mayor in a twinkling, with what he

called his "hand of velvet." In a few minutes after, Jasmin was receiving tumultuous applause for his splendid

Thus, as time was pressing, it was a pleasure to Jasmin to make himself useful to his friend the mayor. But on

another occasion he treated a rich snob in the way he deserved. Jasmin had been reciting for the benefit of the

poor. At the conclusion of the meeting, the young people of the town improvised a procession of flambeaux

Early next morning, while Jasmin was still asleep, he was awakened by some one knocking at his chamber

door. He rose, opened it, and found himself in presence of one of the most opulent persons of the town. There

are vulgar people everywhere, and this person had more wealth than courtesy. Like Jasmin, he was a man of

the people; but he had neither the grace nor the politeness of the Gascon barber. He was but a parvenu, and

his riches had only produced an accumulation of snobbishness. He pushed into the room, installed himself

"My dear Jasmin," he said, "I am a bankera millionaire, as you know; I wish you to shave me with your

own hand. Please set to work at once, for I am pressed for time. You can ask what you like for your trouble."

"Come, comeyou are jesting! I cannot be put off. Make your charge as much as you likebut shave me."

The banker again pleaded; Jasmin was firm; and the millionaire went away unshaved!

During one of his recitations at Toulouse, he was introduced to Mdlle. Roaldes, a young and beautiful lady,

with whose father, a thriving stockbroker, he stayed while in that city. His house was magnificent and

splendidly furnished. Many persons of influence were invited to meet Jasmin, and, while there, he was

entertained with much hospitality. But, as often happens with stockbrokers, M. Roaldes star fell; he suffered

One day, while Jasmin was sharpening his razors in his shop in Agen, who should appear but Mdlle. Therese

Roaldes, sad and dejected. It was the same young lady who had charmed him, not only by her intellectual

converse, but by her admirable musical ability. She had sung brilliantly at the entertainment given at her

father's house, and now she came to lay her case before the Agenaise barber! She told her whole story, ending

Mdlle. Roaldes judged rightly of the generous heart of Jasmin. He was instantly ready and willing to help her.

They might not restore her father's fortunes, but they might rescue him from the poverty and humiliations in

which his sudden reverse of fortune had involved him. The young lady had only her voice and her harp, but

Jasmin had his "Curlpapers." Mdlle. Roaldes was beautiful; could her beauty have influenced Jasmin? For

beauty has a wonderful power in the world. But goodness is far better, and it was that and her filial love

The two made their first appearance at Agen. They gave their performance in the theatre, which was

crowded, The name of Mdlle. Roaldes excited the greatest sympathy, for the misfortunes of her father were

well known in the South. For this beautiful girl to descend from her brilliant home in Toulouse to the boards

of a theatre at Agen, was a sad blow, but her courage bore her up, and she excited the sympathetic applause

of the audience. In the midst of the general enthusiasm, Jasmin addressed the charming lady in some lines

which he had prepared for the occasion. Holding in his hand a bouquet of flowers, he said

"Oh well they bloom for you! Mothers and daughters, Throw flowers to her, though moistened with your

Daughter of heaven, oh, sing! your name shines bright, The earth applauds, and God will bless you ever."

At the conclusion of his poem, Jasmin threw his wreath of flowers to the young lady, and in an instant she

was covered with flowers by the audience. Mdlle. Roaldes was deeply moved. She had faced a public

audience for the first time; she had been received with applause, and from that moment she felt confidence in

The poet, with the singer and harpist, made a tour in the southern provinces, and the two muses, poetry and

music, went from town to town, enlivening and enlightening the way. Every heart praised the poet for giving

his services to his young and beautiful friend. They applauded also the lovely woman who made her

harpchords vibrate with her minstrel's music. The pair went to Montauban, Albi, Toulouse, and Nimes; they

were welcomed at Avignon, the city of Petrarch and the Popes. Marseilles forgot for a time her harbour and

At Marseilles Jasmin felt himself quite at home. In the intervals between the concerts and recitals, he made

many new friends, as well as visited many old ones. His gay and genial humour, his lively sallies, his brilliant

recitals, brought him friends from every circle. M. Merv, in a political effusion, welcomed the Gascon poet.

He was invited to a fete of l'AtheneeOuvier (the Workman's Athenaeum); after several speeches, Jasmin

"I am proud," he said, "of finding myself among the members of this society, and of being welcomed by men

who are doubly my brethrenby the labour of the hands and by the labour of the head. You have moved me

and astonished me, and I have incurred to l'AtheneeOuvier a poetical debt which my muse can only repay

Many pleasant letters passed between Jasmin and Mdlle. de Roaldes. The lady entertained the liveliest

gratitude to the poet, who had helped her so nobly in her misfortunes. On the morning after her first

successful appearance at Agen, she addressed to him a letter full of praise and thankfulness. She ended it

thus: "Most amiable poet, I adore your heart, and I do homage to your genius." In a future letter she confessed

that the rays of the sun were not less welcome than the rays of his genius, and that her music would have been

Towards the end of their joint entertainment she again wrote to him: "You have become, my dear poet, my

shower of gold, my heavensent manna, while you continue your devotion to my personal interests.... As a

poet, I give you all the glory; as a friend, I owe you the affection of my filial heart, the hopes of a better time,

and the consolation of my future days... Let it be remembered that this good deed on your part is due to your

heart and will. May it protect you during your life, and make you blest in the life which is to come!"

While at Nimes, the two poetartisans metReboul the baker and Jasmin the barber. Reboul, who attended

the musicrecitation, went up to Jasmin and cordially embraced him, amidst the enthusiastic cheers of three

thousand people. Jasmin afterwards visited Reboul at his bakery, where they had a pleasant interview with

respect to the patois of Provence and Gascony. At the same time it must be observed that Reboul did not

Reboul had published a volume of poems which attracted the notice and praise of Lamartine and Alexandre

Dumas. Perhaps the finest poem in the volume is entitled The Angel and Child. Reboul had lost his wife and

child; he sorrowed greatly at their death, and this poem was the result. The idea is simple and beautiful. An

angel, noticing a lovely child in its cradle, and deeming it too pure for earth, bears its spirit away to Heaven.

Dumas, in 'Pictures of Travel in the South of France,' relates an interview with the bakerpoet of Nimes.

"It was sorrow," replied Reboul"the loss of a beloved wife and child. I was in great grief; I sought solitude,

and, finding no one who could understand me, poured forth my grief to the Almighty."

"Yes," said Dumas, "I now comprehend your feelings. It is thus that true poets become illustrious. How many

men of talent only want a great misfortune to become men of genius! You have told me in a word the secret

of your life; I know it now as well as you do." And yet Jasmin, the contemporary of Reboul, had written all

Chateaubriand, when in the South of France, called upon Reboul. The baker met him at the door.

"Then the poet cannot be seen until midday. At present the baker is working at the oven."

Chateaubriand accordingly retired, but returned at the time appointed, and had a long and interesting

While at Montpellier Jasmin received two letters from Madame Lafarge, then in prison. The circumstances

connected with her case were much discussed in the journals of the time. She had married at seventeen a M.

Lafarge, and found after her marriage that he had deceived her as to his property. Illfeeling arose between

the unhappy pair, and eventually she was tried for poisoning her husband. She was condemned with

extenuating circumstances, and imprisoned at Montpellier in 1839. She declared that she was innocent of the

crime imputed to her, and Jasmin's faith in the virtue of womanhood led him to believe her. Her letters to

"Many pens," she said, "have celebrated your genius; let mine touch your heart! Oh, yes, sir, you are good,

noble, and generous! I preserve every word of yours as a dear consolation; I guard each of your promises as a

holy hope. Voltaire has saved Calas. Sing for me, sir, and I will bless your memory to the day of my death. I

am innocent!... For eight long years I have suffered; and I am still suffering from the stain upon my honour. I

She again wrote to Jasmin, endeavouring to excite his interest by her appreciation of his poems.

"The spirit of your work," she said, "vibrates through me in every form. What a pearl of eulogy is Maltro!

What a great work is L'Abuglo! In the first of these poems you reach the sublime of love without touching a

single chord of passion. What purity, and at the same time what ease and tenderness! It is not only the fever

of the heart; it is life itself, its religion, its virtue. This poor lnnuocento does not live to love; she loves to

live.... Her love diffuses itself like a perfumelike the scent of a flower.... In writing Maltro your muse

becomes virgin and Christian; and to dictate L'Abuglo is a crown of flowers, violets mingled with roses, like

And again: "Poet, be happy; sing in the language of your mother, of your infancy, of your loves, your

sorrows. The Gascon songs, revived by you, can never be forgotten. Poet, be happy! The language which you

love, France will learn to admire and read, and your brotherpoets will learn to imitate you.... Spirit speaks to

spirit; genius speaks to the heart. Sing, poet, sing! Envy jeers in vain; your Muse is French; better still, it is

Christian, and the laurel at the end of your course has two crownsone for the forehead of the poet and the

other for the heart of the man. Grand actions bring glory; good deeds bring happiness."

Although Jasmin wrote an interesting letter to Madame Lafarge, he did not venture to sing or recite for her

Agen, with its narrow and crooked streets, is not altogether a pleasant town, excepting, perhaps, the beautiful

promenade of the Gravier, where Jasmin lived. Yet the neighbourhood of Agen is exceedingly picturesque,

especially the wooded crags of the Hermitage and the pretty villas near the convent of the Carmelites. From

these lofty sites a splendid view of the neighbouring country is to be seen along the windings of the Garonne,

Down beneath the Hermitage and the crags a road winds up the valley towards Verona, once the home of the

famous Scaligers.[1] Near this place Jasmin bought a little vineyard, and established his Tivoli. In this pretty

spot his muse found pure air, liberty, and privacy. He called the placelike his volume of poemshis

"Papillote," his "Curlpaper." Here, for nearly thirty years, he spent some of his pleasantest hours, in exercise,

in reflection, and in composition. In commemoration of his occupation of the site, he composed his Ma

Jasmin dedicated Ma Bigno to Madame Louis Veill, of Paris. He told her of his purchase of Papillote, a piece

of ground which he had long desired to have, and which he had now been able to buy with the money gained

"In this tiny little vineyard," he says, "my only chamber is a grotto. Nine cherry trees: such is my wood! I

have six rows of vines, between which I walk and meditate. The peaches are mine; the hazel nuts are mine! I

have two elms, and two fountains. I am indeed rich! You may laugh, perhaps, at my happiness. But I wish

you to know that I love the earth and the sky. It is a living picture, sparkling in the sunshine. Come," he said,

"and pluck my peaches from the branches; put them between your lovely teeth, whiter than the snow. Press

them: from the skin to the almond they melt in the mouthit is honey!" He next describes what he sees and

hears from his grotto: the beautiful flowers, the fruit glowing in the sun, the luscious peaches, the notes of the

woodlark, the zugzug of the nightingale, the superb beauty of the heavens. "They all sing love, and love is

He compares Paris, with its grand ladies and its grand opera, with his vineyard and his nightingales. "Paris,"

he says, "has fine flowers and lawns, but she is too much of the grande dame. She is unhappy, sleepy. Here, a

thousand hamlets laugh by the river's side. Our skies laugh; everything is happy; everything lives. From the

month of May, when our joyous summer arrives, for six months the heavens resound with music. A thousand

nightingales sing all the night through.... Your grand opera is silent, while our concert is in its fullest strain."

The poem ends with a confession on the part of the poet of sundry pilferings committed by himself in the

same place when a boyof appletrees broken, hedges forced, and vineladders scaled, winding up with the

"Madame, you see I turn towards the past without a blush; will you? What I have robbed I return, and return

with usury. I have no door to my vineyard; only two thorns bar its threshold. When, through a hole I see the

noses of marauders, instead of arming myself with a cane, I turn and go away, so that they may come back.

He who robbed when he was young, may in his old age allow himself to be robbed too." A most amicable

Ma Bigno is written in graceful and felicitous verse. We have endeavoured to give a translation in the

appendix; but the rendering of such a work into English is extremely difficult. The soul will be found

wanting; for much of the elegance of the poem consists in the choice of the words. M. de Mazade, editor of

the Revue des Deux Mondes, said of Ma Bigno that it was one of Jasmin's best works, and that the style and

M. Rodiere, of Toulouse, in his brief memoir of Jasmin,[2] says that "it might be thought that so great a work

as Franconnette would have exhausted the poet. When the aloe flowers, it rests for nearly a hundred years

before it blooms again. But Jasmin had an inexhaustible well of poetry in his soul. Never in fact was he more

prolific than in the two years which followed the publication of Franconnette. Poetry seemed to flow from

him like a fountain, and it came in various forms. His poems have no rules and little rhythm, except those

which the genius of the poet chooses to give them; but there is always the most beautiful poetry, perfectly

Jasmin, however, did not compose with the rapidity described by his reviewer. He could not throw off a poem

at one or many sittings; though he could write an impromptu with ready facility. When he had an elaborate

work in hand, such as The Blind Girl of CastelCuille, Franconnette, or Martha the Innocent, he meditated

long over it, and elaborated it with conscientious care. He arranged the plan in his mind, and waited for the

best words and expressions in which to elaborate his stanzas, so as most clearly to explain his true meaning.

Thus Franconnette cost him two years' labour. Although he wrote of peasants in peasants' language, he took

care to avoid everything gross or vulgar. Not even the most classical poet could have displayed inborn

politenessla politesse du coeurin a higher degree. At the same time, while he expressed passion in many

Notwithstanding his constant philanthropic journeys, he beguiled his time with the germs of some

forthcoming poem, ready to be elaborated on his return to Agen and his vineyard.

His second volume of poems was published in 1842, and in a few months it reached its third edition. About

20,000 copies of his poems had by this time been issued. The sale of these made him comparatively easy in

his circumstances; and it was mainly by their profits that he was enabled to buy his little vineyard near

It may also be mentioned that Jasmin received a further increase of his means from the Government of Louis

Philippe. Many of his friends in the South of France were of opinion that his philanthropic labours should be

publicly recognised. While Jasmin had made numerous gifts to the poor from the collections made at his

recitations; while he had helped to build schools, orphanages, asylums, and even churches, it was thought that

some recompense should be awarded to him by the State for his selfsacrificing labours.

In 1843 the Duchess of Orleans had a golden medal struck in his honour; and M. Dumon, when presenting it

to Jasmin, announced that the Minister of Instruction had inscribed his name amongst the men of letters

whose works the Government was desirous of encouraging; and that consequently a pension had been

awarded to him of 1,000 francs per annum. This welcome news was shortly after confirmed by the Minister

of Instruction himself. "I am happy," said M. Villemain,"to bear witness to the merit of your writings, and the

The minister was not, however, satisfied with conferring this favour. It was ordered that Jasmin should be

made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, at the same time that Balzac, Frederick Soulie, and Alfred de

Musset, were advanced to the same role of honour. The minister, in conveying the insignia to Jasmin, said:

"Your actions are equal to your works; you build churches; you succour indigence; you are a powerful

These unexpected honours made no difference in the poet's daily life. He shaved and curled hair as before. He

lived in the same humble shop on the Gravier. He was not in the least puffed up. His additional income

merely enabled him to defray his expenses while on his charitable journeys on behalf of his poorer

neighbours. He had no desire to be rich; and he was now more than comfortable in his position of life.

When the news arrived at Agen that Jasmin had been made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, his salon

was crowded with sympathetic admirers. In the evening, a serenade was performed before his door on the

Gravier by the Philharmonic Society of Agen. Indeed, the whole town was filled with joy at the

acknowledged celebrity of their poet. A few years later Pope Pius IX. conferred upon Jasmin the honour of

Chevalier of the Order of St. Gregory the Great. The insignia of the Order was handed to the poet by

Monseigneur de Vezins, Bishop of Agen, in Sept. 1850. Who could have thought that the barberpoet would

Jasmin's next important poem, after the production of Franconnette was Martha the Innocent.[In Gascon,

Maltro l'Innoucento; French, Marthe la Folle]. It is like The Blind Girl, a touching story of disappointment in

love. Martha was an orphan living at Laffitte, on the banks of the Lot. She was betrothed to a young fellow,

but the conscription forbade their union. The conscript was sent to the wars of the first Napoleon, which were

then raging. The orphan sold her little cottage in the hope of buying him off, or providing him with a

substitute. But it was all in vain. He was compelled to follow his regiment. She was a good and pious girl,

beloved by all. She was also beautiful,tall, fair, and handsome, with eyes of blue "the blue of heaven,"

The war came to an end for a time. The soldier was discharged, and returned home.

Martha went out to meet him; but alas! like many other fickle men, he had met and married another. It was

his wife who accompanied him homewards. Martha could not bear the terrible calamity of her blighted love.

She ran away from her home at Laffitte, and wandered about the country. Jasmin, when a boy, had often seen

the crazy woman wandering about the streets of Agen with a basket on her arm, begging for bread. Even in

her rags she had the remains of beauty. The children ran after her, and cried, "Martha, a soldier!" then she ran

Like other children of his age Jasmin teased her; and now, after more than thirty years, he proposed to atone

for his childish folly by converting her sad story into a still sadder poem. Martha the Innocent is a charming

poem, full of grace, harmony, and beauty. Jasmin often recited it, and drew tears from many eyes. In the

introduction he related his own part in her history. "It all came back upon him," he said," and now he recited

After the completion of Martha, new triumphs awaited Jasmin in the South of France. In 1846 he again went

to Toulouse on a labour of love. He recited his new poem in the Room of the Illustrious at the Capitol. A

brilliant assembly was present. Flowers perfumed the air. The entire audience rose and applauded the poet.

possess an electric influence. His clear, harmonious, and flexible voice, gave emphasis by its rich sympathetic

The man who thus evoked such rapture from his audience was not arrayed in gorgeous costume. He was a

At the close of the recitation, the assembly, ravished with his performance, threw him a wreath of flowers and

laurelsmore modest, though not less precious than the golden branch which they had previously conferred

upon him. Jasmin thanked them most heartily for their welcome. "My Muse," he said, "with its glorious

branch of gold, little dreamt of gleaning anything more from Toulouse; but Toulouse has again invited me to

this day's festival, and I feel more happy than a king, because my poem is enthroned in the midst of the

Capitol. Your hands have applauded me throughout, and you have concluded by throwing this crown of

It was then resolved to invite Jasmin to a banquet. Forty ladies,the cream of Toulousian society, organised the

proceedings, and the banquet was given at the palace of M. de Narbonne. At the end of the proceedings a

young lady stepped forward, and placed upon the poet's head a crown of immortelles and violets joined

together by a ribbon with golden threads, on which was inscribed in letters of gold, "Your thoughts are

immortal!" Was not this enough to turn any poor poet's head? The ladies clapped their hands. What could

Jasmin say? "It is enough," he said "to make angels jealous!" The dinner ended with a toast to the author of

It is impossible to describe the enthusiasm with which the poet was received all through the South. At Dax,

the ladies, for want of crowns of laurels to cover him, tore the flowers and feathers from their bonnets, and

threw them at his feet. In another town the ladies rose and invaded the platform where Jasmin stood; they

plucked from his buttonhole the ribbon of the Legion of Honour, and divided it amongst them, as a precious

He was received at Gers and Condon with equal enthusiasm. At Condon he charmed his audience with his

recitations for about five hours. Frenzies of applause greeted him. He was invited to a banquet, where he

received the usual praises. When the banquet was over, and Jasmin escaped, he was met in the street by

crowds of people, who wished to grasp him by the hand. He recited to them in the open air his poem of

charity. They compared Jasmin to O'Connell; but the barber of Agen, by the power which he exercised for the

good of the people, proved himself more than equal to the greatest of agitators.

SainteBeuve quotes with keen enjoyment[4] the bantering letter which Jasmin sent to Peyrottes, a Provencal

poet, who challenged him to a poetical combat. It was while he was making one of his charitable tours

through Languedoc, that Jasmin received the following letter (24 December, 1847):

"SIR,I dare, in my temerity, which may look like hardihood, to propose to you a challenge. Will you have

the goodness to accept it? In the Middle Ages, the Troubadours did not disdain such a challenge as that

"I will place myself at your disposal at Montpellier on any day and at any hour that may be most convenient

to you. We shall name four persons of literary standing to give us three subjects with which we are to deal for

twentyfour hours. We shall be shut up together. Sentries will stand at the door. Only our provisions shall

"A son of Herault, I will support the honour and the glory of my country! And as in such circumstances, a

good object is indispensable, the three subjects given must be printed and sold for the benefit of the Creche of

Montpellier." Peyrotte ended his letter with a postscript, in which he said that he would circulate his

Jasmin answered this letter as follows: "SIR,I did not receive your poetical challenge until the day

before yesterday, on the point of my departure for home; but I must tell you that, though I have received it, I

"Do you really propose to my muse, which aims at free air and liberty, to shut myself up in a close room,

guarded by sentinels, who could only allow provisions to enter, and there to treat of three given subjects in

twentyfour hours! Three subjects in twentyfour hours! You frighten me, sir, for the peril in which you

"I must inform you, in all humility, that I often cannot compose more than two or three lines a day. My five

poems, L'Aveugle, Mes Souvenirs, Franconnette, Martha the Innocent, and Les Deux Jumeaux, have cost me

ten years' work, and they only contain in all but 2,400 verses!... I cannot write poetry by command. I cannot

"The courser who drags his chariot with difficulty, albeit he may arrive at the goal, cannot contend with the

fiery locomotive of the iron railway. The art which produces verses one by one, depends upon inspiration, not

upon manufacture. Therefore my muse declares itself vanquished in advance; and I authorise you to publish

In a postscript, Jasmin added: "Now that you have made the acquaintance of my Muse, I will, in a few words,

introduce you to the man. I love glory, but the success of others never troubles my sleep at night!"

"When one finds," says SainteBeuve, "this theory of work pushed to such a degree by Jasmin, with whom

the spark of inspiration seems always so prompt and natural, what a sad return we have of the poetical wealth

dissipated by the poets of our day." SainteBeuve summed up his praise of the Gascon poet by insisting that

"I have learned," said Jasmin of himself, "that in moments of heat and emotion we may be eloquent or

laconic, alike in speech and actionunconscious poets, in fact; but I have also learned that it is possible for a

poet to become all this voluntarily by dint of patient toil and conscientious labour!"

Jasmin was not the man to rest upon his laurels. Shortly after his visit to Paris in 1842, he began to compose

his Martha the Innocent, which we have already briefly described. Two years later he composed Les Deux

Freres Jumeauxa story of paternal and motherly affection. This was followed by his Ma Bigno ('My

Vineyard'), and La Semaine d'un Fils ('The Week's Work of a Son'), which a footnote tells us is historical,

A short description may be given of this affecting story. The poem is divided into three parts. In the first, a

young boy and his sister, Abel and Jeanne, are described as kneeling before a cross in the moonlight, praying

to the Virgin to cure their father. "Mother of God, Virgin compassionate, send down thine Angel and cure our

sick father. Our mother will then be happy, and we, Blessed Virgin, will love and praise thee for ever."

The Virgin hears their prayer, and the father is cured. A woman opens the door of a neighbouring house and

exclaims joyously, "Poor little ones, death has departed. The poison of the fever is counteracted, and your

father's life is saved. Come, little lambs, and pray to God with me." They all three kneel and pray by the side

of the good father Hilaire, formerly a brave soldier, but now a mason's labourer. This ends the first part.

The second begins with a description of morning. The sun shines through the glass of the casement mended

with paper, yet the morning rays are bright and glorious. Little Abel glides into his father's room. He is told

that he must go to the house of his preceptor today, for he must learn to read and write. Abel is "more pretty

than strong;" he is to be an homme de lettres, as his little arms would fail him if he were to handle the rough

For a few days all goes well, but on the fourth, a Sunday, a command comes from the master mason that if

Hilaire does not return to his work tomorrow, his place shall be given to another. This news spreads dismay

and consternation among them all. Hilaire declares that he is cured, tries to rise from his bed, but falls

The soul of little Abel is stirred. He dries his tears and assumes the air of a man; he feels some strength in his

little arms. He goes out, and proceeds to the house of the master mason. When he returns, he is no longer

sorrowful: honey was in his mouth, and his eyes were smiling." He said, "My father, rest yourself: gain

strength and courage; you have the whole week before you. Then you may labour. Some one who loves you

will do your work, and you shall still keep your place." Thus ends the second part.

The third begins: "Behold our little Abel, who no longer toils at the schooldesk, but in the workshop. In the

evenings he becomes again a petit monsieur; and, the better to deceive his father, speaks of books, papers,

and writings, and with a wink replies to the inquiring look of his mother (et d'un clin d'oeil repond aux clins

des yeux de sa mere). Four days pass thus. On the fifth, Friday, Hilaire, now cured, leaves his house at

The father goes to the place where the masons are at work. Though the hour for luncheon has not arrived, yet

no one is seen on the platforms above; and O bon Dieu! what a crowd of people is seen at the foot of the

building! Master, workmen, neighbours all are there, in haste and tumult. A workman has fallen from the

scaffold. It is poor little Abel. Hilaire pressed forward to see his beloved boy lie bleeding on the ground! Abel

is dying, but before he expires, he whispers, "Master, I have not been able to finish the work, but for my poor

mother's sake do not dismiss my father because there is one day short!" The boy died, and was carried home

by his sorrowful parent. The place was preserved for Hilaire, and his wages were even doubled. But it was

too late. One morning death closed his eyelids; and the good father went to take another place in the tomb by

Jasmin dedicated this poem to Lamartine, who answered his dedication as follows:

"My dear brother,I am proud to read my name in the language which you have made classic; more proud

still of the beautiful verses in which you embalm the recollection of our three months of struggle with the

demagogues against our true republic. Poets entertain living presentiments of posterity. I accept your omen.

Your poem has made us weep. You are the only epic writer of our time, the sensible and pathetic Homer of

the people (proletaires). Others sing, but you feel. I have seen your son, who has three times sheltered me

with his bayonetin March and April. He appears to me worthy of your name.LAMARTINE."

Besides the above poems, Jasmin composed Le Pretre sans Eglise (The Priest without a Church), which

forms the subject of the next chapter. These poems, with other songs and impromptus, were published in

After Jasmin had completed his masterpieces, he again devoted himself to the cause of charity. Before, he

had merely walked; now he soared aloft. What he accomplished will be ascertained in the following pages.

[1] The elder Scaliger had been banished from Verona, settled near Agen, and gave the villa its name. The

tomb of the Scaliger family in Verona is one of the finest mausoleums ever erected.

[3] In the preface to the poem, which was published in 1845, the editor observes: "This little drama begins

in 1798, at Laffitte, a pretty markettown on the banks of the Lot, near Clairac, and ends in 1802. When

Martha became an idiot, she ran away from the town to which she belonged, and went to Agen. When seen in

the streets of that town she became an object of commiseration to many, but the children pursued her, calling

out, 'Martha, a soldier!' Sometimes she disappeared for two weeks at a time, and the people would then

observe, 'Martha has hidden herself; she must now be very hungry!' More than once Jasmin, in his childhood,

pursued Martha with the usual cry of 'A soldier.' He little thought that at a future time he should make some

compensation for his sarcasms, by writing the touching poem of Martha the Innocent; but this merely

revealed the goodness of his heart and his exquisite sensibility. Martha died at Agen in 1834."

The Abbe Masson, priest of Vergt in Perigord, found the church in which he officiated so decayed and

crumbling, that he was obliged to close it. It had long been in a ruinous condition. The walls were cracked,

and pieces of plaster and even brick fell down upon the heads of the congregation; and for their sake as well

as for his own, the Abbe Masson was obliged to discontinue the services. At length he resolved to pull down

Vergt is not a town of any considerable importance. It contains the ruins of a fortress built by the English

while this part of France was in their possession. At a later period a bloody battle was fought in the

neighbourhood between the Catholics and the Huguenots. Indeed, the whole of the South of France was for a

long period disturbed by the civil war which raged between these sections of Christians. Though both Roman

Catholics and Protestants still exist at Vergt, they now live together in peace and harmony.

Vergt is the chief town of the Canton, and contains about 1800 inhabitants. It is a small but picturesque town,

the buildings being half concealed by foliage and chestnut trees. Not far off, by the river Candou, the scenery

Though the Abbe Masson was a man of power and vigour, he found it very difficult to obtain funds from the

inhabitants of the town for the purpose of rebuilding his church. There were no Ecclesiastical Commissioners

to whom he could appeal, and the people of the neighbourhood were too limited in their circumstances to

However, he said to himself, "Heaven helps those who help themselves;" or rather, according to the Southern

proverb, Qui trabaillo, Thion li baillo"Who is diligent, God helps." The priest began his work with much

zeal. He collected what he could in Vergt and the neighbourhood, and set the builders to work. He hoped that

But the rebuilding of a church is a formidable affair; and perhaps the priest, not being a man of business, did

not count the cost of the undertaking. He may have "counted his chickens before they were hatched." Before

long the priest's funds again ran short. He had begun the rebuilding in 1840; the work went on for about a

year; but in 1841 the builders had to stop their operations, as the Abbe Masson's funds were entirely

What was he to do now? He suddenly remembered the barber of Agen, who was always willing to give his

friendly help. He had established Mdlle. Roaldes as a musician a few years before; he had helped to build

schools, orphanages, asylums, and such like. But he had never helped to build a church. Would he now help

The Abbe did not know Jasmin personally, but he went over to Agen, and through a relative, made his

acquaintance. Thus the Abbe and the poet came together. After the priest had made an explanation of his

position, and of his difficulties in obtaining money for the rebuilding of the church of Vergt, Jasmin at once

complied with the request that he would come over and help him. They arranged for a circuit of visits

Jasmin set out for Vergt in January 1843. He was received at the border of the Canton by a numerous and

brilliant escort of cavalry, which accompanied him to the presbytery. He remained there for two days,

conferring with the Abbe. Then the two set out together for Perigueux, the chief city of the province,

accompanied on their departure by the members of the Municipal Council and the leading men of the town.

The first meeting was held in the theatre of Perigueux, which was crowded from floor to ceiling, and many

remained outside who could not obtain admission. The Mayor and Municipal Councillors were present to

welcome and introduce the poet. On this occasion, Jasmin recited for the first time, "The Ruined Church" (in

Gascon: La Gleyzo Descapelado) composed in one of his happiest moments. Jasmin compared himself to

Amphion, the sweet singer of Greece, who by his musical powers, enabled a city to be built; and now the poet

invoked the citizens of Perigueux to enable the Abbe Masson to rebuild his church. His poem was received

with enthusiasm, and almost with tears of joy at the pleading of Jasmin. There was a shower of silver and

gold. The priest was overjoyed at the popularity of his colleague, and also at his purse, which was filled with

While at Perigueux the poet and the priest enjoyed the hospitality of M. August Dupont, to whom Jasmin, in

thanks, dedicated a piece of poetry. Other entertainments followed matinees and soirees. Jasmin recited

some of his poems before the professors and students at the college, and at other places of public instruction.

Then came banquetsaristocratic and popularand, as usual, a banquet of the hairdressers. There was

But other calls awaited Jasmin. He received deputations from many of the towns in the department soliciting

his appearance, and the recitation of his poems. He had to portion out his time with care, and to arrange the

programme of his visits. When the two pilgrims started on their journey, they were frequently interrupted by

crowds of people, who would not allow Jasmin to pass without reciting some of his poetry. Jasmin and

Masson travelled by the postoffice carthe cheapest of all conveyancesbut at Montignac they were

stopped by a crowd of people, and Jasmin had to undergo the same process. Free and hearty, he was always

willing to comply with their requests. That day the postman arrived at his destination three hours after his

It was in the month of February, when darkness comes on so quickly, that Jasmin informed the magistrates of

Sarlat, whither he was bound, that he would be there by five o'clock. But they waited, and waited for him and

the priest at the entrance to the town, attended by the clergy, the subprefect, the town councillors, and a

crowd of people. It was a cold and dreary night. Still no Jasmin! They waited for three long hours. At last

Jasmin appeared on the postoffice car. "There he comes at last!" was the general cry. His arrival was greeted

with enthusiastic cheers. It was now quite dark. The poet and the priest entered Sarlat in triumph, amidst the

glare of torches and the joyful shouts of the multitude. Then came the priest's address, Jasmin's recitations,

It is unnecessary to repeat the scenes, however impressive, which occurred during the journey of the poet and

the priest. There was the same amount of enthusiasm at Nontron, Bergerac, and the other towns which they

visited. At Nontron, M. A. de Calvimont, the subprefect, welcomed Jasmin with the following lines:

Jasmin replied to this with some impromptu lines, 'To Poetry,' dedicated to the subprefect. At Bergerac he

wrote his Adieu to Perigord, in which he conveyed his thanks to the inhabitants of the department for the

kindness with which they had received him and his companion. This, their first journey through Perigord,

The result of this brilliant journey was very successful. The purse of the Abbe was now sufficiently well

filled to enable him to proceed with the rebuilding of the church of Vergt; and the work was so well

advanced, that by the 23rd of the following month of July it was ready for consecration. A solemn ceremony

then took place. Six bishops, including an archbishop, and three hundred priests were present, with more than

fifteen thousand people of all ranks and conditions of life. Never had such a ceremony been seen beforeat

The Cardinal Gousset, Archbishop of Rheims, after consecrating the church, turned to Jasmin, and said:

"Poet, we cannot avoid the recognition of your selfsacrificing labours in the rebuilding of this church; and

"Monseigneur," replied Jasmin, "can you believe that my muse has laboured for fifteen days and fifteen

nights, that I should interrupt this day of the fete? Vergt keeps fete today for religion, but not for poetry,

though it welcomes and loves it. The church has six pontiffs; the poet is only a subdeacon; but if I must sing

The Archbishopa man of intelligence who understood the feelings of poetspromised, at the collation

which followed the consecration, to give Jasmin the opportunity of reciting the verses which he had

composed for the occasion. The poem was entitled 'A Priest without a Church' (in Gascon: Lou Preste sans

Glegzo) dedicated to M. Masson, the Cure of Vergt. In his verses the poet described the influence of a noble

church upon the imagination as well as the religion of the people. But he said nothing of his own labours in

collecting the necessary funds for the rebuilding of the church. The recitation of the poem was received with

Monseigneur Bertaud, who preached in the afternoon on the "Infinity of God," touchingly referred to the

"Such examples as his," he said, "such delicate and generous sentiments mingled together, elevate poetry and

show its noble origin, so that we cannot listen to him without the gravest emotion."[1]

It was a great day for Vergt, and also a great day for the poet. The consecration of the church amidst so large

an assemblage of clergy and people occasioned great excitement in the South. It was noised abroad in the

public journals, and even in the foreign press. Jasmin's fame became greater than ever; and his barber's shop

at Agen became, as it were, a shrine, where pilgrims, passing through the district, stopped to visit him and

praise his almost divine efforts to help the cause of religion and civilisation.

The local enthusiasm was not, however, without its drawbacks. The success of the curate of Vergt occasioned

a good deal of jealousy. Why should he be patronised by Jasmin, and have his purse filled by his recitations,

when there were so many other churches to be built and repaired, so many hospitals and schools to found and

maintain, so many orphanages to assist, so many poor to relieve, so many good works to be done? Why

should not Jasmin, who could coin money with words which cost him nothing, come to the help of the needy

Thus Jasmin was constantly assailed by deputations. He must leave his razors and his curlingtongs, and go

The members of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul were, as usual, full of many charitable designs. There

had been a fire, a flood, an epidemic, a severe winter, a failure of crops, which had thrown hundreds of

families into poverty and misery; and Jasmin must come immediately to their succour. "Come, Jasmin! Come

quick, quick!" He was always willing to give his assistance; but it was a terrible strain upon his mental as

In all seasons, at all hours, in cold, in heat, in wind, in rain, he hastened to give his recitationssometimes of

more than two hours' duration, and often twice or thrice in the same day. He hastened, for fear lest the poor

What a picture! Had Jasmin lived in the time of St. Vincent de Paul, the saint would have embraced him a

thousand times, and rejoiced to see himself in one way surpassed; for in pleading for the poor, he also helped

the rich by celebrating the great deeds of their ancestors, as he did at Beziers, Riquet, Albi, Lafeyrouse, and

other places. The spectacle which he presented was so extraordinary, that all France was struck with

On one occasion Jasmin was requested by a curate to come to his help and reconcile him with his

parishioners. Jasmin succeeded in performing the miracle. It happened that in 1846 the curate of SaintLeger,

near Penne, in the Tarn, had caused a ballroom to be closed. This gave great offence to the young people,

who desired the ballroom to be opened, that they might have their fill of dancing. They left his church, and

declared that they would have nothing further to do with him. To reconcile the malcontents, the curate

promised to let them hear Jasmin. accordingly, one Sunday afternoon the inhabitants of four parishes

assembled in a beautiful wood to listen to Jasmin. He recited his Charity and some other of his serious

poems. When he had finished, the young people of SaintLeger embraced first the poet, and then the curate.

To return to the church at Vergt. Jasmin was a poet, not an architect. The Abbe Masson knew nothing about

stone or mortar. He was merely anxious to have his church rebuilt and consecrated as soon as possible. That

had been done in 1843. But in the course of a few years it was found that the church had been very badly

built. The lime was bad, and the carpentry was bad. The consequence was, that the main walls of the church

bulged out, and the shoddy building had to be supported by outside abutments. In course of time it became

In 1847 the Abbe again appealed to Jasmin. This new task was more difficult than the first, for it was

necessary to appeal to a larger circle of contributors; not confining themselves to Perigord only, but taking a

wider range throughout the South of France. The priest made the necessary arrangements for the joint tour.

They would first take the northern districtsAngouleme, Limoges, Tulle, and Brivesand then proceed

The pair started at the beginning of May, and began their usual recitations and addresses, such as had been

given during the first journey in Perigord. They were received with the usual enthusiasm. Prefects, bishops,

and municipal bodies, vied with each other in receiving and entertaining them. At Angouleme, the queen of

southern cities, Jasmin was presented with a crown of immortelles and a snuffbox, on which was engraved:

"EsteemLoveAdmiration! To Jasmin, the most sublime of poets! From the youth of Angouleme, who

The poet and priest travelled by night as well as by day in order to economise time. After their tour in the

northern towns and cities, they returned to Vergt for rest. They entered the town under a triumphal arch, and

were escorted by a numerous cavalcade. Before they retired to the priest's house, the leading men of the

commune, in the name of the citizens, complimented Jasmin for his cordial help towards the rebuilding of the

After two days of needful rest Jasmin set out for Bordeaux, the city whose inhabitants had first encouraged

him by their applause, and for which he continued to entertain a cordial feeling to the last days of his life. His

mission on this occasion was to assist in the inauguration of a creche, founded and supported by the

charitable contributions of the friends of poor children. It is not necessary to mention the enthusiasm with

The further progress of the poet and the priest, in search of contributions for rebuilding the church, was

rudely interrupted by the Revolution which broke out at Paris in 1848. His Majesty Louis Philippe abdicated

the throne of France on the 24th of February, rather than come into armed collision with his subjects; and,

two days after, the Republic was officially proclaimed at the Hotel de Ville. Louis Philippe and his family

took refuge in Englandthe usual retreat of persecuted Frenchmen; and nine months later, Louis Napoleon

Buonaparte, who had also been a refugee in England, returned to France, and on the 20th of December was

Jasmin and Masson accordingly suspended their tour. No one would listen to poetical recitations in the midst

of political revolutions. Freedom and tranquillity were necessary for the contemplation of ideas very different

from local and national squabbles. The poet and priest accordingly bade adieu to each other; and it was not

until two years later that they were able to recommence their united journeys through the South of France.

The proclamation of the Republic, and the forth coming elections, brought many new men to the front. Even

poets made their appearance. Lamartine, who had been a deputy, was a leader in the Revolution, and for a

time was minister for foreign affairs. Victor Hugo, a still greater poet, took a special interest in the politics of

the time, though he was fined and imprisoned for condemning capital punishment. Even Reboul, the

poetbaker of Nimes, deserted his muse and his kneading trough to solicit the suffrages of his

fellowcitizens. Jasmin was wiser. He was more popular in his neighbourhood than Reboul, though he cared

little about politics. He would neither be a deputy, nor a municipal councillor, nor an agent for elections. He

preferred to influence his country by spreading the seeds of domestic and social virtues; and he was satisfied

Nevertheless a deputation of his townsmen waited upon Jasmin to request him to allow his name to appear as

a candidate for their suffrages. The delegates did not find him at his shop. He was at his vineyard; and there

the deputation found him tranquilly seated under a cherrytree shelling peas! He listened to them with his

usual courtesy, and when one of the committee pressed him for an answer, and wished to know if he was not

a good Republican, he said, "Really, I care nothing for the Republic. I am one of those who would have saved

the constitutional monarchy by enabling it to carry out further reforms.... But," he continued, "look to the

past; was it not a loss to destroy the constitutional monarchy? But now we must march forward, that we may

all be united again under the same flag. The welfare of France should reign in all our thoughts and evoke our

most ardent sympathy. Choose among our citizens a strong and wise man... If the Republic is to live in

France, it must be great, strong, and good for all classes of the people. Maintaining the predominance of the

law will be its security; and in preserving law it will strengthen our liberties.'"

In conclusion, Jasmin cordially thanked his fellowcitizens for the honour they proposed to confer upon him,

although he could not accept it. The affairs of the State, he said, were in a very confused condition, and he

could not pretend to unravel them. He then took leave of the deputation, and quietly proceeded to complete

[1] The whole of the interview between the Archbishop of Rheims and Jasmin is given by SainteBeuve in

When the political turmoils in France had for a time subsided, Jasmin and the Abbe Masson recommenced

their journeys in the South for the collection of funds for the church at Vergt. They had already made two

pilgrimagesthe first through Perigord, the second to Angouleme, Limoges, Tulle, and Brives. The third

was begun early in 1850, and included the department of the Landes, the higher and lower Pyrenees, and

At Bagneres de Bigorre and at Bagneres de Luchon the receipts were divided between the church at Vergt

and that at Luchon. The public hospitals and the benevolent societies frequently shared in the receipts. There

seemed to be no limits to the poet's zeal in labouring for those who were in want of funds. Independent of his

recitations for the benefit of the church at Vergt, he often turned aside to one place or another where the poor

On one occasion he went to Arcachon. He started early in the morning by the steamer from Agen to

Bordeaux, intending to proceed by railway (a five hours' journey) from Bordeaux to Arcachon. But the

steamers on the Garonne were then very irregular, and Jasmin did not reach Bordeaux until six hours later

than the appointed time. In the meanwhile a large assembly had met in the largest room in Arcachon. They

waited and waited; but no Jasmin! The Abbe Masson became embarrassed; but at length he gave his address,

and the receipts were 800 francs. The meeting dispersed very much disappointed, because no Jasmin had

appeared, and they missed his recitations. At midnight the cure returned to Bordeaux and there he found

Jasmin, just arrived from Agen by the boat, which had been six hours late. He was in great dismay; but he

afterwards made up for the disappointment by reciting to the people of Arcachon.

The same thing happened at Biarritz. A large assembly had met, and everything was ready for Jasmin. But

there was no Jasmin! The omnibus from Bayonne did not bring him. It turned out, that at the moment of

setting out he was seized with a sudden loss of voice. As in the case of Arcachon, the cure had to do without

The Abbe Masson was a liberalminded man. When Jasmin urged him to help others more needy than

himself, he was always ready to comply with his request. When at Narbonne, in the department of Aude, a

poor troupe of comedians found themselves in difficulties. It was wintertime, and the weather was very

cold. The public could not bear their canvascovered shed, and deserted the entertainment. Meanwhile the

artistes were famished. Knowing the generosity of Jasmin, they asked him to recite at one of their

representations. He complied with their request; the place was crowded; and Jasmin's recitations were

received with the usual enthusiasm. It had been arranged that half the proceeds should go to the church at

Vergt, and the other half to the comedians. But when the entire troupe presented themselves to the Abbe and

offered him the full half, he said: "No! no! keep it all. You want it more than I do. Besides, I can always fall

A fourth pilgrimage of the priest and poet was afterwards made to the towns of Rodez,

Villefranched'aveyron, Cahors, Figeac, Gourdon, and Sarlat; and the proceeds of these excursions, added to

a subvention of 5,000 francs from the Government, enabled the church of Vergt to be completed. In 1852 the

steeple was built, and appropriately named "Jasmin's Belltower" (Clocher Jasmin). But it was still without

To return to the honours paid to Jasmin for his works of benevolence and charity. What was worth more to

him than the numerous golden laurels which had been bestowed upon him, was his recognition by the highest

and noblest of institutions, the Academy of France. Although one of the objects of its members was to

preserve the French language in its highest purity they were found ready to crown a poet who wrote his

There were, however, several adverse criticisms on the proposed decision of the Academy; though poetry

may be written in every tongue, and is quite independent of the language or patois in which it is conveyed.

Indeed; several members of the Academy such as MM. Thiers, De Remusat, Viennet, and

Flourenscame from the meridional districts of France, and thoroughly understood the language of Jasmin.

This consideration completely overruled the criticisms of the minority. Jasmin had once before appeared at

M. Thierry's before the best men of the Academy; and now the whole of the Academy, notwithstanding his

Jasmin owed to M. Villemain one of the most brilliant panegyrics which he had ever received. The Academy

desired to award a special prize in accordance with the testamentary bequest of M. de Montyon[1]his last

debt to art and morality; a talent that employs itself in doing good under a form the most brilliant and

popular. This talent, he continued, is that of the true poet; and Jasmin, during his pure and modest life, has

employed his art for the benefit of morality with a noble, helpful influence, while nothing detracted from the

Like the Scottish poet Burns, Jasmin had by his dialect and his poetical talents enriched the literature of his

country. Jasmin, the hairdresser of Agen, the poet of the South, who drew crowds to hear the sound of his

voicewho even embellished the festivals of the rich, but who still more assisted in the pleasures of the

poorwho spent his time in endowing charitable establishments who helped to build churches, schools,

and orphanagesJasmin, the glory of his Commune as well as of the South of France, deserved to be

Tacitus has said that renown is not always deserved, it chooses its due timeNon semper errat fama,

aliquando eligit ("Fame is not always mistaken; she sometimes chooses the right"). We have proof of it

today. The enthusiastic approbation of the great provinces of France for a popular poet cannot be a surprise.

M. Villemain proceeded to comment upon the poetical works of Jasminespecially his Blind Girl of

CastelCuille;, his Franconnette, and the noble works he had done for the poor and the suffering; his

selfsacrificing labours for the building of schools, orphanages, and churches. "Everywhere," he said, "his

elevated and generous soul has laboured for the benefit of the world about him; and now he would, by the aid

of the Academy, embellish his coronet with a privileged donation to the poet and philanthropist." He

concluded by saying that the especial prize for literary morality and virtuous actions would be awarded to

him, and that a gold medal would be struck in his honour with the inscription: "Au Jasmin, Poete moral et

M. Ancelo communicated to Jasmin the decision of the Academy. "I have great pleasure," he said, "in

transmitting to you the genuine sympathy, the sincere admiration, and the unanimous esteem, which your

name and your works have evoked at this meeting of the Academy. The legitimate applause which you

everywhere receive in your beautiful country finds its echo on this side of the Loire; and if the spontaneous

adoption of you by the French Academy adds nothing to your glory, it will at least serve to enhance our

The prize unanimously awarded to Jasmin on the 19th of August, 1852, was 3000 francs, which was made up

to 5000 by the number of copies of the "Papillotos" purchased by the Academy for distribution amongst the

members. Jasmin devoted part of the money to repairing his little house on the Gravier: and the rest was

On receiving the intimation of the prizes awarded to him, he made another journey to Paris to pay his respects

to his devoted friends of the Academy. He was received with welcome by the most eminent persons in the

metropolis. He was feted as usual. At the salon of the Marquis de Barthelemy he met the Duc de Levis, the

Duc des Cars, MM. Berryer, de Salvandy, de Vatismenil, Hyde de Neuville, and other distinguished

noblemen and gentlemen. Monsigneur Sibour, Archbishop of Paris, was desirous of seeing and hearing this

remarkable poet of the South. The Archbishop invited him to his palace for the purpose of hearing a recitation

of his poems; and there he met the Pope's Nuncio, several bishops, and the principal members of the Parisian

clergy. After the recitation, the Archbishop presented Jasmin with a golden branch with this device: "To

The chief authors of Paris, the journalists, and the artists, had a special meeting in honour of Jasmin. A

banquet was organised by the journalists of the Deux Mondes, at the instance of Meissonier, Lireux,

Lalandelle, C. Reynaud, L. Pichat, and others. M. Jules Janin presided, and complimented Jasmin in the name

of the Parisian press. The people of Agen, resident in Paris, also gave him a banquet, at which Jasmin recited

One of his evenings was spent at the house of Madame la Marquise de Barthelemy. An interesting account of

the soiree is given by a correspondent of Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, who was present on the occasion.[2]

The salons of Madame la Marquise were filled to overflowing. Many of the old nobility of France were

"It was a St. Germain's night," as she herself expressed it. Highsounding names were theremuch intellect

and beauty; all were assembled to do honour to the coiffeur from the banks of the Garonne. France honours

intellect, no matter to what class of society it belongs: it is an affectionate kind of social democracy. Indeed,

among many virtues in French society, none is so delightful, none so cheering, none so mutually improving,

and none more Christian, than the kindly intercourse, almost the equality, of all ranks of society, and the

comparatively small importance attached to wealth or condition, wherever there is intellect and power.

At halfpast nine. Jasmin made his appearancea short, stout, darkhaired man, with large bright eyes, and

a mobile animated face, his buttonhole decorated with the red ribbon of the Legion of Honour. He made his

way through the richly attired ladies sparkling with jewels, to a small table at the upper end of the salon,

whereon were books, his own "Curlpapers," two candles, a carafe of fresh water, and a vase of flowers.

The ladies arranged themselves in a series of brilliant semicircles before him. The men blocked up the

doorway, peering over each other's shoulders. Jasmin waved his hand like the leader of an orchestra, and a

general silence sealed all the fresh noisy lips. One haughty little brunette, not long emancipated from her

convent, giggled audibly; but Jasmin's eye transfixed her, and the poor child sat thereafter rebuked and dumb.

The hero of the evening again waved his hands, tossed back his hair, struck an attitude, and began his poem.

The first he recited was "The Priest without a Church" (Le Preste sans gleyzo). He pleaded for the church as

if it were about to be built. He clasped his hands, looked up to heaven, and tears were in his eyes. Some

sought for the silver and gold in their purses; but no collection was made, as the church had already been

After an interval, he recited La Semaine d'un Fils; and he recited it very beautifully. There were some men

who wept; and many women who exclaimed, "Charmant! Toutafait charmant!" but who did not weep.

Jasmin next recited Ma Bigno, which has been already described. The contributor to Chambers's Journal

proceeds: "It was all very amusing to a proud, stiff, reserved Britisher like myself, to see how greyheaded

men with stars and ribbons could cry at Jasmin's reading; and how Jasmin, himself a man, could sob and wipe

his eyes, and weep so violently, and display such excessive emotion. This surpassed my

understandingprobably clouded by the chill atmosphere of the fogs, in which every Frenchman believes

we live.... After the recitations had concluded, Jasmin's social ovation began. Ladies surrounded him, and

men admired him. A ring was presented, and a pretty speech spoken by a pretty mouth, accompanied the

presentation; and the man of the people was flattered out of all proportion by the brave, haughty old noblesse.

"To do Jasmin justice, although naturally enough spoiled by the absurd amount of adulation he has met with,

he has not been made coldhearted or worldly. He is vain, but true and loyal to his class. He does not seek to

disguise or belie his profession. In fact, he always dwells upon his past more or less, and never misses an

"He wears a white apron, and shaves and frizzes hair to this day, when at Agen; and though a Chevalier of the

Legion of Honour, member of Academies and Institutes without number, feted, praised, flattered beyond

anything we can imagine in England, crowned by the king and the then heir to the throne with gilt and silver

crowns, decked with flowers and oakleaves, and all conceivable species of coronets, he does not ape the

gentleman, but clips, curls, and chatters as simply as heretofore, and as professionally. There is no little merit

in this steady attachment to his native place, and no little good sense in this adherence to his old profession...

It is far manlier and nobler than that weak form of vanity shown in a slavish imitation of the great, and a

"Without going so far as his eulogistic admirers in the press, yet we honour in him a true poet, and a true

man, brave, affectionate, mobile, loving, whose very faults are all amiable, and whose vanity takes the form

of nature. And if we of the cold North can scarcely comprehend the childish passionateness and emotional

unreserve of the more sensitive South, at least we can profoundly respect the good common to us all the good

which lies underneath that manycoloured robe of manners which changes with every hamlet; the good

which speaks from heart to heart, and quickens the pulses of the blood; the good which binds us all as

brothers, and makes but one family of universal man; and this good we lovingly recognise in Jasmin; and

while rallying him for his foibles, respectfully love him for his virtues, and tender him a hand of sympathy

Before leaving Paris it was necessary for Jasmin to acknowledge his gratitude to the French Academy. The

members had done him much honour by the gold medal and the handsome donation they had awarded him.

On the 24th of August, 1852, he addressed the Forty of the Academy in a poem which he entitled 'Langue

Francaise, Langue Gasconne,' or, as he styled it in Gascon, 'Lengo Gascouno, Lengo Francezo.' In this poem,

which was decorated with the most fragrant flowers of poetry with which he could clothe his words, Jasmin

endeavoured to disclose the characteristics of the two languages. At the beginning, he said:

"O my birthplace, what a concert delights my ear! Nightingales, sing aloud; bees, hum together; Garonne,

make music on your pure and laughing stream; the elms of Gravier, tower above me; not for glory, but for

After the recitation of the poem, M. Laurentie said that it abounded in patriotic sentiments and fine

appreciation, to say nothing of the charming style of the falling strophes, at intervals, in their sonorous and

lyrical refrain. M. Villemain added his acclamation. "In truth, said he, "once more our Academy is indebted

to Jasmin!" The poet, though delighted by these ovations, declared that it was he who was indebted to the

members of the Academy, not they to him. M. de Salvandy reassured him: "Do not trouble yourself, Jasmin;

you have accomplished everything we could have wished; you have given us ten for one, and still we are

After Jasmin had paid his compliments to the French Academy, he was about to set out for Agenbeing

fatigued and almost broken down by his numerous entertainments in Pariswhen he was invited by General

Fleury to visit the President of the French Republic at SaintCloud. This interview did not please him so

much as the gracious reception which he had received in the same palace some years before from Louis

Philippe and the Duchess of Orleans; yet Jasmin was a man who respected the law, and as France had elected

Jasmin had already seen the President when passing through Agen a few years before, on his visit to

Bordeaux, Toulouse, and Toulon; but they had no personal interview. M. Edmond Texier, however, visited

Jasmin, and asked him whether he had not composed a hymn for the fete of the day. No! he had composed

nothing; yet he had voted for Louis Napoleon, believing him to be the saviour of France. "But," said M.

Texier, "if the Prince appeals to you, you will eulogise him in a poem?" "Certainly," replied Jasmin, "and this

is what I would say: 'Sir, in the name of our country, restore to us our noble friend M. Baze. He was your

adversary, but he is now conquered, disarmed, and most unhappy. Restore him to his mother, now eighty

years old; to his weeping family; and to all his household, who deplore his absence; restore him also to our

townsmen, who love and honour him, and bear no hostility towards the President, His recall will be an

admirable political act, and will give our country more happiness that the highest act of benevolence.'"

This conversation between Jasmin and Texier immediately appeared in the columns of the Siecle,

accompanied with a stirring sympathetic article by the editor. It may be mentioned that M. Baze was one of

Jasmin's best friends. He had introduced the poet to the public, and written the charming preface to the first

volume of the 'Papillotos,' issued in 1835. M. Baze was an advocate of the Royal Court of Agena man of

fine character, and a true patriot. He was Mayor of Agen, commander of the National Guard, and afterwards

member of the Legislative Assembly and the Senate. But he was opposed to Prince Louis Napoleon, and was

one of the authors of the motion entitled de Questeurs. He was arrested on the night of the 2nd December,

1851, imprisoned for a month in the Mazas, and then expelled from the territory of France. During his exile

Jasmin again went to Paris in May 1853, and this time on his mission of mercy. The editor of the Siecle

announced his arrival. He was again feted, and the salons rejoiced in his recitations. After a few days he was

invited to SaintCloud. Louis Napoleon was now Emperor of France, and the Empress Eugenie sat by his

side. The appearance of Jasmin was welcomed, and he was soon made thoroughly at ease by the Emperor's

interesting conversation. A company had been assembled, and Jasmin was requested to recite some of his

poems. As usual, he evoked smiles and tears by turns. When the audience were in one of their fits of

weeping, and Jasmin had finished his declamation, the Emperor exclaimed, "Why; poet, this is a genuine

Jasmin seized this moment for revealing to the Emperor the desire which he had long entertained, for

recalling from exile his dear friend M. Baze. He had prepared a charming piece of verse addressed to the

Empress Eugenie, requesting his return to France through the grand door of honour. "Restore him to us," he

said; "Agen cries aloud. The young Empress, as good as beautiful, beloved of Heaven, will pray with her

sympathetic soul, and save two children and an unhappy mothershe, who will be soon blessed as a happy

mother herself."[4] Jasmin concluded his poem with the following words in Gascon: Esperi! Lou angels nou

The result of this appeal to the Empress was that Jasmin's prayer was immediately granted by the Emperor.

M. Baze returned to France at once, without any conditions whatever. The parents of the quondam exile

wrote to Jasmin thanking him most cordially for his exertions in their favour. Four days after the soiree at

SaintCloud, the Prefect of the IndreetLoire, head of the Baze family, wrote to Jasmin, saying: "Your

muse is accustomed to triumphs; but this one ought to rejoice your heart, and should yield you more honour

than all the others. For my part, I feel myself under the necessity of thanking you cordially for your beautiful

and noble action; and in saying so, I interpret the sentiments of the whole family." Madame Baze addressed

the Emperor in a letter of grateful thanks, which she wrote at the dictation of Jasmin. The Siecle also gave an

account of Jasmin's interview with the Emperor and Empress at SaintCloud, and the whole proceeding

Jasmin had been made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour at the same time as Balzac, Frederick Soulie, and

Alfred de Musset. The minister bore witness to the worth of Jasmin, notwithstanding the rusticity of his

idiom; and he was classed amongst the men who did honour to French literature. He was considered great,

not only in his poems, but in his benevolent works: "You build churches; you help indigence; you possess the

When the news of the honours conferred upon Jasmin reached Agen, the people were most sympathetic in

their demonstrations. The shop of the barberpoet was crowded with visitors, and when he himself reached

the town he was received with the greatest enthusiasm. The Philharmonic Society again treated him to a

serenade, and the whole town was full of joy at the honour done to their beloved poet.

To return to the church of Vergt, which was not yet entirely finished. A belltower had been erected, but

what was a belltower without bells? There was a little tinkling affair which could scarcely be heard in the

church, still less in the neighbourhood. With his constant trust in Providence, the Abbe did not hesitate to buy

a clock and order two large bells. The expense of both amounted to 7000 francs. How was this to be paid?

His funds were entirely exhausted. The priest first applied to the inhabitants of Vergt, but they could not raise

half the necessary funds. There was Jasmin! He was the only person that could enable the Abbe to defray his

Accordingly, another appeal was made to the public outside of Vergt. The poet and the priest set out on their

fifth and last pilgrimage; and this time they went as far as Lyonsa city which Jasmin had never seen

before. There he found himself face to face with an immense audience, who knew next to nothing of his

Gascon patois. He was afraid of his success; but unwilling to retreat, he resolved, he said, "to create a

squadron in reserve"; that is, after reciting some of the old inspirations of his youth, to give them his Helene

or 'Love and Poetry,' in modern classical French. The result, we need scarcely say, was eminently successful,

and the Abbe; was doubly grateful in having added so many more thousand francs to his purse.

During this journey another priest, the Abbe Cabanel, united his forces with those of Jasmin and Masson.

This Abbe was curate of Port de SainteFoilaGrande. He had endeavoured to erect in his

parish a public school under the charge of religious teachers. He now proposed to partake of the profits of the

recitations for the purpose of helping on his project; and Jasmin and Masson willingly complied with his

request. They accordingly appeared at the town of SainteFoi, and the result was another excellent collection.

After visiting other towns, sufficient subscriptions were collected to enable the Abbe to pay off his debts. The

clock and bells were christened by Monseigneur de Sangalerie, who had himself been a curate of the parish of

Vergt; and the bells were inscribed with the name of JASMIN, the chief founder and rebuilder of the church.

The bells were the last addition to Jasmin's belltower, but the final result was reached long after the

[1] The Baron de Montyon bequeathed a large sum to the Academie Francaise, the Academie des Sciences,

and the Faculte de Medecine, for the purpose of being awarded in prizes to men of invention and discovery,

or for any literary work likely to be useful to society, and to rewarding acts of virtue among the poor. Jasmin

was certainly entitled to a share in this benevolent fund. [2] Chambers' Edinburgh Journal, July, 1853

"O moun bres, d'un councer festejo moun aoureillo! Rouseignol, canto fort! brounzino fort, Abeillo! Garono,

fay souna toun flot rizen et pur; Des ourmes del Grabe floureji la cabeillo, Non de glorio... mais de bounhur!"

[4] The editor of Vol. IV. of Jasmins Poems (1863) gives this note: "In this circumstance, Jasmin has realised

the foresight which the ancients afforded to their poets, of predicting, two years in advance, the birth of the

Shortly after the return of Jasmin from Paris, where he had the honour of an interview with the Emperor and

Empress, as well as with the members of the French Academy, he was invited to Toulouse for the purpose of

Toulouse is known as the city of Literary Fetes, and the reception of Jasmin as MaitreesJeux will long

exist as a permanent record in her annals. The Academy of Jeux Floreaux had no prize of 5000 frs. to bestow,

nor any crowns, nor any golden laurels. She hides her poverty under her flowers, and although she would

willingly have given all her flowers to Jasmin, yet her rules prevented her. She called Jasmin to her bosom,

and gave him the heartiest of welcomes. But the honour was therethe honour of being invited to join a

The title of Maitreesjeux is a rare distinction, awarded only to the highest celebrities. The ceremony of

installing Jasmin took place on the 6th of February, 1854. The great Salle des Illustres was crowded long

before he made his appearance, while the Place de Capitol was filled with a vast number of his admirers. The

archbishop, the prefect, the mayor, the magistrates, and the principal citizens of Toulouse were present, with

the most beautiful women in the city. Many of the southern bishops were present, having desired to enjoy the

After an address of congratulation, Jasmin was enrolled amongst the members, and presented with his

diploma of Maitreesjeux. Though it was only a piece of parchment, he considered it the rarest of

distinctions. It connected the poet, through five centuries, with the last of the Troubadours, whose language

he had so splendidly revived. Jasmin valued his bit of parchment more highly than all the other gifts he had

"I have now enough! I want no more! All things smile upon me. My muse went proudly from the forty of

Toulouse to the forty of Paris. She is more than proud today, she is completely happy; for she sees my

name, which Isaure blessed, come from the forty of Paris to the forty of Toulouse,"

After his enrolment, the poetbarber left the salon. A large crowd had assembled in the court, under the

peristyle, in the Place of the Capitol. Every head was uncovered as he passed through their ranks, and those

who accompanied him to his lodging, called out, "Vive Jasmin! Vive Jasmin!" Never had such a scene been

Although Jasmin had declared to the Academy of Jeux Floreaux that he wanted nothing more than the

diploma they had given him, yet another triumph was waiting him. The citizens of Agen capped all the

previous honours of the poet. They awarded him a crown of gold, which must have been the greatest

recompense of all. They had known him during almost his entire lifethe son of a humpbacked tailor and a

crippled mother, of poor but honest people, whose means had been helped by the grandfather, Boe, who

begged from door to door, the old man who closed his eyes in the hospital, "where all the Jasmins die!"

They had known him by his boyish tricks, his expulsion from the Academy, his setting up as a barber, his

happy marriage, and his laborious progress, until the "shower of silver" came running into his shop. "Pau de

labouro, pau de salouro," No work, no bread. Though born in the lowest condition of life, he had, by the help

of his wife, and by his own energy and perseverance, raised himself to the highest position as a man of

character. Before he reached the age of thirty [1] he began to show evidences of his genius as a poet.

But still more important were his works of charity, which endeared him to the people through the South of

France. It was right and reasonable that his fellowcitizens should desire to take part in the honours conferred

upon their beloved poet. He had already experienced their profound sympathy during his selfsacrificing

work, but they now wished to testify their public admiration, and to proclaim the fact by some offering of

The Society of SaintVincent de Paulwhom he had so often helped in their charitable laboursfirst

started the idea. They knew what Jasmin had done to found schools, orphanages, and creches. Indeed, this

was their own mission, and no one had laboured so willingly as he had done to help them in their noble work.

The idea, thus started by the society, immediately attracted public attention, and was received with universal

A committee was formed, consisting of De Bouy, mayor; H. Noubel, deputy; Aunac, banker; Canon Deyche,

archpriest of the cathedral; Dufort, imperial councillor; Guizot, receivergeneral; Labat, advocategeneral;

Maysonnade, president of the conference of SaintVincent de Paul; Couturier, the engineer, and other

gentlemen. A subscription was at once opened and more than four thousand persons answered the appeal.

When the subscriptions were collected, they were found so great in amount, that the committee resolved to

present Jasmin with a crown of gold. Five hundred years before, Petrarch had been crowned at Rome in the

name of Italy, and now Jasmin was to be crowned at Agen, in the name of Meridional France. To crown a

man, who, during his lifetime had been engaged in the trade of barber and hairdresser, seemed something

extraordinary and unique. To the coldblooded people of the North there might appear something theatrical

in such a demonstration, but it was quite in keeping with the warmhearted children of the South.

The construction of the crown was entrusted to MM. Fannieres of Paris, the best workers of gold in France.

They put their best art and skill into the crown. It consisted of two branches of laurel in dead gold, large and

knotted behind, like the crowns of the Caesars and the poets, with a ruby, artistically arranged, containing the

simple device: La Ville d'Agen, a Jasmin! The pendants of the laurel, in dead silver, were mixed

with the foliage. The style of the work was severe and pure, and the effect of the chef d'oeuvre was

The public meeting, at which the golden crown was presented to Jasmin, was held on the 27th of November,

1856, in the large hall of the Great Seminary. Gilt banners were hung round the walls, containing the titles of

Jasmin's principal poems, while the platform was splendidly decorated with emblems and festoons of flowers.

Although the great hall was of large dimensions, it could not contain half the number of people who desired

Jasmin, on his arrival, was received with a triple salvo of applause from the crowd without, and next from the

assembly within. On the platform were the members of the subscription committee, the prefect, the Bishop of

Agen, the chiefs of the local government, the general in command of the district, and a large number of

Jasmin, when taking his place on the platform saluted the audience with one of his brilliant impromptus, and

proceeded to recite some of his favourite poems: Charity; The Doctor of the Poor; Town and Country; and,

The Week's Work of a Son. Then M. Noubel, in his double capacity of deputy for the department, and

"Poet, I appear here in the name of the people of Agen, to offer you the testimony of their admiration and

profound sympathy. I ask you to accept this crown! It is given you by a loving and hearty friend, in the name

of your native town of Agen, which your poetry has charmed, which rejoices in your present success, and is

proud of the glory of your genius. Agen welcomed the first germs of your talent; she has seen it growing, and

increasing your fame; she has entered with you into the palaces of kings; she has associated herself with your

triumphs throughout; now the hour of recognising your merits has arrived, and she honours herself in

"But it is not merely the Poet whom we recognise today; you have a much greater claim to our homage. In

an age in which egoism and the eager thirst for riches prevails, you have, in the noble work which you have

performed, displayed the virtues of benevolence and selfsacrifice. You yourself have put them into practice.

Ardent in the work of charity, you have gone wherever misery and poverty had to be relieved, and all that

you yourself have received was merely the blessings of the unfortunate. Each of your days has been

celebrated for its good works, and your whole life has been a hymn to benevolence and charity.

"Accept, then, Jasmin, this crown! Great poet, good citizen, you have nobly earned it! Give it an honoured

place in that glorious museum of yours, which the towns and cities of the South have enriched by their gifts.

May it remain there in testimony of your poetical triumphs, and attest the welcome recognition of your merits

"For myself, I cannot but be proud of the mission which has been entrusted to me. I only owe it, I know, to

the position of deputy in which you have placed me by popular election. I am proud, nevertheless, of having

the honour of crowning you, and I shall ever regard this event as the most glorious recollection of my life."

After this address, during which M. Noubel was greatly moved, he took the crown of gold and placed it on

the head of the poet. It is impossible to describe the enthusiasm of the meeting at this supreme moment. The

people were almost beside themselves. Their exclamations of sympathy and applause were almost frantic.

Jasmin wept with happiness. After the emotion hard subsided, with his eyes full of tears, he recited his piece

In this poem, Jasmin took occasion to recite the state of poverty in which he was born, yet with the star of

poetry in his breast; his dear mother, and her anxieties about his education and upbringing; his growth; his

first efforts in poetical composition, and his final triumph; and at last his crown of gold conferred upon him

After Jasmin had recited his touching poem, he affectionately took leave of his friends, and the assembly

[2] Perhaps this might be better rendered "The Crown of my Infancy;" in Gascon, "La Courouno del Bres."

This was the last occasion on which Jasmin publicly appeared before his fellowtownsmen; and it could not

perhaps have been more fitting and appropriate. He still went on composing poetry; amongst other pieces, La

Vierge, dedicated to the Bishop of Algiers, who acknowledged it in a complimentary letter. In his

sixtysecond year, when his hair had become white, he composed some New Recollections (Mous Noubels

Soubenis), in which he again recalled the memories of his youth. In his new Souvenirs he only gives a few

fresh stories relating to the period of his infancy and youth. Indeed they scarcely go beyond the period

In the midst of his various honours at Paris, Toulouse, and Agen, he did not forget his true mission, the help

and relief of the afflicted. He went to Albi, and gave a recitation which produced 2000 francs. The whole of

this sum went to the poor. There was nothing for himself but applause, and showers of flowers thrown at his

It was considered quite unprecedented that so large a sum should have been collected in so poor a district.

The mayor however was prepared for the event. After a touching address to the poet, he presented him with a

ring of honour, with the arms of the town, and the inscribed words: "Albi a Jasmin."

He went for the same purpose, to Castera in the Gers, a decayed town, to recite his poems, in the words of the

cure, for "our poor church." He was received as usual with great enthusiasm; and a present of silver was

given to him with the inscribed words: A Jasmin, l'Eglise du Castera reconnaissante!" Jasmin answered, by

At Bordeaux, one of his favourite cities, he was received with more than the usual enthusiasm. There he made

a collection in aid of the Conference of Saintvincent de Paul. In the midst of the seance, he appeared almost

inspired, and recited "La Charite dans Bordeaux"the grand piece of the evening. The assembly rose en

masse, and cheered the poet with frantic applause. The ladies threw an avalanche of bouquets at the hero of

After quiet had been restored, the Society of Saintvincent de Paul cordially thanked Jasmin through the

mouth of their President; and presented him with a magnificent golden circlet, with this inscription: "La

Among his other recitations towards the close of his life, for the purpose of collecting money for the relief of

the poor, were those at Montignac in Perigord; at SaintMacaire; at SaintAndre de Cubzac, and at

Monsegur. Most of these were remote villages far apart from each other. He had disappointed his friends at

Arcachon several years before, when he failed to make his appearance with the Abbe Masson, during their

tour on behalf of the church of Vergt, owing to the unpunctuality of the steamboat; but he promised to visit

He now redeemed his promise. The poor were in need, and he went to their help. A large audience had

assembled to listen to his recitations, and a considerable sum of money was collected. The audience

overwhelmed him with praises and the Mayor of Teste the head department of the districtafter thanking

Jasmin for his admirable assistance, presented him with a gold medal, on which was inscribed: "Fete de

Charite d'Arcachon: A Jasmin." These laurels and medals had become so numerous, that Jasmin had almost

He went to Bareges again, where Monseigneur the Bishop of Tarbes had appealed to him for help in the

erection of an hospital. From that town he proceeded to SaintEmilion and CastelNaudary, to aid the

Society of Mutual Help in these two towns. In fact, he was never weary of welldoing. "This calamitous

winter," he wrote in January, 1854, "requires all my devotion. I will obey my conscience and give myself to

the help of the famished and suffering, even to the extinction of my personal health."

And so it was to the end. When his friends offered him public entertainments, he would say, "No, no! give the

money to the poor!" What gave Jasmin as much pleasure as any of the laurels and crowns conferred upon

him, was a beautifully bound copy of the 'Imitation of Christ,' with the following inscription: "A testimony

from the Bishop of SaintFlour, in acknowledgment of the services which the great poet has rendered to the

No poet had so many opportunities of making money, and of enriching himself by the contributions of the

rich as well as the poor. But such an idea never entered his mind. He would have regarded it as a sacrilege to

evoke the enthusiasm of the people, and make money; for his own benefit, or to speculate upon the triumphs

of his muse. Gold earned in this way, he said, would have burnt his fingers. He worked solely for the benefit

of those who could not help themselves. His poetry was to him like a sweet rose that delighted the soul and

Quixotes in the world! After his readings, which sometimes produced from two to three thousand francs, the

whole of the proceeds were handed over to those for whose benefit they had been given, after deducting, of

It is estimated that the amount of money collected by Jasmin during his recitations for philanthropic objects

amounted to at least 1,500,000 francs (equal to 62,500 sterling). Besides, there were the labour of his

journeys, and the amount of his correspondence, which were almost heroic. M. Rabain[1] states that from

1825 to 1860, the number of letters received by Jasmin was more than twelve thousand.

Mr. Dickens, in giving the readings from his works in Great Britain, netted over 35,000 sterling, besides what

he received for his readings in America. This, of course, led quite reasonably to the enhancing of his fortune.

But all that Jasmin received from his readings was given awaysome say "thrown away"to the poor and

the needy. It is not necessary to comment on such facts; one can only mention and admire them.

The editor of Le Pays says: "The journeys of Jasmin in the South were like a triumphal march. No prince ever

received more brilliant ovations. Flowers were strewn in his way; the bells rang out on his appearance; the

houses were illuminated; the Mayors addressed him in words of praise; the magistrates, the clergy followed

him in procession. Bestowed upon a man, and a poet, such honours might seem exaggerated; but Jasmin,

under the circumstances, represented more than poetry: he represented Charity. Each of his verses

transformed him into an almsgiver; and from the harvest of gold which he reaped from the people, he

preserved for himself only the flowers. His epics were for the unfortunate. This was very noble; and the

The account which Jasmin records of his expenses during a journey of fifty days, in which he collected more

than 20,000 francs, is very remarkable. It is given in the fourth volume of 'Les Papillotes,' published in 1863,

the year before his death, and is entitled, "Note of my expenses of the journey, which I have deducted from

On certain occasions nothing whatever was charged, but a carriage was probably placed at his disposal, or the

ticket for a railway or a diligence may have been paid for by his friends. On many occasions he walked the

distance between the several places, and thus saved the cost of his conveyance. But every item of expense

Here is the translation of Jasmin's record for his journeys during these fifty days: "... At Foix, from M. de

Groussou, President of the Communion of Bienfaisance, 33 fr., 50 c. At Pamiers, nil. At SaintGirons, from

the President of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, 16 fr. At Lavaur, from M. the Mayor, 22 fr. At

SaintSulpice, nil. At Toulouse, where I gave five special seances, of which the two first, to SaintVincent

de Paul and the Prefecture, produced more than 1600 fr., nil. My muse was sufficiently accounted for; it was

during my reception as Maitreesjeux. At Rodez, from the President of the Conference of SaintVincent de

Paul, 29 fr. 50c. At SaintGeniez, nil. At SaintFlour, from M. Simon, vicargeneral, 22 fr. 50 c. At Murat,

nil. At Mauriac, nil. At Aurillac, from M. Geneste, mayor, for my return to Agen, 24 fr. Total, 147 fr. 50

Thus, more than 20,000 francs were collected for the poor, Jasmin having deducted 147 fr. 50 c. for the cost

of his journeys from place to place. It must also be remembered that he travelled mostly in winter, when the

ground was covered with snow. In February, 1854, M. Migneret, Prefect of Hautegaronne, addressed a letter

to Jasmin, which is worthy of preservation. "It is pleasant," he said, 'after having enjoyed at night the charms

of your poetry, to begin the next day by taking account of the misfortunes they relieve. I owe you this double

honour, and I thank you with the greatest gratitude.... As to our admiration of your talent, it yields to our

esteem for your noble heart; the poet cannot be jealous of the good citizen."[3]

Notwithstanding the rigour of the season, and the snow and wind, the like of which had not been known for

more than twenty years, Jasmin was welcomed by an immense audience at Rodez. The recitation was given

in the large hall of the Palais de Justice, and never had so large a collection been made. The young people of

the town wished to give Jasmin a banquet, but he declined, as he had to hurry on to another place for a similar

He arrived at SaintFlour exhausted by fatigue. His voice began to fail, partly through the rigours of the

climate, yet he continued to persevere. The bishop entertained him in his palace, and introduced him

personally to the audience before which he was to give his recitations. Over the entrancedoor was written

the inscription, "A Jasmin, le Poete des Pauvres, Saintfleur reconnaissante!" Before Jasmin began to recite

he was serenaded by the audience. The collection was greater than had ever been known. It was here that the

bishop presented Jasmin with that famous manual, 'The Imitation of Christ,' already referred to.

It was the same at Murat, Mauriac, and Aurillac. The recitation at Aurillac was given in the theatre, and the

receipts were 1200 francs. Here also he was serenaded. He departed from Aurillac covered with the poor

At Toulouse he gave another entertainment, at the instance of the Conference of SaintFrancois Xavier.

There were about 3000 persons present, mostly of the working classes. The seance was prolonged almost to

midnight. The audience, most of whom had to rise early in the morning, forgot their sleep, and wished the

Although the poor machine of Jasmin's body was often in need of rest, he still went about doing good. He

never ceased ministering to the poor until he was altogether unable to go to their help. Even in the distressing

cold, rain, and wind of winterand it was in winter more than in summer that he travelled, for it was then

that the poor were most distressed he entirely disregarded his own comfort, and sometimes travelled at

much peril; yet he went north and south, by highways and byways, by rivers and railways, in any and every

He sacrificed himself always, and was perfectly regardless of self. He was overwhelmed with honours and

praises. He became weary of triumphsof laurels, flowers, and medalshe sometimes became weary of his

life; yet he never could refuse any pressing solicitation made to him for a new recital of his poems.

His trials, especially in winter time, were often most distressing. He would recite before a crowded audience,

in a heated room, and afterwards face the icy air without, often without any covering for his throat and neck.

Hence his repeated bronchial attacks, the loss of his voice, and other serious affections of his lungs.

The last meeting which Jasmin attended on behalf of the poor was at the end of January 1864, only three

months before his death. It was at VilleneuvesurLot, a town several miles north of Agen. He did not desire

to put the people to the expense of a conveyance, and therefore he decided to walk. He was already

The disease which ended his life had already made considerable progress. He should have been in bed;

nevertheless, as the poor needed his help, the brave old man determined to proceed to Villeneuve. He was

helped along the road by some of his friends; and at last, wearied and panting, he arrived at his destination.

No sooner had Jasmin reached the platform, amidst the usual triumphant cheering, than, after taking a short

rest, he sprang to his feet and began the recitation of his poems. Never had his voice seemed more spirited

and entrancing. He delighted his audience, while he pleaded most eloquently for the relief of the poor.

"I see him now," wrote one of his friends, "from behind the sidescenes of the theatre, perspiring profusely,

wet to the skin, with a carafe of water to allay the ardent thirst occasioned by three hours of splendid

In his then critical state, the three hours' declamation was enough to kill him. At all events, it was his last

recitation. It was the song of the dying swan. In the midst of his triumphs, he laid down his life for the poor;

After his final recitation at Villeneuve, Jasmin, sick, ill, and utterly exhausted, reached Agen with difficulty.

He could scarcely stand. It was not often that travelling had so affected him; but nature now cried out and

rebelled. His wife was, of course, greatly alarmed. He was at once carefully put to bed, and there he lay for

When he was at length able to rise, he was placed in his easy chair, but he was still weak, wearied, and

exhausted. Mariette believed that he would yet recover his strength; but the disease under which he laboured

had taken a strong hold of him, and Jasmin felt that be was gradually approaching the close of his life.

About this time Renan's 'Life of Jesus' was published. Jasmin was inexpressibly shocked by the appearance of

the book, for it seemed to him to strike at the foundations of Christianity, and to be entirely opposed to the

teachings of the Church. He immediately began to compose a poem, entitled The Poet of the People to M.

Renan,[1] in which he vindicated the Catholic faith, and denounced the poisonous mischief contained in the

new attack upon Christianity. The poem was full of poetic feeling, with many pathetic touches illustrative of

The composition of this poem occupied him for some time. Although broken by grief and pain, he made

every haste to correct the proofs, feeling that it would probably be the last work that he should give to the

world. And it was his last. It was finished and printed on the 24th of August, 1864. He sent several copies to

his more intimate friends with a dedication; and then he took finally to his bed, never to rise again. "I am

happy," he said, "to have terminated my career by an act of faith, and to have consecrated my last work to the

Jasmin's life was fast drawing to a close. He knew that he must soon die; yet never a word of fear escaped his

lips; nor was his serenity of mind disturbed. He made his preparations for departure with as much tranquillity

and happiness, as on the days when he was about to start on one of his philanthropic missions.

He desired that M. SaintHilaire, the vicar of the parish, should be sent for. The priest was at once by the

bedside of his dying friend. Jasmin made his replies to him in a clear and calm voice. His wife, his son, his

grandchildren, were present when he received the Viaticumthe last sacrament of the church. After the

ceremony he turned to his wife and family, and said: "In my last communion I have prayed to God that He

may keep you all in the most affectionate peace and union, and that He may ever reign in the hearts of those

whom I love so much and am about to leave behind me." Then speaking to his wife, he said, "Now

He continued to live until the following morning. He conversed occasionally with his wife, his son, and a few

He talked, though with difficulty, of the future of the family, for whom he had made provision. At last, lifting

himself up by the aid of his son, he looked towards his wife. The brightness of love glowed in his eyes; but in

a moment he fell back senseless upon the pillow, and his spirit quietly passed away.

Jasmin departed this life on the 5th of October, 1864, at the age of sixtyfive. He was not an old man; but the

brightest jewels soonest wear their setting. When laid in his coffin, the poem to Renan, his last act of faith,

The grief felt at his death was wide and universal. In the South of France he was lamented as a personal

friend; and he was followed to the grave by an immense number of his townspeople.

The municipal administration took charge of the funeral. At ten o'clock in the morning of the 8th October the

procession started from Jasmin's house on the Promenade du Gravier. On the coffin were placed the Crown of

Gold presented to him by his fellowtownsmen, the cross of Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and that of

SaintGregory the Great. A company of five men, and a detachment of troops commanded by an officer,

The following gentlemen held the cords of the funeral pall: M. Feart, Prefect of the LotetGaronne; M.

Henri Noubel, Deputy and Mayor of Agen; General Ressayre, Commander of the Military Division; M.

Bouet, President of the Imperial Court; M. de Laffore, engineer; and M. Magen, Secretary of the Society of

Agriculture, Sciences, and Arts. A second funeral pall was held by six coiffeurs of the corporation to which

Jasmin had belonged. Behind the hearse were the Brothers of the Christian Doctrine, the Sisters of

The mourners were headed by the poet's son and the other members of his family. The cortege was very

numerous, including the elite of the population. Among them were the ProcureurGeneral, the

Procureurimperial, the Engineerinchief of the Department, the Director of Taxes, many

CouncillorsGeneral, all the members of the Society of Agriculture, many officers of the army, many

ecclesiastics as well as ministers of the reformed worship. Indeed, representatives of nearly the whole

The procession first entered the church of Saint Hilaire, where the clergy of the four parishes had assembled.

High mass was performed by the full choir. The Miserere of Beethoven was given, and some exquisite pieces

from Mozart. Deep emotion was produced by the introduction, in the midst of this beautiful music, of some

popular airs from the romance of Franconnette and Me Cal Mouri, Jasmin's first work. The entire ceremony

After the service had been finished, the procession moved off to the cemeterypassing through the principal

streets of the town, which were lined by crowds of mournful spectators. Large numbers of people had also

assembled at the cemetery. After the final prayer, M. Noubel, Deputy and Mayor of Agen, took the

opportunity of pronouncing a eulogium over the grave of the deceased. His speech was most sympathetic and

"Dear and great poet," he said, "at the moment when we commit to the earth thy mortal remains, I wish, in

the name of this town of Agen, where thou wert born and which thou hast truly loved, to address to thee a

last, a supreme adieu. Alas! What would'st thou have said to me some years ago, when I placed upon thy

forehead the crowndecreed by the love and admiration of thy compatriotsthat I should so soon have

been called upon to fulfil a duty that now rends my heart. The bright genius of thy countenance, the brilliant

vigour in thine eyes, which time, it seemed, would never tarnish, indicated the fertile source of thy beautiful

"And yet thy days had been numbered, and you yourself seemed to have cherished this presentiment; but,

faithful to thy double mission of poet and apostle of benevolence, thou redoubled thy efforts to enrich with

new epics thy sheaf of poetry, and by thy bountiful gifts and charity to allay the sorrows of the poor.

Indefatigable worker! Thou hast dispensed most unselfishly thy genius and thy powers! Death alone has been

"But now our friend is departed for ever! That poetical fire, that brilliant and vivid intelligence, that ardent

heart, have now ceased to strive for the good of all; for this great and generous soul has ascended to Him who

gave it birth. It has returned to the Giver of Good, accompanied by our sorrows and our tears. It has ascended

to heaven with the benedictions of all the distressed and unfortunate whom he has succoured. It is our hope

and consolation that he may find the recompense assured for those who have usefully and boldly fulfilled

"This duty, O poet, thou hast well fulfilled. Those faculties, which God had so largely bestowed upon thee,

have never been employed save for the service of just and holy causes. Child of the people, thou hast shown

us how mind and heart enlarge with work; that the sufferings and privations of thy youth enabled thee to

retain thy love of the poor and thy pity for the distressed. Thy muse, sincerely Christian, was never used to

inflame the passions, but always to instruct, to soothe, and to console. Thy last song, the Song of the Swan,

was an eloquent and impassioned protest of the Christian, attacked in his fervent belief and his faith.

"God has doubtless marked the term of thy mission; and thy death was not a matter of surprise. Thou hast

come and gone, without fear; and religion, thy supreme consoler, has calmed the sufferings of thy later hours,

"Thy body will disappear, but thy spirit, Jasmin, will never be far from us. Inspire us with thy innocent gaiety

and brotherly love. The town of Agen is never ungrateful; she counts thee amongst the most pure and

illustrious of her citizens. She will consecrate thy memory in the way most dignified to thee and to herself.

"The inhabitants of towns without number, where thou hast exercised thy apostolate of charity, will associate

themselves with this work of affection and remembrance. But the most imperishable monument is that which

thou hast thyself founded with thine own head and hands, and which will live in our hearts the creations of

After the Mayor of Agen had taken leave of the mortal remains of the poet, M. Capot, President of the

Society of Agriculture, Sciences, and Arts, gave another eloquent address. He was followed by M. Magen,

Secretary to the same society. The troops fired a salute over the grave, and took leave of the poet's remains

with military honours. The immense crowd of mourners then slowly departed from the cemetery.

Another public meeting took place on the 12th of May, 1870, on the inauguration of the bronze statue of

Jasmin in the Place Saint Antoine, now called the Place Jasmin. The statue was erected by public

subscription, and executed by the celebrated M. Vital Dubray. It stands nearly opposite the house where

Jasmin lived and carried on his trade. Many of his old friends came from a considerable distance to be present

at the inauguration of the statue. The Abbe Masson of Vergt was there, whose church Jasmin had helped to

rebuild. M. l'Abbe Donis, curate of SaintLouis at Bordeaux, whom he had often helped with his

recitations; the able philologist Azais; the young and illustrious Provencal poet Mistral; and many

representatives of the Parisian and Southern press, were present on the occasion. The widow and son of the

poet, surrounded by their family, were on the platform. When the statue was unveiled, a salvo of artillery was

fired; then the choir of the Brothers of the Communal Christian School saluted the "glorious resurrection of

Jasmin" with their magnificent music, which was followed by enthusiastic cheers.

M. Henri Noubel, Deputy and Mayor of Agen, made an eloquent speech on the unveiling of the statue. He

had already pronounced his eulogium of Jasmin at the burial of the poet, but he was still full of the subject,

and brought to mind many charming recollections of the sweetness of disposition and energetic labours of

Jasmin on behalf of the poor and afflicted. He again expressed his heartfelt regret for the departure of the

M. Noubel was followed by M. l'Abbe Donis, of Bordeaux, who achieved a great success by his eulogy of the

He was followed by the Abbe Capot, in the name of the clergy, and by M. Magen, in the name of the Society

of Agriculture, Sciences, and Arts. They were followed by MM. Azais and Pozzi, who recited some choice

pieces of poetry in the Gascon patois. M. Mistral came lastthe celebrated singer of "Mireio" who, with

his faltering voice, recited a beautiful piece of poetry composed for the occasion, which was enthusiastically

The day was wound up with a banquet in honour of M. Dubray, the artist who had executed the bronze statue.

The Place Jasmin was brilliantly illuminated during the evening, where an immense crowd assembled to view

the statue of the poet, whose face and attitude appeared in splendid relief amidst a blaze of light.

It is unnecessary further to describe the character of Jasmin. It is sufficiently shown by his life and

labourshis genius and philanthropy. In the recollections of his infancy and boyhood, he truthfully describes

the pleasures and sorrows of his youth his love for his mother, his affection for his grandfather, who died

in the hospital, "where all the Jasmins die." He did not even conceal the little tricks played by him in the

Academy, from which he was expelled, nor the various troubles of his apprenticeship.

This was one of the virtues of Jasminhis love of truth. He never pretended to be other than what he was.

He was even proud of being a barber, with his "hand of velvet." He was pleased to be entertained by the

coiffeurs of Agen, Paris, Bordeaux, and Toulouse. He was a man of the people, and believed in the dignity of

labour. At the same time, but for his perseverance and force of character, he never could have raised himself

He was born poor, and the feeling of inherited poverty adhered to him through life, and inspired him with

profound love for the poor and the afflicted of his class. He was always ready to help them, whether they

lived near to him or far from him. He was, in truth, "The SaintVincent de Paul of poetry." His statue, said

M. Noubel, pointing up to it, represented the glorification of genius and virtue, the conquest of ignorance and

M. Deydou said at Bordeaux, when delivering an address upon the genius of Jasminhis Eminence Cardinal

Donnet presidingthat poetry, when devoted to the cause of charity, according to the poet himself, was "the

Jasmin loved his dear town of Agen, and was proud of it. After his visit to the metropolis, he said, "If Paris

makes me proud, Agen makes me happy." "This town," he said, on another occasion," has been my

birthplace; soon it shall be my grave." He loved his country too, and above all he loved his native language. It

was his mothertongue; and though he was often expostulated with for using it, he never forsook the Gascon.

It was the language of the home, of the fireside, of the fields, of the workshop, of the people amongst whom

"Popular and purely natural poetry," said Montaigne in the 16th century, "has a simplicity and gracefulness

which surpass the beauty of poetry according to art." Jasmin united the naive artlessness of poetry with the

perfection of art. He retained the simplicity of youth throughout his career, and his domestic life was the

In his poems he vividly described filial love, conjugal tenderness, and paternal affection, because no one felt

these graces of life more fervently than himself. He was like the Italian painter, who never went beyond his

Victor Hugo says that a great man is like the sunmost beautiful when he touches the earth, at his rising and

at his setting. Jasmin's rising was in the depths of honest poverty, but his setting was glorious. God crowned

his fine life by a special act of favour; for the last song of the poet was his "act of faith"his address to

Jasmin was loyal, singleminded, selfreliant, patient, temperate, and utterly unselfish. He made all manner

of sacrifices during his efforts in the cause of charity. Nothing was allowed to stand in the way of his

missions on behalf of the poor. In his journey of fifty days in 1854, he went from Orthez the country of

Gaston Phoebusto the mountains of Auvergne, in spite of the rigours of the weather. During that journey

he collected 20,000 francs. In all, as we have said, he collected, during his lifetime, more than a million and

Two words were engraved on the pedestal of his statue, Poetry and Charity! Charity was the object and

purpose of his heroic programme. Yet, in his poetry he always exhibited his tenderhearted gaiety. Even

when he weeps, you see the ray of sunlight in his tears. Though simple as a child in ordinary life, he

displayed in his writings the pathos and satire of the ancient Troubadours, with no small part of the

Although esteemed and praised by all ranks and classes of people by king, emperor, princes, and

princesses; by cardinals and bishops; by generals, magistrates, literary men, and politicians though the

working people almost worshipped him, and village girls strewed flowers along his pathwaythough the

artisan quitted his workshop, and the working woman her washingtub, to listen to his marvellous recitations,

yet Jasmin never lost his head or was carried away by the enthusiastic cheers which accompanied his efforts,

Another characteristic of him was, that he never forsook his friends, however poor. His happiest moments

were those in which he encountered a companion of his early youth. Many still survived who had

accompanied him while making up his bundle of fagots on the islands of the Garonne. He was delighted to

shake hands with them, and to help, when necessary, these playmates of his boyhood.

He would also meet with pleasure the working women of his acquaintance, those who had related to him the

stories of Loup Garou and the traditions of the neighbourhood, and encouraged the boy from his earliest

youth. Then, at a later period of his life, nothing could have been more worthy of him than his affection for

his old benefactor, M. Baze, and his pleading with Napoleon III., through the Empress, for his return to

Had Jasmin a fault? Yes, he had many, for no one exists within the limits of perfection. But he had one in

especial, which he himself confessed. He was vain and loved applause, nor did he conceal his love.

When at Toulouse, he said to some of his friends, "I love to be applauded: it is my whim; and I think it would

be difficult for a poet to free himself from the excitement of applause." When at Paris, he said, "Applaud!

applaud! The cheers you raise will be heard at Agen." Who would not overlook a fault, if fault it be, which is

When complimented about reviving the traditions of the Troubadours, Jasmin replied, "The Troubadours,

indeed! Why, I am a better poet than any of the Troubadours! Not one of them could have composed a long

Any fault or weakness which Jasmin exhibited was effaced by the good wishes and prayers of thousands of

the poor and afflicted whom he had relieved by his charity and benevolence. The reality of his life almost

Cardinal Donnet, Archbishop of Bordeaux, said of him, that "he was gifted with a rich nature, a loyal and

unreserved character, and a genius as fertile as the soil of his native country. The lyre of Jasmin," he said,

"had three chords, which summed up the harmonies of heaven and earththe true, the useful, and the

Did not the members of the French Academythe highest literary institution in the worldstrike a gold

medal in his honour, with the inscription, "La medaille du poete moral et populaire"? M. SainteBeuve, the

most distinguished of French critics, used a much stronger expression. He said, "If France had ten poets like

Jasminten poets of the same power and influence she need no longer have any fear of revolutions."

Genius is as nothing in the sight of God; but "whosoever shall give a cup of water to drink in the name of

Christ, because they belong to Christ, shall not lose his reward." M. Tron, Deputy and Mayor of

"He was a man," he said, "as rich in his heart as in his genius. He carried out that life of 'going about doing

good' which Christ rehearsed for our instruction. He fed the hungry, clothed the naked, succoured the

distressed, and consoled and sympathised with the afflicted. Few men have accomplished more than he has

done. His existence was unique, not only in the history of poets, but of philanthropists."

A life so full of good could only end with a Christian death. He departed with a lively faith and serene piety,

crowning by a peaceful death one of the strangest and most diversified careers in the nineteenth century.

"Poetry and Charity," inscribed on the pedestal of his statue in Agen, fairly sums up his noble life and

To M. SYLVAIN DUMON, DeputyMinister, who has condemned to death our native language.

There's not a deeper grief to man Than when our mother, faint with years, Decrepit, old, and weak, and wan,

Beyond the leech's art appears; When by her couch her son may stay, And press her hand, and watch her

It is not thus, believe me, Sir, With this enchantress, we will call Our second mother. Frenchmen err, Who

cent'ries since proclaimed her fall! Our mother tongue, all melody, While music lives, shall never die.

Yes! still she lives, her words still ring, Her children yet her carols sing; And thousand years may roll away

The people love their ancient songs, and will While yet a people, love and keep them still. These lays are like

their motherthey recall Fond thoughts of brother, sister, friends, and all The many little things that please

the heart Those dreams and hopes, from which we cannot part; These songs are as sweet waters, where we

find Health in the sparkling wave that nerves the mind. In every home, at every cottage door, By every

fireside, when our toil is o'er, These songs are round us, near our cradles sigh, And to the grave attend us

Oh! think, cold critic! 'twill be late and long Ere time shall sweep away this flood of song! There are who bid

this music sound no more, And you can hear them, nor defenddeplore! You, who were born where the first

daisies grew, Have 'fed upon its honey, sipp'd its dew, Slept in its arms, and wakened to its kiss, Danced to its

sounds, and warbled to its tone You can forsake it in an hour like this! Weary of age, you may renounce,

For me, truth to my eyes made all things plain; At Paris, the great fount, I did not find The waters pure, and to

my stream again I come, with saddened and with sobered mind; And now the spell is broken, and I rate The

For you, who seem her sorrows to deplore, You, seated high in power, the first among, Beware! nor make her

cause of grief the more; Believe her mis'ry, nor condemn her tongue. Methinks you injure where you seek to

We love, alas! to sing in our distress; For so the bitterness of woe seems less; But if we may not in our

language mourn, What will the polish'd give us in return? Fine sentences, but all for us unmeet Words full

of grace, even such as courtiers greet: A deck'd out miss, too delicate and nice To walk in fields; too tender

and precise To sing the chorus of the poor, or come When Labour lays him down fatigued at home.

To cover rags with gilded robes were vain The rents of poverty would show too plain.

How would this dainty dame, with haughty brow, Shrink at a load, and shudder at a plough! Sulky, and

piqued, and silent would she stand As the tired peasant urged his team along: No word of kind

Yet we will learn, and you shall teach Our people shall have double speech: One to be homely, one polite,

As you have robes for different wear; But this is all: 'tis just and right, And more our children will not

bear, Lest flocks of buzzards flit along, Where nightingales once poured their song.

There may be some who, vain and proud, May ape the manners of the crowd, Lisp French, and maim it at

each word, And jest and gibe to all afford; But we, as in long ages past, Will still be poets to the last![1]

Hark! and list the bridal song, As they lead the bride along: "Hear, gentle bride! your mother's sighs, And you

would hence away! Weep, weep, for tears become those eyes." "I cannot weeptoday."

Hark! the farmer in the mead Bids the shepherd swain take heed: "Come, your lambs together fold, Haste, my

sons! your toil is o'er: For the setting sun has told That the ox should work no more."

Hark! the cooper in the shade Sings to the sound his hammer made: "Strike, comrades, strike! prepare the

cask. 'Tis lusty May that fills the flask: Strike, comrades! summer suns that shine Fill the cellars full of wine."

Verse is, with us, a charm divine, Our people, loving verse, will still, Unknowing of their art, entwine

Garlands of poesy at will. Their simple language suits them best: Then let them keep it and be blest.

Let the wise critics build a wall Between the nurse's cherished voice, And the fond ear her words enthral, And

say their idol is her choice. Yes!let our fingers feel the rule, The angry chiding of the school; True to our

'Tis said that age new feeling brings, Our youth returns as we grow old; And that we love again the things

Which in our memory had grown cold. If this be true, the time will come When to our ancient tongue, once

Remember thou the tale they tell Of Lacuee and Lacepede,[2] When age crept on, who loved to dwell On

words that once their music made; And, in the midst of grandeur, hung, Delighted, on their parent tongue.

This will you do: and it may be, When weary of the world's deceit, Some summerday we yet may see Your

coming in our meadows sweet; Where, midst the flowers, the finch's lay Shall welcome you with music gay;

While you shall bid our antique tongue Some word devise, or air supply, Like those that charm'd your youth

Bethink you how we stray'd alone Beneath those elms in Agen grown, That each an arch above us throws,

Like giants, handinhand, in rows. A storm once struck a fav'rite tree, It trembled, shook, and bent its

boughs, The vista is no longer free: Our governor no pause allows; "Bring hither hatchet, axe, and spade,

But vainly strength and art were tried, The stately tree all force defied; Well might the elm resist and foil their

might, For though his branches were decay'd to sight, As many as his leaves the roots spread round, And in

Since then, more full, more green, more gay, The crests amid the breezes play: And birds of every note and

hue Come trooping to his shade in Spring; Each summer they their lays renew, And while the years endure

And thus it is, believe me, sir, With this enchantressshe we call Our second mother; Frenchmen err Who,

No! she still lives, her words still ring, Her children yet her carols sing; And thousand years may roll away

Riches, n'oubliez pas un seul petit moment Que des pauvres la grande couvee Se reveille toujours le sourire a

The swallows fly about, although the air is cold, Our once fair sun has shed his brightest gold. The fields

decay On Allsaints day. Ground's hard afoot, The birds are mute; The treetops shed their chill'd and yellow

One night, when leaving late a neighb'ring town, Although the heavens were clear, Two children paced along,

with many a moan Brother and sister dear; And when they reached the wayside cross Upon their knees

Abel and Jane, by the moon's light, Were long time silent quite; As they before the altar bend, With one

"Mother of God, Virgin compassionate! Oh! send thy angel to abate The sickness of our father dear, That

mother may no longer fear And for us both! Oh! Blessed Mother, We love thee, more and more, we two

The Virgin doubtless heard their prayer, For, when they reached the cottage near, The door before them

opened wide, And the dear mother, ere she turned aside, Cried out: "My children brave, The fever's

goneyour father's life is safe! Now come, my little lambs, and thank God for His grace."

In their small cot, forthwith the three, To God in prayer did bend the knee, Mother and children in their

gladness weeping, While on a sorry bed a man lay sleeping It was the father, good Hilaire! Not long ago, a

The dawn next day was clear and bright, The glint of morning sunlight Gleamed through the windows taper,

When Abel noiseless entered, with his footfall slight, He slipped along to the bedside; He oped the little

curtain, without stirring of the rings; His father woke and smiled, with joy that pleasure brings.

"Abel," he said, "I longed for thee; now listen thou to me: We're very poor indeedI've nothing save my

weekly fee; But Heaven has helped our lives to saveby curing me. Dear boy, already thou art fifteen

years You know to read, to writethen have no fears; Thou art alone, thou'rt sad, but dream no more,

Thou ought'st to work, for now thou hast the power! I know thy pain and sorrow, and thy deep alarms; More

good than stronghow could thy little arms Ply hard the hammer on the stony blocks? But our hard master,

though he likes good looks, May find thee quite a youth; He says that thou hast spirit; and he means for thy

behoof. Then do what gives thee pleasure, Without vainglory, Abel; and spend thy precious leisure In

writing or in workingeach is a labour worthy, Either with pen or hammerthey are the tools most lofty;

Labour in mind or body, they do fatigue us ever But then, Abel my son, I hope that never One blush upon

Abel's blue eyes were bright with bliss and joy Father rejoicedfour times embraced the boy; Mother and

daughter mixed their tears and kisses, Then Abel saw the master, to his happiness, And afterwards four days

did pass, All full of joyfulness. But pleasure with the poor is always unenduring.

A brutal order had been given on Sunday morning That if, next day, the father did not show his face, Another

workman, in that case, Would be employed to take his place! A shot of cannon filled with grape Could not

have caused such grief, As this most cruel order gives To these four poor unfortunates.

"I'm cured!" Hilaire cried; "let me rise and dress;" He triedfell back; and then he must confess He could

not labour for another week! Oh, wretched plight For him, his work was life! Should he keep sick, 'twas

death! All four sat mute; sudden a my of hope Beamed in the soul of Abel. He brushed the teardrops from

Strength rushed into his little arms, On his bright face the blushes came; He rose at once, and went to reason

Abel returned, with spirits bright, No longer trembling with affright; At once he gaily cries, With laughing

"My father! take your rest; have faith and courage; Take all the week, then thou shalt work apace; Some one,

who loves thee well, will take thy place, Then thou may'st go again and show thy face."

Saved by a friend, indeed! He yet had friends in store! Oh! how I wish that in this life so lonely. . . . But, all

will be explained at work on Monday; There are good friends as yetperhaps there's many more.

It was indeed our Abel took his father's place. At office first he showed his face; Then to the workyard: thus

his father he beguiled. Spite of his slender mien, he worked and always smiled. He was as deft as workmen

twain; he dressed The stones, and in the mortar then he pressed The heavy blocks; the workmen found him

cheerful. Mounting the ladder like a bird: He skipped across the rafters fearful. He smiled as he ascended,

smiled as he descended The very masons trembled at his hardiness: But he was working for his fatherin

his gladness, His life was full of happiness; His brave companions loved the boy Who filled their little life

with joy. They saw the sweat run down his brow, And clapped their hands, though weary he was now.

What bliss of Abel, when the day's work's o'er, And the bright stars were shining: Unto the office he must go,

And don his better clothing Thus his poor father to deceive, who thought he went aclerking. He took his

paper home and wrote, 'midst talk with Jane so shyly, And with a twinkling eye he answered mother's looks

Three days thus passed, and the sick man arose, Life now appeared to him a sweet repose. On Thursday,

The father, warmed up by the sun's bright ray, Hied to the workyard, smiling by the way; He wished to

thank the friend who worked for him, But saw him nothis eyes were dim Yet he was near; and looking

up, he saw no people working, No dinnerbell had struck, no workmen sure were lurking. Oh, God! what's

happened at the building yard? A crowd collectedmaster, masonas on guard. "What's this?" the old man

cried. "Alas! some man has fallen!" Perhaps it was his friend! His soul with grief was burning. He ran. Before

him thronged the press of men, They tried to thrust him back again; But no; Hilaire pressed through the

crowd of working men. Oh, wretched fatherman unfortunate; The friend who saved thee was thy

childsad fate! Now he has fallen from the ladder's head, And lies a bleeding mass, now nearly dead!

Now Hilaire uttered a most fearful cry; The child had given his life, now he might die. Alas! the bleeding

youth Was in his deaththroes, he could scarcely breathe; "Master," he said, "I've not fulfilled my task, But,

The father heard, o'erwhelmed he was with fear, Abel now saw him, felt that he was near, Inclined his head

Too late! too late! one saddened morn The sorrow of his life was gone; And the good father, with his pallid

face, Went now to take another place Within the tomb, beside his much loved son.

[1] Jasmin says, "the subject of this poem is historical, and recently took place in our neighbourhood."

With the permission of the Rev. Dr. J. Duncan Craig, of Glenagary, Kingston, Dublin, I adopt, with some

Sweet comes this April morning, its faint perfumes exhaling; Brilliant shines the sun, so crisp, so bright, so

freshening; Pearllike gleam and sparkle the dewdrops on the rose, While grey and gnarled olives droop

Soundeth low, solemnly, the midday bell in th' air, Glideth on sadly a maiden sick with care; Her head is

bent, and sobbing words she sheds with many a tear, But 'tween the chapel and the windmill another doth

She laughs and plucks the lovely flowers with many a joyous bound, The other, pale and spiritless, looks

upward from the ground; "Where goest thou, sweet Marianne, this lovely April day?" "Beneath the elms of

"I go to seek this very day the Doctor of the Poor.[1] Did'st thou not hear how skilfully he did my mother

cure? Behold this silver in my hand, these violets so sweet, The guerdon of his loving careI'll lay them at

"Now, dost thou not remember, my darling Marianne, How in our lonely hut the typhus fever ran? And we

were poor, without a friend, or e'en our daily bread, And sadly then, and sorrowful, dear mother bowed her

"One day, the sun was shining low in lurid western sky, All ,all, our little wealth was gone, and mother

yearned to die, When sudden, at the open door, a shadow crossed the way, And cheerfully a manly voice did

"'Take courage, friends, your ills I know, your life I hope to save.' 'Too late!' dear mother cried; 'too late! My

Our things are pledged, our med'cine gone, e'en bread we cannot buy.' The doctor shudder'd, then grew pale,

"No curtains had we on our bed: I marked his pallid face; Five silver crowns now forth he drew with

'Poor woman, take these worthless coins, suppress your bitter grief! Don't blush; repay them when you

"He left the hut, and went away; soon sleep's refreshing calm Relieved the patient he had helpeda

wonderworking balm; The world now seemed to smile again, like springtide flowers so gay, While mother,

"Thus, like the swallows which return with spring unto our shore, The doctor brought rejoicing back unto our

vinewreathed door; And we are happy, Isabel, and money too we've made; But why dost weep, when I can

"Alas! alas! dear Marianne, I weep and mourn today, From your house to our cottagehome the fever made

its way; My father lies with ghastly face, and many a raving cry Oh, would that Durand too might come,

"Dear Isabel, haste on, haste onwe'll seek his house this hour! Come, let us run, and hasten on with all our

utmost power. He'll leave the richest palace for the poor man's humble roof He's far from rich, except in

The good God bless the noble heart that careth for the poor; Then forth the panting children speed to seek the

sick man's cure; And as beneath our giant elms they pass with rapid tread, They scarcely dare to look around,

or lift their weary head. The town at last is reached, by the PontLong they enter, Close by the Hue des

Jacobins, near Durand's house they venture. Around the portals of the door there throngs a mournful crowd;

The girls were troubled in their souls, their minds were rent with grief; One above all, young Marianne, was

trembling like a leaf: Another deathoh, cruel thought! then of her father dying, She quickly ran to Durand's

"Where's the good doctor, sir, I pray? I seek him for my father!" He soft replied, "The gracious God into His

fold doth gather The best of poor folks' doctors now, to his eternal rest; They bear the body forth, 'tis true: his

Bright on his corpse the candles shine around his narrow bier, Escorted by the crowds of poor with many a

bitter tear; No more, alas! can he the sad and anguishedladen cure Oh, wail! For Durand is no morethe

[1] In the last edition of Jasmin's poems (4 vols. 8vo, edited by Buyer d'Agen) it is stated (p. 40, 1st vol.) that

"M. Durand, physician, was one of those rare men whom Providence seems to have provided to assuage the

lot of the poorest classes. His career was full of noble acts of devotion towards the sick whom he was called

upon to cure. He died at the early age of thirtyfive, of a stroke of apoplexy. His remains were accompanied

Dear lady, it is true, that last month I have signed A little scrap of parchment; now myself I find The master

of a piece of ground Within the smallest bound Not, as you heard, a spacious English garden Covered with

flowers and trees, to shrine your bard in But of a tiny little vineyard, Which I have christened "Papilhoto"!

Where, for a chamber, I have but a grotto. The vinestocks hang about their boughs, At other end a screen of

hedgerows, So small they do not half unroll; A hundred would not make a mile, Six sheets would cover the

Well! as it is, of this I've dreamt for twenty years You laugh, Madame, at my great happiness, Perhaps

you'll laugh still more, when it appears, That when I bought the place, I must confess There were no fruits,

Though rich in roots; Nine cherry treesbehold my wood! Ten rows of vinesmy promenade! A few peach

trees; the hazels too; Of elms and fountains there are two. How rich I am! My muse is grateful very; Oh!

might I paint? while I the pencil try, Our country loves the Heavens so bright and cheery.

Here, verdure starts up as we scratch the ground, Who owns it, strips it into pieces round; Beneath our sun

there's nought but gayest sound. You tell me, true, that in your Paris hothouse, You ripen two months sooner

'neath your glass, of course. What is your fruit? Mostly of water clear, The heat may redden what your

tendrils bear. But, lady dear, you cannot live on fruits alone while here! Now slip away your glossy glove

And pluck that ripened peach above, Then place it in your pearly mouth And suck ithow it 'lays your

Dear Madame, in the North you have great sights Of churches, castles, theatres of greatest heights; Your

works of art are greater far than here. But come and see, quite near The banks of the Garonne, on a sweet

summer's day, All works of God! and then you'll say No place more beautiful and gay! You see the rocks in

all their velvet greenery; The plains are always gold; and mossy very, The valleys, where we breathe the

The country round your Paris has its flowers and greensward, But 'tis too grand a dame for me, it is too dull

and sad. Here, thousand houses smile along the river's stream; Our sky is bright, it laughs aloud from morn to

e'en. Since month of May, when brightest weather bounds For six months, music through the air resounds

A thousand nightingales the shepherd's ears delight: All sing of LoveLove which is new and bright. Your

Opera, surprised, would silent hearken, When day for night has drawn aside its curtain, Under our heavens,

which very soon comes glowing. Listen, good God! our concert is beginning! What notes! what raptures?

Listen, shepherdswains, One chaunt is for the hillside, the other's for the plains.

"Those lofty mountains Far up above, I cannot see All that I love; Move lower, mountains, Plains, upmove,

And thousand voices sound through Heaven's alcove, Coming across the skies so blue, Making the angels

smile above The earth embalms the songsters true; The nightingales, from tree to flower, Sing louder,

fuller, stronger. 'Tis all so sweet, though no one beats the measure, To hear it all while concerts lastsuch

pleasure! Indeed my vineyard's but a seat of honour, For, from my hillock, shadowed by my bower, I look

upon the fields of Agen, the valley of Verone.[3] How happy am I 'mongst my vines! Such pleasures there

For here I am the poetdresser, working for the wines. I only think of propping up my arbours and my vines;

Upon the road I pick the little stones And take them to my vineyard to set them up in cones, And thus I

make a little house with but a sheltered door As each friend, in his turn, now helps to make the store. And

then there comes the vintagethe ground is firm and fast, With all my friends, with wallets or with baskets

Oh! my young vine, The sun's bright shine Hath ripened thee Allall for me! No drizzling showers Have

spoilt the hours. My muse can't borrow; My friends, tomorrow Cannot me lend; But thee, young friend,

Grapes nicely drest, With figs the finest And raisins gather Bind them together! Th' abundant season Will still

us bring A glorious harvesting; Close up thy hands with bravery Upon the luscious grapery!

Now all push forth their tendrils; though not past remedy, At th' hour when I am here, my faithful memory

Comes crowding back; my oldest friends Now make me young againfor pleasure binds Me to their hearts

I see, the meadows sweet around, My little island, midst the varying ground, Where I have often laughed, and

I see far off the leafy woodland, Or near the fountain, where I've; often dreamed; Long time ago there was a

famous man[4] Who gave its fame to Agen. I who but write these verses slight Midst thoughts of memory

But I will tell you allin front, to left, to right, More than a hedgerow thick that I have brought the light,

More than an appletree that I have trimmed, More than an old vinestalk that I have thinned To ripen lovely

Muscat. Madame, you see that I look back upon my past, Without a blush at last; What would you? That I

gave my vineyard back And that with usury? Alack! And yet unto my garden I've no door Two thorns

are all my fenceno more! When the marauders come, and through a hole I see their nose, Instead of taking

up a stick to give them blows, I turn aside; perhaps they never may return, the horde! He who young robs,

[1] Jasmin purchased a little piece of ground, which he dedicated to his "Curlpapers" (Papilhoto), on the

road to Scaliger's villa, and addressed the above lines to his ladyadmirer in Paris, Madame Louis veill.

Blaise de MontlucFestival at RoquefortThe Prettiest MaidenThe Soldier and the ShepherdsKissing

'Twas at the time when Blaise the murderous Struck heavy blows by force of arms. He hewed the Protestants

to pieces, And, in the name of God the Merciful, Flooded the earth with sorrow, blood, and tears.

Alas! 'twas pitifulfar worse beyond the hills, Where flashing gun and culverin were heard; There the

unhappy bore their heavy cross, And suffered, more than elsewhere, agonising pain, Were killed and

strangled, tumbled into wells; 'Tween Penne and Fumel the saddened earth was gorged. Men, women,

children, murdered everywhere, The hangman even stopped for breath; While Blaise, with heart of steel,

dismounted at the gate Of his strong castle wall, With triple bridge and triple fosse; Then kneeling, made his

pious prayers, Taking the Holy Sacrament, His hands yet dripping with fraternal blood![1]

Now every shepherd, every shepherd lass, At the word Huguenot shuddered with affright, Even 'midst their

laughing courtship. And yet it came to pass That in a hamlet, 'neath a castled height, One Sunday, when a

troop of sweethearts danced Upon the day of Roquefort fete, And to a fife the praises sang Of Saint James

and the August weather That bounteous month which year by year, Through dewfall of the evening

It was the finest fete that eyes had ever seen Under the shadow of the leafy parasol, Where aye the

countryfolk convene. O'erflowing were the spaces all, From cliff, from dale, from every home Of

Montagnac and SainteColombe, Still they do come, Too many far to number; More, ever more, while

flames the sunshine o'er, There's room for all, their coming will not cumber, The fields shall be their

What pleasure! what delight! the sun now fills the air; The sweetest thing in life Is the music of the fife And

the dancing of the fair. You see their baskets emptying Of waffles all homemade. They quaff the nectar

sparkling Of freshest lemonade. What crowds at Punchinello, While the showman beats his cymbal! Crowds

everywhere! But who is this appears below? Ah! 'tis the beauteous village queen!. Yes, 'tis she; 'tis

In the town as in the prairie, You must know that every country Has its chosen pearl of love. Ah, well! This

But now, you must not fancy, gentlemen, That she was sad and sighing, Her features pale as any lily, That

she had dying eyes, halfshut and blue, And slender figure clothed with languishing, Like to a weeping

willow by a limpid lake. Not so, my masters. Franconnette Had two keen flashing eyes, like two live stars;

Her laughing cheeks were round, where on a lover might Gather in handfuls roses bright; Brown locks and

curly decked her head; Her lips were as the cherry red, Whiter than snow her teeth; her feet How softly

moulded, small and fleet; How light her limbs! Ah, welladay! And of the whole at once I say, She was the

Such loveliness, in every race, May sudden start to light. She fired the youths with ready love, Each maiden

with despair. Poor youths, indeed! Oh! how they wished To fall beneath her feet! They all admired her, and

adored, Just as the priest adores the cross 'Twas as if there shone a star of light The young girl's brow

Yet, something vexing in her soul began to hover; The finest flower had failed her in this day of honour.

Pascal, whom all the world esteemed, Pascal, the handsomest, whose voice with music beamed, He shunned

the maid, cast ne'er a loving glance; Despised! She felt hate growing in her heart, And in her pretty

vengeance She seized the moment for a brilliant dart Of her bright eyes to chain him. What would you have?

A girl so greatly envied, She might become a flirt conceited; Already had she seemed all this, Selfglorious

she was, I fear, Coquetting rarely comes amiss, Though she might never love, with many lovers near!

Grandmother often said to her, "Child, child!" with gentle frown, "A meadow's not a parlour, and the

country's not a town, And thou knowest well that we have promised thee lang syne To the soldierlad,

Marcel, who is lover true of thine. So curb thy flights, thou giddy one, The maid who covets all, in the end

mayhap hath none." "Nay, nay," replied the tricksy fay, With swift caress, and laughter gay, "There is another

saw wellknown, Time enough, my grannie dear, to love some later day! 'She who hath only me, hath

Now, such a flighty course, you may divine, Made hosts of melancholy swains, Who sighed and suffered

jealous pains, Yet never sang reproachful strains, Like learned lovers when they pine, Who, as they go to die,

their woes write carefully On willow or on poplar tree. Good lack! thou could'st not shape a letter, And the

silly souls, though lovesick, to death did not incline, Thinking to live and suffer on were better! But tools

were handled clumsily, And vinesprays blew abroad at will, And trees were pruned exceeding ill, And many

Methinks you know her now, this fair and foolish girl; Watch while she treads one measure, then see her dip

and twirl! Young Etienne holds her hand by chance, 'Tis the first rigadoon they dance; With parted lips, right

thirstily Each rustic tracks them as they fly, And the damsel sly Feels every eye, And lighter moves for each

adoring glance. Holy cross! what a sight! when the madcap rears aright Her shining lizard's head! her Spanish

foot falls light, Her wasplike figure sways And swims and whirls and springs again. The wind with corner

of her 'kerchief plays. Those lovely cheeks where on the youths now gaze, They hunger to salute with kisses

And someone shall; for here the custom is, Who tires his partner out, salutes her with a kiss; The girls grow

weary everywhere, Wherefore already Jean and Paul, Louis, Guillaume, and strong Pierre, Have breathless

Another takes his place, Marcel the wight, The soldier of Montluc, prodigious in his height, Arrayed in

uniform, bearing his sword, A cockade in his cap, the emblem of his lord, Straight as an I, though bold yet

not wellbred, His heart was soft, but thickish was his head. He blustered much and boasted more and more,

Frolicked and vapoured as he took the floor Indeed he was a very horrid bore. Marcel, most mad for

Franconnette, tortured the other girls, Made her most jealous, yet she had no chance, The swelledout

coxcomb called on her to dance. But Franconnette was loth, and she must let him see it; He felt most madly

jealous, yet was maladroit, He boasted that he was beloved; perhaps he did believe it quite

The crowd now watched the dancing pair, And marked the tricksy witching fair; They rush, they whirl! But

what's amiss? The bouncing soldier lad, I wis, Can never snatch disputed kiss! The dancing maid at first

smiles at her selfstyled lover, "Makes eyes" at him, but ne'er a word does utter; She only leaped the faster!

Marcel, piqued to the quick, longed to subdue this creature, He wished to show before the crowd what love

he bore her; One open kiss were sweeter far Than twenty in a corner! But, no! his legs began to fail, his head

was in a trance, He reeled, he almost fell, he could no longer dance; Now he would give cockade, sabre, and

Yet while the pair were still afoot, the girl looked very gay Resolved never to give way! While headstrong

Marcel, breathless, spent, and hot in face, He reeled and all but fell; then to the next gave place! Forth darted

Pascal in the soldier's stead, They make two steps, then change, and Franconnette, Weary at last, with

laughing grace, Her foot stayed and upraised her face! Tarried Pascal that kiss to set? Not he, be sure! and all

the crowd His vict'ry hailed with plaudits loud. The clapping of their palms like battledores resounded,

Oh, what a picture for the soldier who so loved his queen! Him the kiss maddened! Measuring Pascal with his

een, He thundered, "Peasant, you have filled my place most sly; Not so fast, churl!"and brutally let fly

With aim unerring one fierce blow, Straight in the other's eyes, doubling the insult so.

Good God![2] how stings the madd'ning pain, His dearest happiness that blow must stain, Kissing and

boxingglory, shame! Light, darkness! Fire, ice! Life, death! Heaven, hell! All this was to our Pascal's soul

the knell Of hope! But to be thus tormented By flagrant insult, as the soldier meant it; Now without fear he

must resent it! It does not need to be a soldier nor a "Monsieur," An outrage placidly to bear. Now fiery

Pascal let fly at his foe, Before he could turn round, a stunning blow; 'Twas like a thunder peal, And made the

soldier reel; Trying to draw his sabre, But Pascal, seeming bigger, Gripped Marcel by the waist, and sturdily

Lifted him up, and threw his surly Foe on the ground, breathless, and stunned severely.

"Now then!" while Pascal looked on the hound thrown by him, "The peasant grants thee chance of living!"

"Despatch him!" cried the surging crowd. "Thou art all cover'd o'er with blood!" But Pascal, in his angry fit

"No matter! All the same I pardon him! You must have pity on the beaten hound!" "No, finish him! Into

morsels cut him!" The surging, violent crowd now cried around. "Back, peasants, back! Do him no harm!"

Sudden exclaimed a Monsieur, speaking with alarm; The peasants moved aside, and then gave place To

The frightened girls, like hunted hares, At once dispers'd, flew here and there. The shepherds, but a moment

after, With thrilling fife and beaming laughter, The brave and good Pascal attended on his way, Unto his

But Marcel, furious, mad with rage, exclaimed, "Oh! could I stab and kill them! But I'm maimed!" Only a

gesture of his lord Restrained him, hand upon his sword. Then did he grind his teeth, as he lay battered, And

in a low and broken voice he muttered: "They love each other, and despise my kindness, She favours him,

and she admires his fondness; Ah, well! by Marcel's patron, I'll not tarry To make them smart, and

The Enamoured BlacksmithHis Fretful MotherThe Busking SoireePascal's SongThe Sorcerer of

Since Roquefort fete, one, two, three months have fled; The dancing frolic, with the harvest ended; The

outdoor sports are banished For winter comes; the air is sad and cold, it sighs Under the vaulted skies. At

fall of night, none risks to walk across the fields, For each one, sad and cheerless, beelds Before the great

fires blazing, Or talks of wolfish fiends[3] amazing; And sorcerersto make one shudder with affright

That walk around the cots so wight, Or 'neath the gloomy elms, and by farmyards at night.

But now at last has Christmas come, And little Jack, who beats the drum, Cries round the hamlet, with his

beaming face: "Come brisken up, you maidens fair, A merry busking[4] shall take place On Friday, first night

Ah! now the happy youths and maidens fair Proclaimed the drummer's words, so bright and rare. The news

were carried far and near Light as a bird most fleet With wings to carry thoughts so sweet. The sun, with

beaming rays, had scarcely shone Ere everywhere the joyous news had flown; At every fireside they were

But when the Friday came, a frozen dew was raining, And by a fireless forge a mother sat complaining; And

to her son, who sat thereby, She spoke at last entreatingly: "Hast thou forgot the summer day, my boy, when

thou didst come All bleeding from the furious fray, to the sound of music home? How I have suffered for

your sorrow, And all that you have had to go through. Long have I troubled for your arm! For mercy's sake

Oh! go not forth tonight! I dreamt of flowers again, And what means that, Pascal, but so much tears and

"Now art thou craven, mother! and see'st that life's all black, But wherefore tremble, since Marcel has gone,

and comes not back!" "Oh yet, my son, do you take heed, I pray! For the wizard of the Black Wood is

roaming round this way; The same who wrought such havoc, 'twas but a year agone, They tell me one was

seen to come from 's cave at dawn But two days pastit was a soldier; now What if this were Marcel? Oh,

my child, do take care! Each mother gives her charms unto her sons; do thou Take mine; but I beseech, go not

"Just for one little hour, mine eyes to set On my friend Thomas, whom I'm bound to meet!"

"Thy friend, indeed! Nay, nay! Thou meanest Franconnette, Whom thou loves dearly! I wish thou'd love

some other maid! Oh, yes! I read it in thine eyes! Though thou sing'st, art gay, thy secret bravely keeping,

That I may not be sad, yet all alone thou'rt weeping My head aches for thy misery; Yet leave her, for thine

own good, my dear Pascal; She would so greatly scorn a working smith like thee, With mother old in penury;

"How we have sold and sold fill scarce a scythe remains. Oh, dark the days this house hath seen Since,

Pascal, thou so ill hast been; Now thou art well, arouse! do something for our gains Or rest thee, if thou wilt;

And the poor mother, quite undone, Cried, while thus pleading with her son, Who, leaning on his

blacksmith's forge The stifling sobs quelled in his gorge. "'Tis very true," he said, "that we are poor, But had I

No sooner said than done; for in a blink Was heard the anvil's clink, The sparks flew from the blacksmith's

fire Higher and still higher! The forgeman struck the molten iron dead, Hammer in hand, as if he had a

But now, the Busking was apace, And soon, from every corner place The girls came with the skein of their

In the large chamber, where they sat and winded The threads, all doubly garnished, The girls, the lads, plied

hard their finger, And swiftly wound together The clews of lint so fair, As fine as any hair.

The winding now was done; and the white wine, and rhymsters, Came forth with rippling glass and

porringers, And brought their vivid vapours To brighten up their capers Ah! if the prettiest were the best,

Though queen of games, she was the last, not worst, It is not that she reigned at present, yet was first.

"Hold! Hold!" she cried, the brownhaired maid, Now she directed them from side to side Three women

merged in one, they said She dances, speaks, sings, all bewitching, By maiden's wiles she was so rich in;

She sings with soul of turtledove, She speaks with grace angelic; She dances on the wings of love Sings,

Her triumph is complete; all eyes are fixed upon her, Though her adorers are but peasants; Her eyes are

beaming, Blazing and sparkling, And quite bewitching; No wonder that the sweetheart lads are ravished with

Then Thomas rose and, on the coquette fixing His ardent eyes, though blushing, In language full of neatness,

"Oh, tell us, charming Syren, With heart of ice unmoved, When shall we hear the sound Of bells that ring

around, To say that you have loved? Always so free and gay, Those wings of dazzling ray,

Are spread to every air And all your favour share; Attracted by their light All follow in your flight. But ah!

believe me, 'tis not bliss, Such triumphs do but purchase pain; What is it to be loved like this, To her who

"You've seen how full of joy We've marked the sun arise; Even so each Sunday morn When you, before our

eyes, Bring us such sweet surprise. With us new life is born: We love your angel face, Your step so

debonnaire, Your mien of maiden grace, Your voice, your lips, your hair, Your eyes of gentle fire, All these

we now admire! But ah! believe me, 'tis not bliss, Such triumphs do but purchase pain; What is it to be loved

"Alas! our groves are dull When widowed of thy sight, And neither hedge nor field Their perfume seem to

yield; The blue sky is not bright When you return once more, All that was sad is gone, All nature you restore,

We breathe in you alone; We could your rosy fingers cover With kisses of delight all over! But ah! believe

me, 'tis not bliss, Such triumphs do but purchase pain; What is it to be loved like this, To her who cannot love

"The dove you lost of late, Might warn you by her flight, She sought in woods her mate, And has forgot you

quite; She has become more fair Since love has been her care. 'Tis love makes all things gay, Oh follow

where she leads When beauteous looks decay, What dreary life succeeds! And ah! believe me, perfect

bliss, A joy, where peace and triumph reign, Is when a maiden, loved like this, Has learnt 'tis sweet to love

The songster finished, and the ardent crowd Of listeners clapped their hands in praises loud.

"Oh! what a lovely song!" they cried. "Who is the poet?" "'Tis Pascal," answered Thomas, "that has made it!"

Nothing said Franconnette; but she rejoicedwas proud At having so much love evoked, And in a song

Then she became more serious as she thought of Pascal; "How brave he is! 'Tis all for him; he has not got his

equal! How he paints love! All praise him without doubt; And his sweet songso touching!" for now by

heart she knows it. "But if he loves at last, why does he hide away?" Then turning suddenly, she says

"Thomas, he is not here, away he stays; I would him compliment; can he not come?" "Oh! now he cannot; but

Then spoke the jealous Lawrence: "Pascal knows He cannot any other songs compose; Poor fellow! almost

ruined quite he is; His father's most infirmstretched out, and cannot rise; The baker will not give him

Then Franconnette grew pale, and said, "And he so very good! Poor lad! how much he suffers; and now he

"My faith!" said Lawrence, a heart of goodness aping, "They say that now he goes abegging!" "You lie!"

cried Thomas, "hold thy serpent's tongue! Pascal, 'tis true, is working, yet with harm, Since, for this maiden,

he has suffered in his arm; But he is cured; heed not this spiteful knave! He works now all alone, for he is

strong and brave." If someone on the girl his eyes had set, He would have seen tears on the cheeks of

"Let's 'Hunt the Slipper!"' cried the maids; Round a wide ring they sat, the jades. Slipper was bid by

Franconnette, But in a twinkle, Marionette "Lawrence, hast thou my slipper?" "No, demoiselle!" "Rise

then, and seek it now, ah, well!" Lawrence, exulting in his features, Said, "Franconnette, hast thou my

slipper?" "No, sir!" "'Tis false!" It was beneath her seat! "Thou hast it! Rise! Now kiss me as the forfeit!"

A finch, just taken in a net, First tries some gap to fly at; So Franconnette, just like a bird, escaped With

Lawrence, whom she hated; Incensed he turned to kiss her; He swiftly ran, but in his pursuit warm, The

Misfortunes ne'er come single, it is said. The gloomy night was now far spent; But in that fright of frights,

quite in a breath, The housedoor creaked and ope'd! Was it a wraith? No! but an old man bearded to the

waist, And now there stood before the throng the Black Wood Ghaist! "Imprudent youths!? he cried; "I come

from gloomy rocks up yonder, Your eyes to ope: I'm filled with wrath and wonder! You all admire this

Passed to the Hugnenots and sold her to the Devil; Her mother died of shame And thus the demon plays

his game. Now he has bought this woman base, He tracks her in her hidingplace. You see how he has

punished Pascal and Lawrence Because they gave her light embrace! Be warned! For who so dares this maid

to wed, Amid the brief delight of their first nuptial night, Will sudden hear a thunderpeal o'er head! The

demon cometh in his might To snatch the bride away in fright, And leave the illstarred bridegroom dead!"

The Wizard said no more; but angry, fiery rays, From scars his visage bore, seemed suddenly to blaze. Four

times he turned his heel upon, Then bade the door stand wide, or ere his foot he stayed; With one long creak

He left great horror in his wake! None stirred in all the throng; They looked nor left nor right, when he away

had gone, They seemed all changed to stone Only the stricken maid herself stood brave against her wrong;

And in the hope forlorn that all might pass for jest, With tremulous smile, half bright, half pleading, She

swept them with her eyes, and two steps forward pressed; But when she saw them all receding, And heard

them cry "Avaunt!" then did she know her fate; Then did her saddened eyes dilate With speechless terror

more and more, The while her heart beat fast and loud, Till with a cry her head she bowed And sank in swoon

upon the floor. Such was the close of Busking night, Though it began so gay and bright; The morrow was the

New Year's day, It should have been a time most gay; But now there went abroad a fearful rumour It was

remembered long time after In every house and cottage home throughout the land Though 'twas a fiction

and a superstition, It was, "The De'il's abroad! He's now aroaming; How dreadful! He is now for lost

The folks were roused and each one called to mind That some, in times of yore, had heard the sound Of

Devil's chains that clanked; How soon the father vanished, The mother, bent in agony, A maniac she died!

That then all smiled; they felt nor hurt nor harm, They lived quite happy on their cottage farm, And when the

fields were spoilt with hail or rain, Their ground was covered o'er with plums and grain.

It was enough; the girls believed it all, Grandmothers, mothersthoughts did them appal Even infants

trembled at the demon's name; And when the maiden hung her head in pain,. And went abroad, they scarce

would give her passage; They called to her, "Away! Avaunt! thou imp of evil, Behold the crime of dealing

The Maid at EstanquetA Bad DreamThe Grandmother's Advice Blessed BreadSatisfaction and

Beside a cot at Estanquet, Down by a leafy brooklet, The limpid stream Enshadowed sheen, Lapped o'er the

pebbles murmuring. Last summer sat a maid, with gathered flowers, She was engaged in setting, Within her

grassy bowers; She sang in joy her notes so thrilling, As made the birds, their sweet songs trilling, Most

Why does she sing no more? midst fields and hedgerows verdant; 'The nightingales that came within her

garden, With their loud "jug! jug!" warbling, And their sweet quavers singing; Can she have left her cottage

No! There's her pretty hat of straw Laid on the bench; but then they saw There was no ribbon round it; The

garden all neglected; The rake and wat'ringpot were down Amongst the jonquils overthrown; The

brokenbranched roses running riot; The dandelion, groundsell, all about; And the nice walks, laid out with

Oh! what has happened here? Where is the lively maid? The little birds now whispering said; Her home is

sparkling there beyond, With tufted branch of hazel round; Let's just peep in, the door is open, We make no

noise, but let us listen. Ah! there's grandmother, on her armchair, fast asleep! And here, beside the casement

deep, The maid of Estanquet, in saddened pain and grief, The tears downfalling on her pretty hand; To

Ah! yes,'twas dark enough! for it is Franconnette, Already you've divined it is our pet!

And see her now, poor maiden, Bending beneath the falsest blow, o'erladen; She sobs and weeps

alternately Her heart is rent and empty, Oft, to console herself, she rises, walks, and walks again; Alas! her

trouble is so full of pain Awake or sleeping she's only soothed by weeping. Daughter of Huguenot

accursed, And banished from the Church! Sold to the demon; she's for ever cursed! Grandmother, waking,

said, "Child, 'tis not true; It matters not; 'tis but thy father fled, No one can contradict that raving crew; They

know not where he is, and could they see him, They would so frightened be, they'd not believe their een!"

"How changed things are," said Franconnette, "before I was so happy; Then I was village queen, all followed

love in harmony; And all the lads, to please me, Would come barefooted, e'en through serpents' nests, to bless

me! But now, to be despised and curst, I, who was once the very first! And Pascal, too, whom once I thought

the best, In all my misery shuns me like a pest! Now that he knows my very sad mishaps, He ne'er consoles

She did deceive herself. Her grief today was softened By hearing that Pascal 'gainst slanders her defended;

Such magic help, it was a balm Her aching soul to calm; And then, to sweeten all her ill, She thought always

What is that sound? A sudden shriek! Grandmother dreamtshe was now wide awake; The girl sprang to

her; she said, "Isn't the house aflame? Ah! twas a dream! Thank God!" her murmur came.

"Dear heart," the girl said softly; "what was this dream of thine?" "Oh, love! 'twas night, and loud ferocious

men, methought Came lighting fires all round our little cot, And thou did'st cry unto them, daughter mine, To

save me, but did'st vainly strive, For here we too must burn alive! The torment that I bore! How shall I cure

Then the whiteheaded dame, in withered arms of love, With yearning tenderness folded the brownhaired

girl, who strove, By many a smile, and mute caress, To hearten her, until at length The aged one cried out, her

love gave vital strength, "Sold to the Demon, thou? It is a hideous lie! Therefore, dear child, weep not so

piteously; Take courage! Be thou brave in heart once more, Thou art more lovely than before Take

grannie's word for that! Arise! Go forth; who hides from envious eyes Makes wicked people spiteful; I've

heard this, my pet; I know full well there's one who loves thee yet Marcel would guard thee with his love;

Thou lik'st not him? Ah! could he move Thy feelings, he would shield thee, dear, And claim thee for his own.

But I am all too feeble grown; Yet stay, my darling, stay! Tomorrow's Easter Day, Go thou to Mass, and

pray as ne'er before! Then take the blessed bread, if so the good God may The precious favour of his former

smile restore, And on thy sweet face, clear as day, Own thou art numbered with his children evermore!"

Then such a gleam of hope lit the old face again, Furrowed so deep with years and pain, That, falling on her

When, therefore, on the morrow, came the countryside, To hear the Hallelujas in the church of Saint Pierre;

Great was the wonderment of those that spied The maiden, Franconnette, silently kneeling there,

Telling her beads with downcast eyes of prayer. She needs, poor thing, Heaven's mercy to implore, For ne'er

a woman's will she win! But then, beholding her sweet mien, Were Marvel and Pascal, eyeing her fondly o'er;

She saw them with her glances, dark as night, Then shrinking back, they left her all alone, Midway of a great

circle, as they might Some poor condemned one Bearing some stigma on her brow in sight.

This was not all, poor child! It was well known The warden, uncle to Marcel, Carried the Blessed Bread;

And like a councillor, did swell In longtailed coat, with pompous tread: But when the trembling maid,

making a cross, essayed To take a double portion, as her dear old grandame bade, Right in the view of every

eye, The sacred basket he withdrew, and passed her wholly And so, denied her portion of the bread whereby

The maid, trembling with fear, thought all was lost indeed! But no! she hath a friend at need; 'Twas Pascal,

who had seen her all the while Pacal, whose young foot walked along the aisle, He made the quest, and

Upon a silver plate, with flowers fair blossoming, The crownpiece[5] of the Holy Sacrament And all the

Oh! moment full of joy; her blood sprang into fleetness; Warmth was in all her frame, her senses thrilled with

sweetness; She saw the bread of God arisen Out of its earthly prison, Thus life unto her own was given: But

wherefore did her brow quite blushing grow? Because the angel bright of love, I trow, Did with her glowing

breath impart Life to the flame long smouldering in her heart. It did become a something strange, and passing

all desire As honey sweet, and quick as fire Did her sad soul illuminate With a new being; and, though late,

She knew the word for her delight, The fair enigma she could guess. People and priest all vanish'd from her

sight, She saw in all the church only one man aright He whom she loved at last, with utmost gratefulness.

Then from Saint Peter's church the throng widely dispersed, And of the scandal they had seen, now eagerly

conversed; But lost not sight of her at all Who bore the Bread of Honour to the ancient dame, ere this, She

sitteth now alone, shut in her chamber small, While Franconnette beams brightly with her newfound bliss.

On the parched earth, where falls the earliest dew, As shines the sun's first rays, the winter flown So love's

first spark awakes to life anew, And fills the startled mind with joy unknown. The maiden yielded every

thought to this The trembling certainty of real bliss; The lightning of a joy before improved, Flash'd in her

She fled from envy, and from curious eyes, And dreamed, as all have done, their waking dreams, Bidding in

thought bright fairy fabrics rise To shrine the loved one in their golden gleams. Alas! the sage is right, 'tis the

But when the saddened heart controls us quite, It quickly turns to gall the sweets of our delight. Then she

remembered all! The opening heaven turned grey, Dread thought now smites her heavily. Dreams she of

love? Why, what is she? Sweet love is not for her! The dreaded sorcerer Hath said she's foresold for a

pricea murderer! With heart of dev'lish wrath, which whoso dares to brave To lie with her one night,

therein shall find his grave. She, to see Pascal perish at her side! "Oh God! have pity on me now!" she cried.

So, rent with cruel agonies, And weeping very sore, Fell the poor child upon her knees, Her little shrine

"Oh, Holy Virgin!"sighing"on thee alone relying, I come; I'm all astray! Father and mother too Are

dead lang syne, and I accursed! All tongues are crying This hideous tale! Yet save me if't be true; If they have

falsely sworn, be it on their souls borne When I shall bring my taper on the feteday morn[6] Oh! blessed

Brief prayer, Though 'tis sincere, To Heaven mounts quickly, Sure to have won a gracious ear; The maid her

purpose holds, and ponders momently, And oftentimes grows sick, and cannot speak for fear, But sometimes

taketh heart, and sudden hope and strong Shines in her soul, as brightest meteor gleams the sky along.

The Fete at Notre DameOffering to the VirginThunderstroke and Taper ExtinguishedThe Storm at

Roquefort Fire at EstanquetTriumph of PascalFury of Marcel Power of a MotherBad Head and

At last, behold the day she longed for, yet so fearfully, But lo! the sun rose cheerfully; And long, long lines of

whiterobed village girls From all the country round, walked tow'rds the tinkling bells, And soon, proud

Notre Dame appeared in sight, As 'midst a cloud of perfume! 'Twas if the thirty hamlets in their might Were

What priests! What candles! Crucifixes! Garlands! What Angels,[7] and what banners!

You see there Artigues, Puymiral, Astafort, SaintCirq, Cardonnet, Lusignan, Brax, Roquefort, But this year,

Roquefort first, o'erleapeth all. What crowds there are of curious people, To watch the girl sold to the Devil!

The news has travelled everywhere; They know that she, in silent prayer, Implores the Virgin to protect her

Her neighbours scoff, and her menace, But saddened friends grieve at her sore disgrace, Love, through their

heart, in fervour rills, Each one respects this plaintivest of girls; And many a pitying soul a prayer said, That

She saw, rejoiced, more hope with her abode; Though voice of people is the voice of God! Oh! how her heart

beat as the church she neared, 'Twas for the Virgin's indulgence she cared. Mothers with heartaches; young

unfortunates; The orphan girls; the women without mates; All knelt before, with tapers waxen, The image of

the Virgin; And there the aged priest, in surplice dressed, Placed the crosses at their lips, and afterwards them

No sign of sorrow did on any suppliant fall, But with their happy hearts, their ways went one and all, So

Franconnette grew happy too, And most because Pascal prayed fervent in her view; She dared t'raise her eyes

to the holy father's face, It seemed to her that love, hymns, lights, and the incense United, cried out, "Grace!"

"Grace, grace divine," she sighed, "and love! Let them be mine!" Then stretching out her taper lit, and

followed to the shrine, Bearing a garland in her hand; and all about her strove To give a place to her, and

bade her forward move. They fixed their eyes upon the sacred priest and her, And scarce a breath was drawn,

and not a soul did stir; But when the priest, holding the image of redeeming love, Had laid it on the orphan's

lips; before her kiss was given, Burst a terrific thunderpeal, as if 'twould rend the heaven, Blowing her taper

Oh, what is this? The crashing thunder! Her prayer denied, the lights put out! Good God! she's sold indeed!

All, all is true, no doubt, So a long murmur rose of horror and of wonder; For while the maiden breathlessly

Cowering like some lost soul, their shuddering glances under, Sudden crept forth, all shrunk away, and let her

Howbeit, that great peal was the opening blow Of a wild storm and terrible, That straightway upon Roquefort

fell, The spire of Saint Pierre[8] lay in ruins low, And, smitten by the sharp scourge of the hail, In all the

The angel bands who walked that day In fair procession, hymns to sing, Turned sorrowing, all save one,

Yet, in those early times, though not as now, The angry waves to clear; To other jealous towns could Agen

Then she had only barges two, by poles propelled slow, That waited for the minstrels, to bear them to

Roquefort, Whose villagers heard rumours of the widespread woe; Ere landing, they were ranged for singing

on the shore. At first the tale but half they heed, But soon they see in very deed, Vineyards and happy fields

with hopeless ruin smit; Then each let fall his banner fair, And lamentations infinite Bent on all sides the

evening air, Till o'er the swelling throng rose deadly clear the cry, "And still we spare this Franconnette!"

Then suddenly, As match to powder laid, the words "Set her on fire! That daughter of the Huguenot, Let's

burn her up, and let her ashes rot." Then violent cries were heard. Howls of "Ay! Ay! the wretch! Now let her

meet her fate! She is the cause of all, 'tis plain! Once she has made us desolate, But she shall never curse

And now the crowd grew angrier, wilder too. "Hunt her off face of earth!" one shouts anew; "Hunt her to

death! 'Tis meet," a thousand tongues repeat, The tempest in the skies cannot with this compete. Oh, then, to

see them as they came, With clenched fists and eyes aflame, Hell did indeed its demons all unchain. And

while the storm recedes, the night is growing clear, But poison shoots through every vein Of the possess'd

Thus goaded they themselves to crime; but where was she, Unhappy Franconnette? To her own cottage

driven Worshipping her one relic, sad and dreamily, And whispered to the withered flowers Pascal had

loving given: "Dear nosegay, when I saw thee first, Methought thy sweetness was divine, And I did drink it,

heart athirst; But now thou art not sweet as erst, Because those wicked thoughts of mine Have blighted all thy

beauty rare; I'm sold to powers of ill, for Heav'n hath spurned my prayer; My love is deadly love! No hope on

earth have I! So, treasure of my heart, flowers of the meadow fair, Because I bless the hand that gathered

thee, goodbye! Pascal must not love such as I! He must th' accursed maid forswear, Who yet to God for him

doth cry! In wanton merriment last year, Even at love laughed Franconnette; Now is my condemnation clear,

Now whom I love, I must forget; Sold to the demon at my birth! My God, how can it be? Have I not faith in

Thee? Oh! blessed blossoms of the earth; Let me drive with my cross the evil one from me! And thou, my

mother, in the starlit skies above, And thou, my guardian, oh! mother of our God, Pity me: For I bless

Pity the maid accursed, by the rod Sore smitten, to the earth downtrod, Help me, thy Heart Divine to move!"

"Franconnette, little one, what means thy plaintive moan?" So spake the hoary dame. "Didst thou not smiling

say Our Lady did receive thy offering today? But sure, no happy heart should make so sad a groan. Thou

hast deceived me? Some new ill," she said, Hath fall'n upon us!" "Nay, not so; be comforted. II'm quite

happy!" "So my sweetest deary, God grant that some good respite we may have, For your sad sorrow diggeth

up my grave; And this hath been a lonesome, fearsome day, and weary; That cruel dream of fire I had some

time ago, Howe'er I strove, did always haunt me so! And then, thou know'st the storm; oh, I was terrified, So

What sudden noise is this outside? "Fire! Fire! Let's burn them in their cot!" Flames shine through all the

shutters wide, Then Franconnette springs to the doorway tremblingly, And, gracious Heaven! what doth she

see? By light of burning reek, An angry people huddled thick; She hears them shout, "Now, to your fate!

Spare ne'er the young one, nor the old, Both work us ruin manifold. Sold to the demon, we must burn you

She cried, "Grandmother will you kill? Oh, pity, grace!" "Twas of no use, the wretches, blind with fury, In

viewing her bareheaded, in their hurry, Saw but a cursed leman, Sold bodily to the demon. The fiercest cried

"Avaunt!" While the more savage forward spring, And on the door their feet they plant, With fiery brand in

"Hold! I implore you! "cried a voice, before unheard; And sudden leapt before the crowd like lightning with

"Cowards!" he cried. "What? Will you murder women then, And burn their cot? Children of God! Are you

the same? Tigers you are, and cannot then be men; And after all that they have suffered! Shame! Fall back!

"Then let her leave us quite, this wretched Huguenot, For she was long since by the devil bought, God smites

us 'cause we did not drive her forth before." "Quick! quick!" cried Pascal, "living they will burn! Ye dogs,

who moved ye to this awful crime?" "'Twas Marcel," they replied. "See, now he comes in time!" "You lie!"

the soldier thundered in his turn; "I love her, boaster, more than thou!" Said Pascal, "How wilt prove thy love,

thou of the tender heart?" "I come," the other said, "to save her. I come to take her part. I come, if so she will,

"And so am I," replied Pascal, and steadfastly Before his rival's eyes, as bound by some great spell. Then to

the orphan girl turned he, With worship all unspeakable. "Answer me, Franconnette, and speak the truth

alone; Thou'st followed by the wicked with spite and scorn, my own; But we two love thee well, and ready

are to brave Death! Yes, or hell, thy precious life to save. Choose which of us thou wilt!" "Nay," she

lamented sore, "Dearest, mine is a love that slays! Be happy, then, without me! Forget me! Go thy ways!"

"Happy without thee, dear! That can I never more: Nay, were it true, as lying rumour says, An evil spirit

When life is at its bitterest, The voice of love aye rules us best; Instantly rose the girl above her mortal dread,

And on the crowd advancing straight, "Because I love Pascal, alone I'd meet my fate! Howbeit his will is

law," she said, "Wherefore together let our souls be sped." Then was Pascal in heav'n, and Marcel in the dust

laid low; Then Pascal sought his gallant rival, saying, "I am more blest than thou! Forgive! thou'rt brave, I

know, Some squire[9] should follow me to death; then wilt thou not Serve me? I have no other friend!"

Marcel seemed dreaming; And now he scowled with wrath, and now his eyes were kindling; Terrible was the

battle in his mind; Till his eye fell on Franconnette, serene and beaming, But with no word for him; then pale,

Two weeks had passed away, and a strange nuptial train, Adown the verdant hill went slowly to the plain;

First came the comely pair we know, in all their bloom, While gathered far and wide, three deep on either

side, The evercurious rustics hied, Shudd'ring at heart o'er Pascal's doom. Marcel conducts their march, but

pleasures kindly true, Glows not upon th' unmoving face he lifts to view. And something glances from his

Yet verily his mien triumphant is, at least Sole master is he of this feast, And gives his rival, for bouquet, A

supper and a ball today. But at the dance and at the board Alike, scarce one essayed a word; None sung a

And the betrothed, by love's deep rapture fascinated, Silent and sweet, though near the fate she sad awaited,

No sound their dream dispelled, yet hand in hand did press, Their eyes looked ever in a visioned happiness;

And so, at last, the evening fell. But one affrighted woman straightway broke the spell; She fell on Pascal's

neck and "Fly, my son!" she cried. "I from the Sorcerer come! Fly, fly from thy false bride The fatal sieve[10]

hath turned; thy death decree is spoken! There's sulphur fume in bridal room, and by the same dread token,

Enter it not; for if thou liv'st thou'rt lost," she sadly said; "And what were life to me, my son, if thou wert

dead?" Then Pascal felt his eyes were wet, And turned away, striving to hide his face, where on The mother

Thou wilt not dare!"falling before her stricken son. "Thou shalt now o'er my body pass, even as thou goest

forth! A wife, it seems, is all; and mother nothing worth! Unhappy that I am! "The crowd alas! their heavy

"Marcel," the bridegroom said, "her grief is my despair; But love, thou knowest, 's stronger yet; indeed 'tis

"I can no more," cried Marcel, "thy mother's conquered here." And then the valiant soldier from his eyelids

brushed a tear. "Take courage, Pascal, friend of mine Thy Franconnette is good and pure. That hideous tale

was told, of dark design; But give thy mother thanks; but for her coming, sure This night might yet have seen

my death and thine." "What say'st thou?" "Hush! now I will tell thee all; Thou knowest that I lov'd this maid,

Pascal. For her, like thee, I would have shed my blood; I dreamt that I was loved again; she held me in her

thrall. Albeit my prayer was aye withstood; Her elders promised her to me; And so, when other suitors barr'd

my way, In spite, Saying, in love or war, one may use strategy, I gave the wizard gold, my rival to affright,

Therefore, my chance did everything, insomuch that I said, My treasure is already won and made. But when,

in the same breath, we two our suit made known, And when I saw her, without turn of head, Choose thee, to

my despair, it was not to be borne. And then I vow'd her death and thine, before the morrow morn! I thought

to lead you forth to the bridal bower ere long, And then, the bed beside which I had mined with care, That

they might say no prince or power of th' air Is here. That I might burn you for my wrong; Ay, cross

yourselves, thought I, for you shall surely die! But thy mother, with her tears, has made my vengeance fly I

thought of my own, Pascal, who died so long ago. Care thou for thine! And now fear nought from me, I trow,

Eden is coming down to earth for thee, no doubt, But I, whom henceforth men can only hate and flout, Will

to the wars away! For in me something saith I may recover from my rout, Better than by a crime! Ay! by a

soldier's death!" Thus saying, Marcel vanished, loudly cheered on every side; And then with deepening

blushes the twain each other eyed, For now the morning stars in the dark heavens shone But now I lift my

pencil suddenly. Colours for strife and pain have I, But for such perfect rapturenone!

And so the morning came, with softlydawning light, No sound, no stir as yet within the cottage white, At

Estanquet the people of the hamlets gathered were, To wait the waking of the happy married pair. Marcel had

frankly told th' unhappy truth; Nathless, The devil had an awful power, And ignorance was still his dower.

Some feared for bride and bridegroom yet; and guess At strange mischance. "In the night cries were heard,"

Others had seen some shadows on the wall, in wondrous ways. Lives Pascal yet? None dares to dress The

spicy broth,[11] to leave beside the nuptial door; And so another hour goes o'er. Then floats a lovely strain of

music overhead, A sweet refrain oft heard before, 'Tis the aoubado[12] offered to the newlywed.

So the door opes at last, and the young pair was seen, She blushed before the folk, but friendly hand and

mien, The fragments of her garter gives, And every woman two receives; Then winks and words of ruth from

eye and lip are passed, And luck of proud Pascal makes envious all at last, For the poor lads, whose hearts are

healed but slightly, Of their first fervent pain, When they see Franconnette, blossoming roselight brightly,

All dewy fresh, so sweet and sightly, They cry aloud, "We'll ne'er believe a Sorcerer again!"

[1] Blaise de Montluc, Marshal of France, was one of the bitterest persecutors of the Hugueuots. Towards the

end of the sixteenth century, Agen was a centre of Protestantism. The town was taken again and again by the

contending religious factions. When Montluc retook the place, in 1562, from Truelle, the Huguenot captain,

he found that the inhabitants had fled, and there was no one to butcher (Gascogne et Languedoc, par Paul

Joanne, p. 95). Montluc made up for his disappointment by laying waste the country between Fumel and

Penne, towns to the north of Agen, and slaying all the Huguenotsmen, women, and childrenon whom he

could lay his hands. He then returned to his castle of Estillac, devoted himself to religious exercises, and

"took the sacrament," says Jasmin, "while his hands were dripping with fraternal blood." Montluc died in

1577, and was buried in the garden of Estillac, where a monument, the ruins of which still exist', was erected

[3] Wehrwolves, wizard wolvesloupgarou. Superstitions respecting them are known in Brittany and the

[4] Miss Harriett W. Preston, in her article on Jasmin's Franconnette in the Atlantic Monthly for February,

1876, says: "The buscou, or busking, was a kind of bee, at which the young people assembled, bringing the

thread of their late spinning, which was divided into skeins of the proper size by a broad thin plate of steel or

whalebone called a busc. The same thing, under precisely the same name, figured in the toilets of our

grandmothers, and hence, probably, the Scotch use of the verb to busk, or attire." Jamieson (Scottish

Dictionary) says: "The term busk is employed in a beautiful proverb which is very commonly used in

[5] Miss Preston says this was a custom which prevailed in certain parts of France. It was carried by the

French emigrants to Canada, where it flourished in recent times. The Sacramental Bread was crowned by one

or more frosted or otherwise ornamented cakes, which were reserved for the family of the Seigneur, or other

[6] At Notre Dame de Bon Encontre, a church in the suburbs of Agen, celebrated for its legends, its miracles,

[7] The Angels walked in procession, and sang the Angelos at the appropriate hours.

[8] The ancient parish church of Roquefort, whose ruins only now remain. See text for the effects of the

[9] Dounzel is the word used by Jasmin. Miss H. W. Preston says of this passage: "There is something

essentially knightly in Pascal's cast of character, and it is singular that, at the supreme crisis of his fate, he

assumes, as if unconsciously, the very phraseology of chivalry. 'Some squire (dounzel) should follow me to

death,' and we find it altogether natural and burning in the highhearted smith. There are many places where

Jasmin addresses his hearers directly as 'Messieurs,' where the context also makes it evident that the word is

emphatic, that he is distinctly conscious of addressing those who are above him in rank, and that the proper

translation is 'gentles,' or even 'masters'; yet no poet ever lived who was less of a sycophant."

[10] Low sedas (the sieve) is made of raw silk, and is used for sifting flour. It has also a singular use in

necromancy. When one desires to know the name of the doer of an acta theft for instancethe sieve is

[11] An ancient practice. Lou Tourrin noubial, a highlyspiced onion soup, was carried by the wedding

[12] The aoubadoa song of early morning, corresponding to the serenade or evening song.

10. CHAPTER VI. MISCELLANEOUS VERSES--BERANGER--'MES SOUVENIRS'--PAUL DE MUSSET., page = 27

21. CHAPTER XVII. THE CHURCH OF VERGT AGAIN--FRENCH ACADEMY--EMPEROR AND EMPRESS., page = 85

22. CHAPTER XVIII. JASMIN ENROLLED MAITRE-ES-JEUX AT TOULOUSE--CROWNED BY AGEN., page = 91