My Antonia..........................................................................................................................................................1

Willa Cather .............................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................2

BOOK I. The Shimerdas ..........................................................................................................................4

I................................................................................................................................................................4

II ...............................................................................................................................................................5

III ..............................................................................................................................................................8

IV...........................................................................................................................................................11

V .............................................................................................................................................................12

VI...........................................................................................................................................................14

VII ..........................................................................................................................................................15

VIII .........................................................................................................................................................18

IX...........................................................................................................................................................21

X .............................................................................................................................................................24

XI...........................................................................................................................................................27

XII ..........................................................................................................................................................28

XIII .........................................................................................................................................................29

XIV........................................................................................................................................................31

XV ..........................................................................................................................................................34

XVI........................................................................................................................................................37

XVII.......................................................................................................................................................39

XVIII ......................................................................................................................................................41

XIX........................................................................................................................................................45

BOOK II. The Hired Girls.....................................................................................................................46

I..............................................................................................................................................................46

II .............................................................................................................................................................47

III ............................................................................................................................................................49

IV...........................................................................................................................................................51

V .............................................................................................................................................................54

VI...........................................................................................................................................................55

VII ..........................................................................................................................................................58

VIII .........................................................................................................................................................62

IX...........................................................................................................................................................63

X .............................................................................................................................................................65

XI...........................................................................................................................................................66

XII ..........................................................................................................................................................68

XIII .........................................................................................................................................................72

XIV........................................................................................................................................................73

XV ..........................................................................................................................................................78

BOOK III. Lena Lingard ........................................................................................................................81

I..............................................................................................................................................................81

II .............................................................................................................................................................82

III ............................................................................................................................................................85

IV...........................................................................................................................................................87

BOOK IV. The Pioneer Woman's Story ................................................................................................93

I..............................................................................................................................................................93

II .............................................................................................................................................................94

III ............................................................................................................................................................95

IV...........................................................................................................................................................99

BOOK V. Cuzak's Boys .......................................................................................................................101

I............................................................................................................................................................101

II ...........................................................................................................................................................110

III ..........................................................................................................................................................114

LAST summer I happened to be crossing the plains of Iowa in a season of intense heat, and it was my good

fortune to have for a traveling companion James Quayle BurdenJim Burden, as we still call him in the

West. He and I are old friendswe grew up together in the same Nebraska townand we had much to say

to each other. While the train flashed through neverending miles of ripe wheat, by country towns and

brightflowered pastures and oak groves wilting in the sun, we sat in the observation car, where the

woodwork was hot to the touch and red dust lay deep over everything. The dust and heat, the burning wind,

reminded us of many things. We were talking about what it is like to spend one's childhood in little towns

like these, buried in wheat and corn, under stimulating extremes of climate: burning summers when the world

lies green and billowy beneath a brilliant sky, when one is fairly stifled in vegetation, in the color and smell

of strong weeds and heavy harvests; blustery winters with little snow, when the whole country is stripped

bare and gray as sheetiron. We agreed that no one who had not grown up in a little prairie town could know

Although Jim Burden and I both live in New York, and are old friends, I do not see much of him there. He is

legal counsel for one of the great Western railways, and is sometimes away from his New York office for

weeks together. That is one reason why we do not often meet. Another is that I do not like his wife.

When Jim was still an obscure young lawyer, struggling to make his way in New York, his career was

suddenly advanced by a brilliant marriage. Genevieve Whitney was the only daughter of a distinguished man.

Her marriage with young Burden was the subject of sharp comment at the time. It was said she had been

brutally jilted by her cousin, Rutland Whitney, and that she married this unknown man from the West out of

bravado. She was a restless, headstrong girl, even then, who liked to astonish her friends. Later, when I knew

her, she was always doing something unexpected. She gave one of her town houses for a Suffrage

headquarters, produced one of her own plays at the Princess Theater, was arrested for picketing during a

garmentmakers' strike, etc. I am never able to believe that she has much feeling for the causes to which she

lends her name and her fleeting interest. She is handsome, energetic, executive, but to me she seems

unimpressionable and temperamentally incapable of enthusiasm. Her husband's quiet tastes irritate her, I

think, and she finds it worth while to play the patroness to a group of young poets and painters of advanced

ideas and mediocre ability. She has her own fortune and lives her own life. For some reason, she wishes to

As for Jim, no disappointments have been severe enough to chill his naturally romantic and ardent

disposition. This disposition, though it often made him seem very funny when he was a boy, has been one of

the strongest elements in his success. He loves with a personal passion the great country through which his

railway runs and branches. His faith in it and his knowledge of it have played an important part in its

development. He is always able to raise capital for new enterprises in Wyoming or Montana, and has helped

young men out there to do remarkable things in mines and timber and oil. If a young man with an idea can

once get Jim Burden's attention, can manage to accompany him when he goes off into the wilds hunting for

lost parks or exploring new canyons, then the money which means action is usually forthcoming. Jim is still

able to lose himself in those big Western dreams. Though he is over forty now, he meets new people and new

enterprises with the impulsiveness by which his boyhood friends remember him. He never seems to me to

grow older. His fresh color and sandy hair and quickchanging blue eyes are those of a young man, and his

sympathetic, solicitous interest in women is as youthful as it is Western and American.

During that burning day when we were crossing Iowa, our talk kept returning to a central figure, a Bohemian

girl whom we had known long ago and whom both of us admired. More than any other person we

remembered, this girl seemed to mean to us the country, the conditions, the whole adventure of our

childhood. To speak her name was to call up pictures of people and places, to set a quiet drama going in one's

brain. I had lost sight of her altogether, but Jim had found her again after long years, had renewed a

friendship that meant a great deal to him, and out of his busy life had set apart time enough to enjoy that

friendship. His mind was full of her that day. He made me see her again, feel her presence, revived all my old

"I can't see," he said impetuously, "why you have never written anything about Antonia."

I told him I had always felt that other peoplehe himself, for one knew her much better than I. I was ready,

however, to make an agreement with him; I would set down on paper all that I remembered of Antonia if he

He rumpled his hair with a quick, excited gesture, which with him often announces a new determination, and

I could see that my suggestion took hold of him. "Maybe I will, maybe I will!" he declared. He stared out of

the window for a few moments, and when he turned to me again his eyes had the sudden clearness that comes

from something the mind itself sees. "Of course," he said, "I should have to do it in a direct way, and say a

great deal about myself. It's through myself that I knew and felt her, and I've had no practice in any other

I told him that how he knew her and felt her was exactly what I most wanted to know about Antonia. He had

had opportunities that I, as a little girl who watched her come and go, had not.

Months afterward Jim Burden arrived at my apartment one stormy winter afternoon, with a bulging legal

portfolio sheltered under his fur overcoat. He brought it into the sittingroom with him and tapped it with

"I finished it last nightthe thing about Antonia," he said. "Now, what about yours?"

"Notes? I didn't make any." He drank his tea all at once and put down the cup. "I didn't arrange or rearrange. I

simply wrote down what of herself and myself and other people Antonia's name recalls to me. I suppose it

hasn't any form. It hasn't any title, either." He went into the next room, sat down at my desk and wrote on the

pinkish face of the portfolio the word, "Antonia." He frowned at this a moment, then prefixed another word,

"Read it as soon as you can," he said, rising, "but don't let it influence your own story."

My own story was never written, but the following narrative is Jim's manuscript, substantially as he brought

NOTES: [1] The Bohemian name Antonia is strongly accented on the first syllable, like the English name

Anthony, and the `i' is, of course, given the sound of long `e'. The name is pronounced An'toneeah.

I FIRST HEARD OF Antonia on what seemed to me an interminable journey across the great midland plain

of North America. I was ten years old then; I had lost both my father and mother within a year, and my

Virginia relatives were sending me out to my grandparents, who lived in Nebraska. I travelled in the care of a

mountain boy, Jake Marpole, one of the `hands' on my father's old farm under the Blue Ridge, who was now

going West to work for my grandfather. Jake's experience of the world was not much wider than mine. He

had never been in a railway train until the morning when we set out together to try our fortunes in a new

We went all the way in daycoaches, becoming more sticky and grimy with each stage of the journey. Jake

bought everything the newsboys offered him: candy, oranges, brass collar buttons, a watchcharm, and for

me a `Life of Jesse James,' which I remember as one of the most satisfactory books I have ever read. Beyond

Chicago we were under the protection of a friendly passenger conductor, who knew all about the country to

which we were going and gave us a great deal of advice in exchange for our confidence. He seemed to us an

experienced and worldly man who had been almost everywhere; in his conversation he threw out lightly the

names of distant states and cities. He wore the rings and pins and badges of different fraternal orders to which

he belonged. Even his cuffbuttons were engraved with hieroglyphics, and he was more inscribed than an

Once when he sat down to chat, he told us that in the immigrant car ahead there was a family from `across the

`They can't any of them speak English, except one little girl, and all she can say is "We go Black Hawk,

Nebraska." She's not much older than you, twelve or thirteen, maybe, and she's as bright as a new dollar.

Don't you want to go ahead and see her, Jimmy? She's got the pretty brown eyes, too!'

This last remark made me bashful, and I shook my head and settled down to `Jesse James.' Jake nodded at me

I do not remember crossing the Missouri River, or anything about the long day's journey through Nebraska.

Probably by that time I had crossed so many rivers that I was dull to them. The only thing very noticeable

I had been sleeping, curled up in a red plush seat, for a long while when we reached Black Hawk. Jake roused

me and took me by the hand. We stumbled down from the train to a wooden siding, where men were running

about with lanterns. I couldn't see any town, or even distant lights; we were surrounded by utter darkness.

The engine was panting heavily after its long run. In the red glow from the firebox, a group of people stood

huddled together on the platform, encumbered by bundles and boxes. I knew this must be the immigrant

family the conductor had told us about. The woman wore a fringed shawl tied over her head, and she carried

a little tin trunk in her arms, hugging it as if it were a baby. There was an old man, tall and stooped. Two

halfgrown boys and a girl stood holding oilcloth bundles, and a little girl clung to her mother's skirts.

Presently a man with a lantern approached them and began to talk, shouting and exclaiming. I pricked up my

Another lantern came along. A bantering voice called out: `Hello, are you Mr. Burden's folks? If you are, it's

me you're looking for. I'm Otto Fuchs. I'm Mr. Burden's hired man, and I'm to drive you out. Hello, Jimmy,

I looked up with interest at the new face in the lanternlight. He might have stepped out of the pages of `Jesse

James.' He wore a sombrero hat, with a wide leather band and a bright buckle, and the ends of his moustache

were twisted up stiffly, like little horns. He looked lively and ferocious, I thought, and as if he had a history.

A long scar ran across one cheek and drew the corner of his mouth up in a sinister curl. The top of his left ear

was gone, and his skin was brown as an Indian's. Surely this was the face of a desperado. As he walked about

the platform in his highheeled boots, looking for our trunks, I saw that he was a rather slight man, quick and

wiry, and light on his feet. He told us we had a long night drive ahead of us, and had better be on the hike. He

led us to a hitchingbar where two farmwagons were tied, and I saw the foreign family crowding into one of

them. The other was for us. Jake got on the front seat with Otto Fuchs, and I rode on the straw in the bottom

of the wagonbox, covered up with a buffalo hide. The immigrants rumbled off into the empty darkness, and

I tried to go to sleep, but the jolting made me bite my tongue, and I soon began to ache all over. When the

straw settled down, I had a hard bed. Cautiously I slipped from under the buffalo hide, got up on my knees

and peered over the side of the wagon. There seemed to be nothing to see; no fences, no creeks or trees, no

hills or fields. If there was a road, I could not make it out in the faint starlight. There was nothing but land:

not a country at all, but the material out of which countries are made. No, there was nothing but

landslightly undulating, I knew, because often our wheels ground against the brake as we went down into a

hollow and lurched up again on the other side. I had the feeling that the world was left behind, that we had

got over the edge of it, and were outside man's jurisdiction. I had never before looked up at the sky when

there was not a familiar mountain ridge against it. But this was the complete dome of heaven, all there was of

it. I did not believe that my dead father and mother were watching me from up there; they would still be

looking for me at the sheepfold down by the creek, or along the white road that led to the mountain pastures.

I had left even their spirits behind me. The wagon jolted on, carrying me I knew not whither. I don't think I

was homesick. If we never arrived anywhere, it did not matter. Between that earth and that sky I felt erased,

blotted out. I did not say my prayers that night: here, I felt, what would be would be.

I DO NOT REMEMBER our arrival at my grandfather's farm sometime before daybreak, after a drive of

nearly twenty miles with heavy workhorses. When I awoke, it was afternoon. I was lying in a little room,

scarcely larger than the bed that held me, and the windowshade at my head was flapping softly in a warm

wind. A tall woman, with wrinkled brown skin and black hair, stood looking down at me; I knew that she

must be my grandmother. She had been crying, I could see, but when I opened my eyes she smiled, peered at

`Had a good sleep, Jimmy?' she asked briskly. Then in a very different tone she said, as if to herself, `My,

how you do look like your father!' I remembered that my father had been her little boy; she must often have

come to wake him like this when he overslept. `Here are your clean clothes,' she went on, stroking my

coverlid with her brown hand as she talked. `But first you come down to the kitchen with me, and have a nice

`Down to the kitchen' struck me as curious; it was always `out in the kitchen' at home. I picked up my shoes

and stockings and followed her through the livingroom and down a flight of stairs into a basement. This

basement was divided into a diningroom at the right of the stairs and a kitchen at the left. Both rooms were

plastered and whitewashedthe plaster laid directly upon the earth walls, as it used to be in dugouts. The

floor was of hard cement. Up under the wooden ceiling there were little halfwindows with white curtains,

and pots of geraniums and wandering Jew in the deep sills. As I entered the kitchen, I sniffed a pleasant smell

of gingerbread baking. The stove was very large, with bright nickel trimmings, and behind it there was a long

wooden bench against the wall, and a tin washtub, into which grandmother poured hot and cold water. When

she brought the soap and towels, I told her that I was used to taking my bath without help. `Can you do your

It was pleasant there in the kitchen. The sun shone into my bathwater through the west halfwindow, and a

big Maltese cat came up and rubbed himself against the tub, watching me curiously. While I scrubbed, my

grandmother busied herself in the diningroom until I called anxiously, `Grandmother, I'm afraid the cakes

are burning!' Then she came laughing, waving her apron before her as if she were shooing chickens.

She was a spare, tall woman, a little stooped, and she was apt to carry her head thrust forward in an attitude of

attention, as if she were looking at something, or listening to something, far away. As I grew older, I came to

believe that it was only because she was so often thinking of things that were far away. She was quickfooted

and energetic in all her movements. Her voice was high and rather shrill, and she often spoke with an anxious

inflection, for she was exceedingly desirous that everything should go with due order and decorum. Her

laugh, too, was high, and perhaps a little strident, but there was a lively intelligence in it. She was then

After I was dressed, I explored the long cellar next the kitchen. It was dug out under the wing of the house,

was plastered and cemented, with a stairway and an outside door by which the men came and went. Under

one of the windows there was a place for them to wash when they came in from work.

While my grandmother was busy about supper, I settled myself on the wooden bench behind the stove and

got acquainted with the cat he caught not only rats and mice, but gophers, I was told. The patch of yellow

sunlight on the floor travelled back toward the stairway, and grandmother and I talked about my journey, and

about the arrival of the new Bohemian family; she said they were to be our nearest neighbours. We did not

talk about the farm in Virginia, which had been her home for so many years. But after the men came in from

the fields, and we were all seated at the supper table, then she asked Jake about the old place and about our

My grandfather said little. When he first came in he kissed me and spoke kindly to me, but he was not

demonstrative. I felt at once his deliberateness and personal dignity, and was a little in awe of him. The thing

one immediately noticed about him was his beautiful, crinkly, snowwhite beard. I once heard a missionary

say it was like the beard of an Arabian sheik. His bald crown only made it more impressive.

Grandfather's eyes were not at all like those of an old man; they were bright blue, and had a fresh, frosty

sparkle. His teeth were white and regularso sound that he had never been to a dentist in his life. He had a

delicate skin, easily roughened by sun and wind. When he was a young man his hair and beard were red; his

As we sat at the table, Otto Fuchs and I kept stealing covert glances at each other. Grandmother had told me

while she was getting supper that he was an Austrian who came to this country a young boy and had led an

adventurous life in the Far West among miningcamps and cow outfits. His iron constitution was somewhat

broken by mountain pneumonia, and he had drifted back to live in a milder country for a while. He had

relatives in Bismarck, a German settlement to the north of us, but for a year now he had been working for

The minute supper was over, Otto took me into the kitchen to whisper to me about a pony down in the barn

that had been bought for me at a sale; he had been riding him to find out whether he had any bad tricks, but

he was a `perfect gentleman,' and his name was Dude. Fuchs told me everything I wanted to know: how he

had lost his ear in a Wyoming blizzard when he was a stagedriver, and how to throw a lasso. He promised to

rope a steer for me before sundown next day. He got out his `chaps' and silver spurs to show them to Jake and

me, and his best cowboy boots, with tops stitched in bold design roses, and truelover's knots, and

Before we went to bed, Jake and Otto were called up to the livingroom for prayers. Grandfather put on

silverrimmed spectacles and read several Psalms. His voice was so sympathetic and he read so interestingly

that I wished he had chosen one of my favourite chapters in the Book of Kings. I was awed by his intonation

of the word `Selah.' `He shall choose our inheritance for us, the excellency of Jacob whom He loved. Selah.' I

had no idea what the word meant; perhaps he had not. But, as he uttered it, it became oracular, the most

Early the next morning I ran outofdoors to look about me. I had been told that ours was the only wooden

house west of Black Hawkuntil you came to the Norwegian settlement, where there were several. Our

neighbours lived in sod houses and dugoutscomfortable, but not very roomy. Our white frame house, with

a storey and halfstorey above the basement, stood at the east end of what I might call the farmyard, with the

windmill close by the kitchen door. From the windmill the ground sloped westward, down to the barns and

granaries and pigyards. This slope was trampled hard and bare, and washed out in winding gullies by the

rain. Beyond the corncribs, at the bottom of the shallow draw, was a muddy little pond, with rusty willow

bushes growing about it. The road from the postoffice came directly by our door, crossed the farmyard, and

curved round this little pond, beyond which it began to climb the gentle swell of unbroken prairie to the west.

There, along the western skyline it skirted a great cornfield, much larger than any field I had ever seen. This

cornfield, and the sorghum patch behind the barn, were the only broken land in sight. Everywhere, as far as

the eye could reach, there was nothing but rough, shaggy, red grass, most of it as tall as I.

North of the house, inside the ploughed firebreaks, grew a thickset strip of boxelder trees, low and bushy,

their leaves already turning yellow. This hedge was nearly a quarter of a mile long, but I had to look very

hard to see it at all. The little trees were insignificant against the grass. It seemed as if the grass were about to

As I looked about me I felt that the grass was the country, as the water is the sea. The red of the grass made

all the great prairie the colour of winestains, or of certain seaweeds when they are first washed up. And there

I had almost forgotten that I had a grandmother, when she came out, her sunbonnet on her head, a grainsack

in her hand, and asked me if I did not want to go to the garden with her to dig potatoes for dinner.

The garden, curiously enough, was a quarter of a mile from the house, and the way to it led up a shallow draw

past the cattle corral. Grandmother called my attention to a stout hickory cane, tipped with copper, which

hung by a leather thong from her belt. This, she said, was her rattlesnake cane. I must never go to the garden

without a heavy stick or a cornknife; she had killed a good many rattlers on her way back and forth. A little

girl who lived on the Black Hawk road was bitten on the ankle and had been sick all summer.

I can remember exactly how the country looked to me as I walked beside my grandmother along the faint

wagontracks on that early September morning. Perhaps the glide of long railway travel was still with me,

for more than anything else I felt motion in the landscape; in the fresh, easyblowing morning wind, and in

the earth itself, as if the shaggy grass were a sort of loose hide, and underneath it herds of wild buffalo were

Alone, I should never have found the gardenexcept, perhaps, for the big yellow pumpkins that lay about

unprotected by their withering vinesand I felt very little interest in it when I got there. I wanted to walk

straight on through the red grass and over the edge of the world, which could not be very far away. The light

air about me told me that the world ended here: only the ground and sun and sky were left, and if one went a

little farther there would be only sun and sky, and one would float off into them, like the tawny hawks which

sailed over our heads making slow shadows on the grass. While grandmother took the pitchfork we found

standing in one of the rows and dug potatoes, while I picked them up out of the soft brown earth and put them

into the bag, I kept looking up at the hawks that were doing what I might so easily do.

When grandmother was ready to go, I said I would like to stay up there in the garden awhile.

`Well, if you see one, don't have anything to do with him. The big yellow and brown ones won't hurt you;

they're bullsnakes and help to keep the gophers down. Don't be scared if you see anything look out of that

hole in the bank over there. That's a badger hole. He's about as big as a big 'possum, and his face is striped,

black and white. He takes a chicken once in a while, but I won't let the men harm him. In a new country a

body feels friendly to the animals. I like to have him come out and watch me when I'm at work.'

Grandmother swung the bag of potatoes over her shoulder and went down the path, leaning forward a little.

The road followed the windings of the draw; when she came to the first bend, she waved at me and

I sat down in the middle of the garden, where snakes could scarcely approach unseen, and leaned my back

against a warm yellow pumpkin. There were some groundcherry bushes growing along the furrows, full of

fruit. I turned back the papery triangular sheaths that protected the berries and ate a few. All about me giant

grasshoppers, twice as big as any I had ever seen, were doing acrobatic feats among the dried vines. The

gophers scurried up and down the ploughed ground. There in the sheltered drawbottom the wind did not

blow very hard, but I could hear it singing its humming tune up on the level, and I could see the tall grasses

wave. The earth was warm under me, and warm as I crumbled it through my fingers. Queer little red bugs

came out and moved in slow squadrons around me. Their backs were polished vermilion, with black spots. I

kept as still as I could. Nothing happened. I did not expect anything to happen. I was something that lay

under the sun and felt it, like the pumpkins, and I did not want to be anything more. I was entirely happy.

Perhaps we feel like that when we die and become a part of something entire, whether it is sun and air, or

goodness and knowledge. At any rate, that is happiness; to be dissolved into something complete and great.

ON SUNDAY MORNING Otto Fuchs was to drive us over to make the acquaintance of our new Bohemian

neighbours. We were taking them some provisions, as they had come to live on a wild place where there was

no garden or chickenhouse, and very little broken land. Fuchs brought up a sack of potatoes and a piece of

cured pork from the cellar, and grandmother packed some loaves of Saturday's bread, a jar of butter, and

several pumpkin pies in the straw of the wagonbox. We clambered up to the front seat and jolted off past the

I could hardly wait to see what lay beyond that cornfield; but there was only red grass like ours, and nothing

else, though from the high wagonseat one could look off a long way. The road ran about like a wild thing,

avoiding the deep draws, crossing them where they were wide and shallow. And all along it, wherever it

looped or ran, the sunflowers grew; some of them were as big as little trees, with great rough leaves and

many branches which bore dozens of blossoms. They made a gold ribbon across the prairie. Occasionally one

of the horses would tear off with his teeth a plant full of blossoms, and walk along munching it, the flowers

The Bohemian family, grandmother told me as we drove along, had bought the homestead of a fellow

countryman, Peter Krajiek, and had paid him more than it was worth. Their agreement with him was made

before they left the old country, through a cousin of his, who was also a relative of Mrs. Shimerda. The

Shimerdas were the first Bohemian family to come to this part of the county. Krajiek was their only

interpreter, and could tell them anything he chose. They could not speak enough English to ask for advice, or

even to make their most pressing wants known. One son, Fuchs said, was wellgrown, and strong enough to

work the land; but the father was old and frail and knew nothing about farming. He was a weaver by trade;

had been a skilled workman on tapestries and upholstery materials. He had brought his fiddle with him,

which wouldn't be of much use here, though he used to pick up money by it at home.

`If they're nice people, I hate to think of them spending the winter in that cave of Krajiek's,' said grandmother.

`It's no better than a badger hole; no proper dugout at all. And I hear he's made them pay twenty dollars for

`Yes'm,' said Otto; `and he's sold 'em his oxen and his two bony old horses for the price of good workteams.

I'd have interfered about the horsesthe old man can understand some Germanif I'd I a' thought it would

Fuchs wrinkled his brow and nose. `Well, ma'm, it's politics. It would take me a long while to explain.'

The land was growing rougher; I was told that we were approaching Squaw Creek, which cut up the west half

of the Shimerdas' place and made the land of little value for farming. Soon we could see the broken, grassy

clay cliffs which indicated the windings of the stream, and the glittering tops of the cottonwoods and ash trees

that grew down in the ravine. Some of the cottonwoods had already turned, and the yellow leaves and shining

As we approached the Shimerdas' dwelling, I could still see nothing but rough red hillocks, and draws with

shelving banks and long roots hanging out where the earth had crumbled away. Presently, against one of

those banks, I saw a sort of shed, thatched with the same winecoloured grass that grew everywhere. Near it

tilted a shattered windmill frame, that had no wheel. We drove up to this skeleton to tie our horses, and then I

saw a door and window sunk deep in the drawbank. The door stood open, and a woman and a girl of fourteen

ran out and looked up at us hopefully. A little girl trailed along behind them. The woman had on her head the

same embroidered shawl with silk fringes that she wore when she had alighted from the train at Black Hawk.

She was not old, but she was certainly not young. Her face was alert and lively, with a sharp chin and shrewd

`Very glad, very glad!' she ejaculated. Immediately she pointed to the bank out of which she had emerged and

Grandmother nodded consolingly. `You'll get fixed up comfortable after while, Mrs. Shimerda; make good

My grandmother always spoke in a very loud tone to foreigners, as if they were deaf. She made Mrs.

Shimerda understand the friendly intention of our visit, and the Bohemian woman handled the loaves of bread

and even smelled them, and examined the pies with lively curiosity, exclaiming, `Much good, much

The oldest son, Ambrozthey called it Ambrosch came out of the cave and stood beside his mother. He

was nineteen years old, short and broadbacked, with a closecropped, flat head, and a wide, flat face. His

hazel eyes were little and shrewd, like his mother's, but more sly and suspicious; they fairly snapped at the

food. The family had been living on corncakes and sorghum molasses for three days.

The little girl was pretty, but Antoniathey accented the name thus, strongly, when they spoke to herwas

still prettier. I remembered what the conductor had said about her eyes. They were big and warm and full of

light, like the sun shining on brown pools in the wood. Her skin was brown, too, and in her cheeks she had a

glow of rich, dark colour. Her brown hair was curly and wildlooking. The little sister, whom they called

Yulka (Julka), was fair, and seemed mild and obedient. While I stood awkwardly confronting the two girls,

Krajiek came up from the barn to see what was going on. With him was another Shimerda son. Even from a

distance one could see that there was something strange about this boy. As he approached us, he began to

make uncouth noises, and held up his hands to show us his fingers, which were webbed to the first knuckle,

like a duck's foot. When he saw me draw back, he began to crow delightedly, `Hoo, hoohoo, hoohoo!' like

a rooster. His mother scowled and said sternly, `Marek!' then spoke rapidly to Krajiek in Bohemian.

`She wants me to tell you he won't hurt nobody, Mrs. Burden. He was born like that. The others are smart.

Ambrosch, he make good farmer.' He struck Ambrosch on the back, and the boy smiled knowingly.

At that moment the father came out of the hole in the bank. He wore no hat, and his thick, irongrey hair was

brushed straight back from his forehead. It was so long that it bushed out behind his ears, and made him look

like the old portraits I remembered in Virginia. He was tall and slender, and his thin shoulders stooped. He

looked at us understandingly, then took grandmother's hand and bent over it. I noticed how white and

wellshaped his own hands were. They looked calm, somehow, and skilled. His eyes were melancholy, and

were set back deep under his brow. His face was ruggedly formed, but it looked like asheslike something

from which all the warmth and light had died out. Everything about this old man was in keeping with his

dignified manner. He was neatly dressed. Under his coat he wore a knitted grey vest, and, instead of a collar,

a silk scarf of a dark bronzegreen, carefully crossed and held together by a red coral pin. While Krajiek was

translating for Mr. Shimerda, Antonia came up to me and held out her hand coaxingly. In a moment we were

When we reached the level and could see the gold treetops, I pointed toward them, and Antonia laughed and

squeezed my hand as if to tell me how glad she was I had come. We raced off toward Squaw Creek and did

not stop until the ground itself stopped fell away before us so abruptly that the next step would have been

out into the treetops. We stood panting on the edge of the ravine, looking down at the trees and bushes that

grew below us. The wind was so strong that I had to hold my hat on, and the girls' skirts were blown out

before them. Antonia seemed to like it; she held her little sister by the hand and chattered away in that

language which seemed to me spoken so much more rapidly than mine. She looked at me, her eyes fairly

`Name? What name?' she asked, touching me on the shoulder. I told her my name, and she repeated it after

me and made Yulka say it. She pointed into the gold cottonwood tree behind whose top we stood and said

We sat down and made a nest in the long red grass. Yulka curled up like a baby rabbit and played with a

grasshopper. Antonia pointed up to the sky and questioned me with her glance. I gave her the word, but she

was not satisfied and pointed to my eyes. I told her, and she repeated the word, making it sound like `ice.' She

pointed up to the sky, then to my eyes, then back to the sky, with movements so quick and impulsive that she

distracted me, and I had no idea what she wanted. She got up on her knees and wrung her hands. She pointed

to her own eyes and shook her head, then to mine and to the sky, nodding violently.

She clapped her hands and murmured, `Blue sky, blue eyes,' as if it amused her. While we snuggled down

there out of the wind, she learned a score of words. She was alive, and very eager. We were so deep in the

grass that we could see nothing but the blue sky over us and the gold tree in front of us. It was wonderfully

pleasant. After Antonia had said the new words over and over, she wanted to give me a little chased silver

ring she wore on her middle finger. When she coaxed and insisted, I repulsed her quite sternly. I didn't want

her ring, and I felt there was something reckless and extravagant about her wishing to give it away to a boy

she had never seen before. No wonder Krajiek got the better of these people, if this was how they behaved.

While we were disputing `about the ring, I heard a mournful voice calling, `Antonia, Antonia!' She sprang up

like a hare. 'Tatinek! Tatinek!' she shouted, and we ran to meet the old man who was coming toward us.

Antonia reached him first, took his hand and kissed it. When I came up, he touched my shoulder and looked

searchingly down into my face for several seconds. I became somewhat embarrassed, for I was used to being

We went with Mr. Shimerda back to the dugout, where grandmother was waiting for me. Before I got into the

wagon, he took a book out of his pocket, opened it, and showed me a page with two alphabets, one English

and the other Bohemian. He placed this book in my grandmother's hands, looked at her entreatingly, and said,

ON THE AFTERNOON of that same Sunday I took my first long ride on my pony, under Otto's direction.

After that Dude and I went twice a week to the postoffice, six miles east of us, and I saved the men a good

deal of time by riding on errands to our neighbours. When we had to borrow anything, or to send about word

that there would be preaching at the sod schoolhouse, I was always the messenger. Formerly Fuchs attended

All the years that have passed have not dimmed my memory of that first glorious autumn. The new country

lay open before me: there were no fences in those days, and I could choose my own way over the grass

uplands, trusting the pony to get me home again. Sometimes I followed the sunflowerbordered roads. Fuchs

told me that the sunflowers were introduced into that country by the Mormons; that at the time of the

persecution, when they left Missouri and struck out into the wilderness to find a place where they could

worship God in their own way, the members of the first exploring party, crossing the plains to Utah, scattered

sunflower seed as they went. The next summer, when the long trains of wagons came through with all the

women and children, they had the sunflower trail to follow. I believe that botanists do not confirm Fuchs's

story, but insist that the sunflower was native to those plains. Nevertheless, that legend has stuck in my mind,

I used to love to drift along the paleyellow cornfields, looking for the damp spots one sometimes found at

their edges, where the smartweed soon turned a rich copper colour and the narrow brown leaves hung curled

like cocoons about the swollen joints of the stem. Sometimes I went south to visit our German neighbours

and to admire their catalpa grove, or to see the big elm tree that grew up out of a deep crack in the earth and

had a hawk's nest in its branches. Trees were so rare in that country, and they had to make such a hard fight to

grow, that we used to feel anxious about them, and visit them as if they were persons. It must have been the

Sometimes I rode north to the big prairiedog town to watch the brown earthowls fly home in the late

afternoon and go down to their nests underground with the dogs. Antonia Shimerda liked to go with me, and

we used to wonder a great deal about these birds of subterranean habit. We had to be on our guard there, for

rattlesnakes were always lurking about. They came to pick up an easy living among the dogs and owls, which

were quite defenceless against them; took possession of their comfortable houses and ate the eggs and

puppies. We felt sorry for the owls. It was always mournful to see them come flying home at sunset and

disappear under the earth. But, after all, we felt, winged things who would live like that must be rather

degraded creatures. The dogtown was a long way from any pond or creek. Otto Fuchs said he had seen

populous dogtowns in the desert where there was no surface water for fifty miles; he insisted that some of

the holes must go down to waternearly two hundred feet, hereabouts. Antonia said she didn't believe it;

that the dogs probably lapped up the dew in the early morning, like the rabbits.

Antonia had opinions about everything, and she was soon able to make them known. Almost every day she

came running across the prairie to have her reading lesson with me. Mrs. Shimerda grumbled, but realized it

was important that one member of the family should learn English. When the lesson was over, we used to go

up to the watermelon patch behind the garden. I split the melons with an old cornknife, and we lifted out the

hearts and ate them with the juice trickling through our fingers. The white Christmas melons we did not

touch, but we watched them with curiosity. They were to be picked late, when the hard frosts had set in, and

put away for winter use. After weeks on the ocean, the Shimerdas were famished for fruit. The two girls

would wander for miles along the edge of the cornfields, hunting for groundcherries.

Antonia loved to help grandmother in the kitchen and to learn about cooking and housekeeping. She would

stand beside her, watching her every movement. We were willing to believe that Mrs. Shimerda was a good

housewife in her own country, but she managed poorly under new conditions: the conditions were bad

I remember how horrified we were at the sour, ashygrey bread she gave her family to eat. She mixed her

dough, we discovered, in an old tin peckmeasure that Krajiek had used about the barn. When she took the

paste out to bake it, she left smears of dough sticking to the sides of the measure, put the measure on the shelf

behind the stove, and let this residue ferment. The next time she made bread, she scraped this sour stuff down

During those first months the Shimerdas never went to town. Krajiek encouraged them in the belief that in

Black Hawk they would somehow be mysteriously separated from their money. They hated Krajiek, but they

clung to him because he was the only human being with whom they could talk or from whom they could get

information. He slept with the old man and the two boys in the dugout barn, along with the oxen. They kept

him in their hole and fed him for the same reason that the prairiedogs and the brown owls house the

WE KNEW THAT THINGS were hard for our Bohemian neighbours, but the two girls were lighthearted and

never complained. They were always ready to forget their troubles at home, and to run away with me over the

I remember Antonia's excitement when she came into our kitchen one afternoon and announced: `My papa

find friends up north, with Russian mans. Last night he take me for see, and I can understand very much talk.

Nice mans, Mrs. Burden. One is fat and all the time laugh. Everybody laugh. The first time I see my papa

I asked her if she meant the two Russians who lived up by the big dogtown. I had often been tempted to go

to see them when I was riding in that direction, but one of them was a wildlooking fellow and I was a little

afraid of him. Russia seemed to me more remote than any other country farther away than China, almost as

far as the North Pole. Of all the strange, uprooted people among the first settlers, those two men were the

strangest and the most aloof. Their last names were unpronounceable, so they were called Pavel and Peter.

They went about making signs to people, and until the Shimerdas came they had no friends. Krajiek could

understand them a little, but he had cheated them in a trade, so they avoided him. Pavel, the tall one, was said

to be an anarchist; since he had no means of imparting his opinions, probably his wild gesticulations and his

generally excited and rebellious manner gave rise to this supposition. He must once have been a very strong

man, but now his great frame, with big, knotty joints, had a wasted look, and the skin was drawn tight over

Peter, his companion, was a very different sort of fellow; short, bowlegged, and as fat as butter. He always

seemed pleased when he met people on the road, smiled and took off his cap to everyone, men as well as

women. At a distance, on his wagon, he looked like an old man; his hair and beard were of such a pale flaxen

colour that they seemed white in the sun. They were as thick and curly as carded wool. His rosy face, with its

snub nose, set in this fleece, was like a melon among its leaves. He was usually called `Curly Peter,' or

The two Russians made good farmhands, and in summer they worked out together. I had heard our

neighbours laughing when they told how Peter always had to go home at night to milk his cow. Other

bachelor homesteaders used canned milk, to save trouble. Sometimes Peter came to church at the sod

schoolhouse. It was there I first saw him, sitting on a low bench by the door, his plush cap in his hands, his

After Mr. Shimerda discovered the Russians, he went to see them almost every evening, and sometimes took

Antonia with him. She said they came from a part of Russia where the language was not very different from

Bohemian, and if I wanted to go to their place, she could talk to them for me. One afternoon, before the heavy

The Russians had a neat log house built on a grassy slope, with a windlass well beside the door. As we rode

up the draw, we skirted a big melon patch, and a garden where squashes and yellow cucumbers lay about on

the sod. We found Peter out behind his kitchen, bending over a washtub. He was working so hard that he did

not hear us coming. His whole body moved up and down as he rubbed, and he was a funny sight from the

rear, with his shaggy head and bandy legs. When he straightened himself up to greet us, drops of perspiration

were rolling from his thick nose down onto his curly beard. Peter dried his hands and seemed glad to leave

his washing. He took us down to see his chickens, and his cow that was grazing on the hillside. He told

Antonia that in his country only rich people had cows, but here any man could have one who would take care

of her. The milk was good for Pavel, who was often sick, and he could make butter by beating sour cream

with a wooden spoon. Peter was very fond of his cow. He patted her flanks and talked to her in Russian while

After he had shown us his garden, Peter trundled a load of watermelons up the hill in his wheelbarrow. Pavel

was not at home. He was off somewhere helping to dig a well. The house I thought very comfortable for two

men who were `batching.' Besides the kitchen, there was a livingroom, with a wide double bed built against

the wall, properly made up with blue gingham sheets and pillows. There was a little storeroom, too, with a

window, where they kept guns and saddles and tools, and old coats and boots. That day the floor was covered

with garden things, drying for winter; corn and beans and fat yellow cucumbers. There were no screens or

windowblinds in the house, and all the doors and windows stood wide open, letting in flies and sunshine

Peter put the melons in a row on the oilclothcovered table and stood over them, brandishing a butcher knife.

Before the blade got fairly into them, they split of their own ripeness, with a delicious sound. He gave us

knives, but no plates, and the top of the table was soon swimming with juice and seeds. I had never seen

anyone eat so many melons as Peter ate. He assured us that they were good for onebetter than medicine; in

his country people lived on them at this time of year. He was very hospitable and jolly. Once, while he was

looking at Antonia, he sighed and told us that if he had stayed at home in Russia perhaps by this time he

would have had a pretty daughter of his own to cook and keep house for him. He said he had left his country

When we got up to go, Peter looked about in perplexity for something that would entertain us. He ran into the

storeroom and brought out a gaudily painted harmonica, sat down on a bench, and spreading his fat legs apart

began to play like a whole band. The tunes were either very lively or very doleful, and he sang words to some

Before we left, Peter put ripe cucumbers into a sack for Mrs. Shimerda and gave us a lardpail full of milk to

cook them in. I had never heard of cooking cucumbers, but Antonia assured me they were very good. We had

ONE AFTERNOON WE WERE having our reading lesson on the warm, grassy bank where the badger lived.

It was a day of amber sunlight, but there was a shiver of coming winter in the air. I had seen ice on the little

horsepond that morning, and as we went through the garden we found the tall asparagus, with its red berries,

Tony was barefooted, and she shivered in her cotton dress and was comfortable only when we were tucked

down on the baked earth, in the full blaze of the sun. She could talk to me about almost anything by this time.

That afternoon she was telling me how highly esteemed our friend the badger was in her part of the world,

and how men kept a special kind of dog, with very short legs, to hunt him. Those dogs, she said, went down

into the hole after the badger and killed him there in a terrific struggle underground; you could hear the barks

and yelps outside. Then the dog dragged himself back, covered with bites and scratches, to be rewarded and

petted by his master. She knew a dog who had a star on his collar for every badger he had killed.

The rabbits were unusually spry that afternoon. They kept starting up all about us, and dashing off down the

draw as if they were playing a game of some kind. But the little buzzing things that lived in the grass were all

deadall but one. While we were lying there against the warm bank, a little insect of the palest, frailest

green hopped painfully out of the buffalo grass and tried to leap into a bunch of bluestem. He missed it, fell

back, and sat with his head sunk between his long legs, his antennae quivering, as if he were waiting for

something to come and finish him. Tony made a warm nest for him in her hands; talked to him gaily and

indulgently in Bohemian. Presently he began to sing for usa thin, rusty little chirp. She held him close to

her ear and laughed, but a moment afterward I saw there were tears in her eyes. She told me that in her

village at home there was an old beggar woman who went about selling herbs and roots she had dug up in the

forest. If you took her in and gave her a warm place by the fire, she sang old songs to the children in a

cracked voice, like this. Old Hata, she was called, and the children loved to see her coming and saved their

When the bank on the other side of the draw began to throw a narrow shelf of shadow, we knew we ought to

be starting homeward; the chill came on quickly when the sun got low, and Antonia's dress was thin. What

were we to do with the frail little creature we had lured back to life by false pretences? I offered my pockets,

but Tony shook her head and carefully put the green insect in her hair, tying her big handkerchief down

loosely over her curls. I said I would go with her until we could see Squaw Creek, and then turn and run

home. We drifted along lazily, very happy, through the magical light of the late afternoon.

All those fall afternoons were the same, but I never got used to them. As far as we could see, the miles of

copperred grass were drenched in sunlight that was stronger and fiercer than at any other time of the day.

The blond cornfields were red gold, the haystacks turned rosy and threw long shadows. The whole prairie

was like the bush that burned with fire and was not consumed. That hour always had the exultation of victory,

of triumphant ending, like a hero's deathheroes who died young and gloriously. It was a sudden

How many an afternoon Antonia and I have trailed along the prairie under that magnificence! And always

two long black shadows flitted before us or followed after, dark spots on the ruddy grass.

We had been silent a long time, and the edge of the sun sank nearer and nearer the prairie floor, when we saw

a figure moving on the edge of the upland, a gun over his shoulder. He was walking slowly, dragging his feet

As we neared Mr. Shimerda she shouted, and he lifted his head and peered about. Tony ran up to him, caught

his hand and pressed it against her cheek. She was the only one of his family who could rouse the old man

from the torpor in which he seemed to live. He took the bag from his belt and showed us three rabbits he had

shot, looked at Antonia with a wintry flicker of a smile and began to tell her something. She turned to me.

`My tatinek make me little hat with the skins, little hat for winter!' she exclaimed joyfully. `Meat for eat, skin

Her father put his hand on her hair, but she caught his wrist and lifted it carefully away, talking to him

rapidly. I heard the name of old Hata. He untied the handkerchief, separated her hair with his fingers, and

stood looking down at the green insect. When it began to chirp faintly, he listened as if it were a beautiful

I picked up the gun he had dropped; a queer piece from the old country, short and heavy, with a stag's head

on the cock. When he saw me examining it, he turned to me with his faraway look that always made me feel

as if I were down at the bottom of a well. He spoke kindly and gravely, and Antonia translated:

`My tatinek say when you are big boy, he give you his gun. Very fine, from Bohemie. It was belong to a great

man, very rich, like what you not got here; many fields, many forests, many big house. My papa play for his

I was glad that this project was one of futurity. There never were such people as the Shimerdas for wanting to

give away everything they had. Even the mother was always offering me things, though I knew she expected

substantial presents in return. We stood there in friendly silence, while the feeble minstrel sheltered in

Antonia's hair went on with its scratchy chirp. The old man's smile, as he listened, was so full of sadness, of

pity for things, that I never afterward forgot it. As the sun sank there came a sudden coolness and the strong

smell of earth and drying grass. Antonia and her father went off hand in hand, and I buttoned up my jacket

MUCH AS I LIKED Antonia, I hated a superior tone that she sometimes took with me. She was four years

older than I, to be sure, and had seen more of the world; but I was a boy and she was a girl, and I resented her

protecting manner. Before the autumn was over, she began to treat me more like an equal and to defer to me

in other things than reading lessons. This change came about from an adventure we had together.

One day when I rode over to the Shimerdas' I found Antonia starting off on foot for Russian Peter's house, to

borrow a spade Ambrosch needed. I offered to take her on the pony, and she got up behind me. There had

been another black frost the night before, and the air was clear and heady as wine. Within a week all the

blooming roads had been despoiled, hundreds of miles of yellow sunflowers had been transformed into

We found Russian Peter digging his potatoes. We were glad to go in and get warm by his kitchen stove and to

see his squashes and Christmas melons, heaped in the storeroom for winter. As we rode away with the spade,

Antonia suggested that we stop at the prairiedogtown and dig into one of the holes. We could find out

whether they ran straight down, or were horizontal, like moleholes; whether they had underground

connections; whether the owls had nests down there, lined with feathers. We might get some puppies, or owl

The dogtown was spread out over perhaps ten acres. The grass had been nibbled short and even, so this

stretch was not shaggy and red like the surrounding country, but grey and velvety. The holes were several

yards apart, and were disposed with a good deal of regularity, almost as if the town had been laid out in

streets and avenues. One always felt that an orderly and very sociable kind of life was going on there. I

picketed Dude down in a draw, and we went wandering about, looking for a hole that would be easy to dig.

The dogs were out, as usual, dozens of them, sitting up on their hind legs over the doors of their houses. As

we approached, they barked, shook their tails at us, and scurried underground. Before the mouths of the holes

were little patches of sand and gravel, scratched up, we supposed, from a long way below the surface. Here

and there, in the town, we came on larger gravel patches, several yards away from any hole. If the dogs had

scratched the sand up in excavating, how had they carried it so far? It was on one of these gravel beds that I

We were examining a big hole with two entrances. The burrow sloped into the ground at a gentle angle, so

that we could see where the two corridors united, and the floor was dusty from use, like a little highway over

which much travel went. I was walking backward, in a crouching position, when I heard Antonia scream. She

was standing opposite me, pointing behind me and shouting something in Bohemian. I whirled round, and

there, on one of those dry gravel beds, was the biggest snake I had ever seen. He was sunning himself, after

the cold night, and he must have been asleep when Antonia screamed. When I turned, he was lying in long

loose waves, like a letter `W.' He twitched and began to coil slowly. He was not merely a big snake, I

thoughthe was a circus monstrosity. His abominable muscularity, his loathsome, fluid motion, somehow

made me sick. He was as thick as my leg, and looked as if millstones couldn't crush the disgusting vitality out

of him. He lifted his hideous little head, and rattled. I didn't run because I didn't think of itif my back had

been against a stone wall I couldn't have felt more cornered. I saw his coils tightennow he would spring,

spring his length, I remembered. I ran up and drove at his head with my spade, struck him fairly across the

neck, and in a minute he was all about my feet in wavy loops. I struck now from hate. Antonia, barefooted as

she was, ran up behind me. Even after I had pounded his ugly head flat, his body kept on coiling and winding,

doubling and falling back on itself. I walked away and turned my back. I felt seasick.

Antonia came after me, crying, `O Jimmy, he not bite you? You sure? Why you not run when I say?'

`What did you jabber Bohunk for? You might have told me there was a snake behind me!' I said petulantly.

`I know I am just awful, Jim, I was so scared.' She took my handkerchief from my pocket and tried to wipe

my face with it, but I snatched it away from her. I suppose I looked as sick as I felt.

`I never know you was so brave, Jim,' she went on comfortingly. `You is just like big mans; you wait for him

lift his head and then you go for him. Ain't you feel scared a bit? Now we take that snake home and show

She went on in this strain until I began to think that I had longed for this opportunity, and had hailed it with

joy. Cautiously we went back to the snake; he was still groping with his tail, turning up his ugly belly in the

light. A faint, fetid smell came from him, and a thread of green liquid oozed from his crushed head.

I took a long piece of string from my pocket, and she lifted his head with the spade while I tied a noose

around it. We pulled him out straight and measured him by my ridingquirt; he was about five and a half feet

long. He had twelve rattles, but they were broken off before they began to taper, so I insisted that he must

once have had twentyfour. I explained to Antonia how this meant that he was twentyfour years old, that he

must have been there when white men first came, left on from buffalo and Indian times. As I turned him over,

I began to feel proud of him, to have a kind of respect for his age and size. He seemed like the ancient, eldest

Evil. Certainly his kind have left horrible unconscious memories in all warmblooded life. When we dragged

him down into the draw, Dude sprang off to the end of his tether and shivered all over wouldn't let us

We decided that Antonia should ride Dude home, and I would walk. As she rode along slowly, her bare legs

swinging against the pony's sides, she kept shouting back to me about how astonished everybody would be. I

followed with the spade over my shoulder, dragging my snake. Her exultation was contagious. The great land

had never looked to me so big and free. If the red grass were full of rattlers, I was equal to them all.

Nevertheless, I stole furtive glances behind me now and then to see that no avenging mate, older and bigger

The sun had set when we reached our garden and went down the draw toward the house. Otto Fuchs was the

first one we met. He was sitting on the edge of the cattlepond, having a quiet pipe before supper. Antonia

called him to come quick and look. He did not say anything for a minute, but scratched his head and turned

Otto shook the ashes out of his pipe and squatted down to count the rattles. `It was just luck you had a tool,'

he said cautiously. `Gosh! I wouldn't want to do any business with that fellow myself, unless I had a

fencepost along. Your grandmother's snakecane wouldn't more than tickle him. He could stand right up

Antonia broke in: `He fight something awful! He is all over Jimmy's boots. I scream for him to run, but he

Otto winked at me. After Antonia rode on he said: `Got him in the head first crack, didn't you? That was just

We hung him up to the windmill, and when I went down to the kitchen, I found Antonia standing in the

Subsequent experiences with rattlesnakes taught me that my first encounter was fortunate in circumstance.

My big rattler was old, and had led too easy a life; there was not much fight in him. He had probably lived

there for years, with a fat prairiedog for breakfast whenever he felt like it, a sheltered home, even an

owlfeather bed, perhaps, and he had forgot that the world doesn't owe rattlers a living. A snake of his size,

in fighting trim, would be more than any boy could handle. So in reality it was a mock adventure; the game

was fixed for me by chance, as it probably was for many a dragonslayer. I had been adequately armed by

Russian Peter; the snake was old and lazy; and I had Antonia beside me, to appreciate and admire.

That snake hung on our corral fence for several days; some of the neighbours came to see it and agreed that it

was the biggest rattler ever killed in those parts. This was enough for Antonia. She liked me better from that

time on, and she never took a supercilious air with me again. I had killed a big snakeI was now a big

WHILE THE AUTUMN COLOUR was growing pale on the grass and cornfields, things went badly with our

friends the Russians. Peter told his troubles to Mr. Shimerda: he was unable to meet a note which fell due on

the first of November; had to pay an exorbitant bonus on renewing it, and to give a mortgage on his pigs and

horses and even his milk cow. His creditor was Wick Cutter, the merciless Black Hawk moneylender, a man

of evil name throughout the county, of whom I shall have more to say later. Peter could give no very clear

account of his transactions with Cutter. He only knew that he had first borrowed two hundred dollars, then

another hundred, then fiftythat each time a bonus was added to the principal, and the debt grew faster than

Soon after Peter renewed his note, Pavel strained himself lifting timbers for a new barn, and fell over among

the shavings with such a gush of blood from the lungs that his fellow workmen thought he would die on the

spot. They hauled him home and put him into his bed, and there he lay, very ill indeed. Misfortune seemed to

settle like an evil bird on the roof of the log house, and to flap its wings there, warning human beings away.

The Russians had such bad luck that people were afraid of them and liked to put them out of mind.

One afternoon Antonia and her father came over to our house to get buttermilk, and lingered, as they usually

did, until the sun was low. just as they were leaving, Russian Peter drove up. Pavel was very bad, he said, and

wanted to talk to Mr. Shimerda and his daughter; he had come to fetch them. When Antonia and her father

got into the wagon, I entreated grandmother to let me go with them: I would gladly go without my supper, I

would sleep in the Shimerdas' barn and run home in the morning. My plan must have seemed very foolish to

her, but she was often largeminded about humouring the desires of other people. She asked Peter to wait a

moment, and when she came back from the kitchen she brought a bag of sandwiches and doughnuts for us.

Mr. Shimerda and Peter were on the front seat; Antonia and I sat in the straw behind and ate our lunch as we

bumped along. After the sun sank, a cold wind sprang up and moaned over the prairie. If this turn in the

weather had come sooner, I should not have got away. We burrowed down in the straw and curled up close

together, watching the angry red die out of the west and the stars begin to shine in the clear, windy sky. Peter

kept sighing and groaning. Tony whispered to me that he was afraid Pavel would never get well. We lay still

and did not talk. Up there the stars grew magnificently bright. Though we had come from such different parts

of the world, in both of us there was some dusky superstition that those shining groups have their influence

upon what is and what is not to be. Perhaps Russian Peter, come from farther away than any of us, had

The little house on the hillside was so much the colour of the night that we could not see it as we came up the

draw. The ruddy windows guided usthe light from the kitchen stove, for there was no lamp burning.

We entered softly. The man in the wide bed seemed to be asleep. Tony and I sat down on the bench by the

wall and leaned our arms on the table in front of us. The firelight flickered on the hewn logs that supported

the thatch overhead. Pavel made a rasping sound when he breathed, and he kept moaning. We waited. The

wind shook the doors and windows impatiently, then swept on again, singing through the big spaces. Each

gust, as it bore down, rattled the panes, and swelled off like the others. They made me think of defeated

armies, retreating; or of ghosts who were trying desperately to get in for shelter, and then went moaning on.

Presently, in one of those sobbing intervals between the blasts, the coyotes tuned up with their whining howl;

one, two, three, then all togetherto tell us that winter was coming. This sound brought an answer from the

bed a long complaining cryas if Pavel were having bad dreams or were waking to some old misery.

Peter listened, but did not stir. He was sitting on the floor by the kitchen stove. The coyotes broke out again;

yap, yap, yapthen the high whine. Pavel called for something and struggled up on his elbow.

`He is scared of the wolves,' Antonia whispered to me. `In his country there are very many, and they eat men

I could not take my eyes off the man in the bed. His shirt was hanging open, and his emaciated chest, covered

with yellow bristle, rose and fell horribly. He began to cough. Peter shuffled to his feet, caught up the

teakettle and mixed him some hot water and whiskey. The sharp smell of spirits went through the room.

Pavel snatched the cup and drank, then made Peter give him the bottle and slipped it under his pillow,

grinning disagreeably, as if he had outwitted someone. His eyes followed Peter about the room with a

contemptuous, unfriendly expression. It seemed to me that he despised him for being so simple and docile.

Presently Pavel began to talk to Mr. Shimerda, scarcely above a whisper. He was telling a long story, and as

he went on, Antonia took my hand under the table and held it tight. She leaned forward and strained her ears

to hear him. He grew more and more excited, and kept pointing all around his bed, as if there were things

The sick man raged and shook his fist. He seemed to be cursing people who had wronged him. Mr. Shimerda

caught him by the shoulders, but could hardly hold him in bed. At last he was shut off by a coughing fit

which fairly choked him. He pulled a cloth from under his pillow and held it to his mouth. Quickly it was

covered with bright red spotsI thought I had never seen any blood so bright. When he lay down and turned

his face to the wall, all the rage had gone out of him. He lay patiently fighting for breath, like a child with

croup. Antonia's father uncovered one of his long bony legs and rubbed it rhythmically. From our bench we

could see what a hollow case his body was. His spine and shoulderblades stood out like the bones under the

hide of a dead steer left in the fields. That sharp backbone must have hurt him when he lay on it.

Gradually, relief came to all of us. Whatever it was, the worst was over. Mr. Shimerda signed to us that Pavel

was asleep. Without a word Peter got up and lit his lantern. He was going out to get his team to drive us

home. Mr. Shimerda went with him. We sat and watched the long bowed back under the blue sheet, scarcely

On the way home, when we were lying in the straw, under the jolting and rattling Antonia told me as much of

the story as she could. What she did not tell me then, she told later; we talked of nothing else for days

When Pavel and Peter were young men, living at home in Russia, they were asked to be groomsmen for a

friend who was to marry the belle of another village. It was in the dead of winter and the groom's party went

over to the wedding in sledges. Peter and Pavel drove in the groom's sledge, and six sledges followed with all

After the ceremony at the church, the party went to a dinner given by the parents of the bride. The dinner

lasted all afternoon; then it became a supper and continued far into the night. There was much dancing and

drinking. At midnight the parents of the bride said goodbye to her and blessed her. The groom took her up

in his arms and carried her out to his sledge and tucked her under the blankets. He sprang in beside her, and

Pavel and Peter (our Pavel and Peter!) took the front seat. Pavel drove. The party set out with singing and the

jingle of sleighbells, the groom's sledge going first. All the drivers were more or less the worse for

The wolves were bad that winter, and everyone knew it, yet when they heard the first wolfcry, the drivers

were not much alarmed. They had too much good food and drink inside them. The first howls were taken up

and echoed and with quickening repetitions. The wolves were coming together. There was no moon, but the

starlight was clear on the snow. A black drove came up over the hill behind the wedding party. The wolves

ran like streaks of shadow; they looked no bigger than dogs, but there were hundreds of them.

Something happened to the hindmost sledge: the driver lost control he was probably very drunkthe

horses left the road, the sledge was caught in a clump of trees, and overturned. The occupants rolled out over

the snow, and the fleetest of the wolves sprang upon them. The shrieks that followed made everybody sober.

The drivers stood up and lashed their horses. The groom had the best team and his sledge was lightest all

Another driver lost control. The screams of the horses were more terrible to hear than the cries of the men and

women. Nothing seemed to check the wolves. It was hard to tell what was happening in the rear; the people

who were falling behind shrieked as piteously as those who were already lost. The little bride hid her face on

the groom's shoulder and sobbed. Pavel sat still and watched his horses. The road was clear and white, and

the groom's three blacks went like the wind. It was only necessary to be calm and to guide them carefully.

At length, as they breasted a long hill, Peter rose cautiously and looked back. `There are only three sledges

Pavel reached the brow of the hill, but only two sledges followed him down the other side. In that moment on

the hilltop, they saw behind them a whirling black group on the snow. Presently the groom screamed. He saw

his father's sledge overturned, with his mother and sisters. He sprang up as if he meant to jump, but the girl

shrieked and held him back. It was even then too late. The black groundshadows were already crowding

over the heap in the road, and one horse ran out across the fields, his harness hanging to him, wolves at his

They were within a few miles of their village now. The only sledge left out of six was not very far behind

them, and Pavel's middle horse was failing. Beside a frozen pond something happened to the other sledge;

Peter saw it plainly. Three big wolves got abreast of the horses, and the horses went crazy. They tried to jump

When the shrieking behind them died away, Pavel realized that he was alone upon the familiar road. `They

Now his middle horse was being almost dragged by the other two. Pavel gave Peter the reins and stepped

carefully into the back of the sledge. He called to the groom that they must lighten and pointed to the

bride. The young man cursed him and held her tighter. Pavel tried to drag her away. In the struggle, the

groom rose. Pavel knocked him over the side of the sledge and threw the girl after him. He said he never

remembered exactly how he did it, or what happened afterward. Peter, crouching in the front seat, saw

nothing. The first thing either of them noticed was a new sound that broke into the clear air, louder than they

had ever heard it beforethe bell of the monastery of their own village, ringing for early prayers.

Pavel and Peter drove into the village alone, and they had been alone ever since. They were run out of their

village. Pavel's own mother would not look at him. They went away to strange towns, but when people

learned where they came from, they were always asked if they knew the two men who had fed the bride to

the wolves. Wherever they went, the story followed them. It took them five years to save money enough to

come to America. They worked in Chicago, Des Moines, Fort Wayne, but they were always unfortunate.

Pavel died a few days after he unburdened his mind to Mr. Shimerda, and was buried in the Norwegian

graveyard. Peter sold off everything, and left the countrywent to be cook in a railway construction camp

At his sale we bought Peter's wheelbarrow and some of his harness. During the auction he went about with

his head down, and never lifted his eyes. He seemed not to care about anything. The Black Hawk

moneylender who held mortgages on Peter's livestock was there, and he bought in the sale notes at about

fifty cents on the dollar. Everyone said Peter kissed the cow before she was led away by her new owner. I did

not see him do it, but this I know: after all his furniture and his cookstove and pots and pans had been hauled

off by the purchasers, when his house was stripped and bare, he sat down on the floor with his claspknife

and ate all the melons that he had put away for winter. When Mr. Shimerda and Krajiek drove up in their

wagon to take Peter to the train, they found him with a dripping beard, surrounded by heaps of melon rinds.

The loss of his two friends had a depressing effect upon old Mr. Shimerda. When he was out hunting, he used

to go into the empty log house and sit there, brooding. This cabin was his hermitage until the winter snows

penned him in his cave. For Antonia and me, the story of the wedding party was never at an end. We did not

tell Pavel's secret to anyone, but guarded it jealouslyas if the wolves of the Ukraine had gathered that night

long ago, and the wedding party been sacrificed, to give us a painful and peculiar pleasure. At night, before I

went to sleep, I often found myself in a sledge drawn by three horses, dashing through a country that looked

THE FIRST SNOWFALL came early in December. I remember how the world looked from our sittingroom

window as I dressed behind the stove that morning: the low sky was like a sheet of metal; the blond

cornfields had faded out into ghostliness at last; the little pond was frozen under its stiff willow bushes. Big

Beyond the pond, on the slope that climbed to the cornfield, there was, faintly marked in the grass, a great

circle where the Indians used to ride. Jake and Otto were sure that when they galloped round that ring the

Indians tortured prisoners, bound to a stake in the centre; but grandfather thought they merely ran races or

trained horses there. Whenever one looked at this slope against the setting sun, the circle showed like a

pattern in the grass; and this morning, when the first light spray of snow lay over it, it came out with

wonderful distinctness, like strokes of Chinese white on canvas. The old figure stirred me as it had never

As soon as the snow had packed hard, I began to drive about the country in a clumsy sleigh that Otto Fuchs

made for me by fastening a wooden goodsbox on bobs. Fuchs had been apprenticed to a cabinetmaker in the

old country and was very handy with tools. He would have done a better job if I hadn't hurried him. My first

trip was to the postoffice, and the next day I went over to take Yulka and Antonia for a sleighride.

It was a bright, cold day. I piled straw and buffalo robes into the box, and took two hot bricks wrapped in old

blankets. When I got to the Shimerdas', I did not go up to the house, but sat in m sleigh at the bottom of the

draw and called. Antonia and Yulka came running out, wearing little rabbitskin hats their father had made

for them. They had heard about my sledge from Ambrosch and knew why I had come. They tumbled in

beside me and we set off toward the north, along a road that happened to be broken.

The sky was brilliantly blue, and the sunlight on the glittering white stretches of prairie was almost blinding.

As Antonia said, the whole world was changed by the snow; we kept looking in vain for familiar landmarks.

The deep arroyo through which Squaw Creek wound was now only a cleft between snowdriftsvery blue

when one looked down into it. The treetops that had been gold all the autumn were dwarfed and twisted, as

if they would never have any life in them again. The few little cedars, which were so dull and dingy before,

now stood out a strong, dusky green. The wind had the burning taste of fresh snow; my throat and nostrils

smarted as if someone had opened a hartshorn bottle. The cold stung, and at the same time delighted one. My

horse's breath rose like steam, and whenever we stopped he smoked all over. The cornfields got back a little

of their colour under the dazzling light, and stood the palest possible gold in the sun and snow. All about us

the snow was crusted in shallow terraces, with tracings like ripplemarks at the edges, curly waves that were

The girls had on cotton dresses under their shawls; they kept shivering beneath the buffalo robes and hugging

each other for warmth. But they were so glad to get away from their ugly cave and their mother's scolding

that they begged me to go on and on, as far as Russian Peter's house. The great fresh open, after the

stupefying warmth indoors, made them behave like wild things. They laughed and shouted, and said they

never wanted to go home again. Couldn't we settle down and live in Russian Peter's house, Yulka asked, and

All the way to Russian Peter's we were extravagantly happy, but when we turned backit must have been

about four o'clock the east wind grew stronger and began to howl; the sun lost its heartening power and the

sky became grey and sombre. I took off my long woollen comforter and wound it around Yulka's throat. She

got so cold that we made her hide her head under the buffalo robe. Antonia and I sat erect, but I held the reins

clumsily, and my eyes were blinded by the wind a good deal of the time. It was growing dark when we got to

their house, but I refused to go in with them and get warm. I knew my hands would ache terribly if I went

near a fire. Yulka forgot to give me back my comforter, and I had to drive home directly against the wind.

The next day I came down with an attack of quinsy, which kept me in the house for nearly two weeks.

The basement kitchen seemed heavenly safe and warm in those days like a tight little boat in a winter sea.

The men were out in the fields all day, husking corn, and when they came in at noon, with long caps pulled

down over their ears and their feet in redlined overshoes, I used to think they were like Arctic explorers. In

the afternoons, when grandmother sat upstairs darning, or making huskinggloves, I read `The Swiss Family

Robinson' aloud to her, and I felt that the Swiss family had no advantages over us in the way of an

adventurous life. I was convinced that man's strongest antagonist is the cold. I admired the cheerful zest with

which grandmother went about keeping us warm and comfortable and wellfed. She often reminded me,

when she was preparing for the return of the hungry men, that this country was not like Virginia; and that

here a cook had, as she said, `very little to do with.' On Sundays she gave us as much chicken as we could

eat, and on other days we had ham or bacon or sausage meat. She baked either pies or cake for us every day,

unless, for a change, she made my favourite pudding, striped with currants and boiled in a bag.

Next to getting warm and keeping warm, dinner and supper were the most interesting things we had to think

about. Our lives centred around warmth and food and the return of the men at nightfall. I used to wonder,

when they came in tired from the fields, their feet numb and their hands cracked and sore, how they could do

all the chores so conscientiously: feed and water and bed the horses, milk the cows, and look after the pigs.

When supper was over, it took them a long while to get the cold out of their bones. While grandmother and I

washed the dishes and grandfather read his paper upstairs, Jake and Otto sat on the long bench behind the

stove, `easing' their inside boots, or rubbing mutton tallow into their cracked hands.

Every Saturday night we popped corn or made taffy, and Otto Fuchs used to sing, `For I Am a Cowboy and

Know I've Done Wrong,' or, `Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairee.' He had a good baritone voice and always led

I can still see those two men sitting on the bench; Otto's closeclipped head and Jake's shaggy hair slicked

flat in front by a wet comb. I can see the sag of their tired shoulders against the whitewashed wall. What good

fellows they were, how much they knew, and how many things they had kept faith with!

Fuchs had been a cowboy, a stagedriver, a bartender, a miner; had wandered all over that great Western

country and done hard work everywhere, though, as grandmother said, he had nothing to show for it. Jake

was duller than Otto. He could scarcely read, wrote even his name with difficulty, and he had a violent

temper which sometimes made him behave like a crazy mantore him all to pieces and actually made him

ill. But he was so softhearted that anyone could impose upon him. If he, as he said, `forgot himself' and

swore before grandmother, he went about depressed and shamefaced all day. They were both of them jovial

about the cold in winter and the heat in summer, always ready to work overtime and to meet emergencies. It

was a matter of pride with them not to spare themselves. Yet they were the sort of men who never get on,

On those bitter, starlit nights, as we sat around the old stove that fed us and warmed us and kept us cheerful,

we could hear the coyotes howling down by the corrals, and their hungry, wintry cry used to remind the boys

of wonderful animal stories; about grey wolves and bears in the Rockies, wildcats and panthers in the

Virginia mountains. Sometimes Fuchs could be persuaded to talk about the outlaws and desperate characters

he had known. I remember one funny story about himself that made grandmother, who was working her

bread on the breadboard, laugh until she wiped her eyes with her bare arm, her hands being floury. It was

When Otto left Austria to come to America, he was asked by one of his relatives to look after a woman who

was crossing on the same boat, to join her husband in Chicago. The woman started off with two children, but

it was clear that her family might grow larger on the journey. Fuchs said he `got on fine with the kids,' and

liked the mother, though she played a sorry trick on him. In midocean she proceeded to have not one baby,

but three! This event made Fuchs the object of undeserved notoriety, since he was travelling with her. The

steerage stewardess was indignant with him, the doctor regarded him with suspicion. The firstcabin

passengers, who made up a purse for the woman, took an embarrassing interest in Otto, and often enquired of

him about his charge. When the triplets were taken ashore at New York, he had, as he said, `to carry some of

them.' The trip to Chicago was even worse than the ocean voyage. On the train it was very difficult to get

milk for the babies and to keep their bottles clean. The mother did her best, but no woman, out of her natural

resources, could feed three babies. The husband, in Chicago, was working in a furniture factory for modest

wages, and when he met his family at the station he was rather crushed by the size of it. He, too, seemed to

consider Fuchs in some fashion to blame. `I was sure glad,' Otto concluded, `that he didn't take his hard

feeling out on that poor woman; but he had a sullen eye for me, all right! Now, did you ever hear of a young

Grandmother told him she was sure the Lord had remembered these things to his credit, and had helped him

out of many a scrape when he didn't realize that he was being protected by Providence.

FOR SEVERAL WEEKS after my sleighride, we heard nothing from the Shimerdas. My sore throat kept

me indoors, and grandmother had a cold which made the housework heavy for her. When Sunday came she

was glad to have a day of rest. One night at supper Fuchs told us he had seen Mr. Shimerda out hunting.

`He's made himself a rabbitskin cap, Jim, and a rabbitskin collar that he buttons on outside his coat. They

ain't got but one overcoat among 'em over there, and they take turns wearing it. They seem awful scared of

`All but the crazy boy,' Jake put in. `He never wears the coat. Krajiek says he's turrible strong and can stand

anything. I guess rabbits must be getting scarce in this locality. Ambrosch come along by the cornfield

yesterday where I was at work and showed me three prairie dogs he'd shot. He asked me if they was good to

eat. I spit and made a face and took on, to scare him, but he just looked like he was smarter'n me and put 'em

Grandmother looked up in alarm and spoke to grandfather. `Josiah, you don't suppose Krajiek would let them

`You had better go over and see our neighbours tomorrow, Emmaline,' he replied gravely.

Fuchs put in a cheerful word and said prairie dogs were clean beasts and ought to be good for food, but their

family connections were against them. I asked what he meant, and he grinned and said they belonged to the

When I went downstairs in the morning, I found grandmother and Jake packing a hamper basket in the

`Now, Jake,' grandmother was saying, `if you can find that old rooster that got his comb froze, just give his

neck a twist, and we'll take him along. There's no good reason why Mrs. Shimerda couldn't have got hens

from her neighbours last fall and had a henhouse going by now. I reckon she was confused and didn't know

where to begin. I've come strange to a new country myself, but I never forgot hens are a good thing to have,

`Just as you say, ma'm,' said Jake, `but I hate to think of Krajiek getting a leg of that old rooster.' He tramped

After breakfast grandmother and Jake and I bundled ourselves up and climbed into the cold front

wagonseat. As we approached the Shimerdas', we heard the frosty whine of the pump and saw Antonia, her

head tied up and her cotton dress blown about her, throwing all her weight on the pumphandle as it went up

and down. She heard our wagon, looked back over her shoulder, and, catching up her pail of water, started at

Jake helped grandmother to the ground, saying he would bring the provisions after he had blanketed his

horses. We went slowly up the icy path toward the door sunk in the drawside. Blue puffs of smoke came from

the stovepipe that stuck out through the grass and snow, but the wind whisked them roughly away.

Mrs. Shimerda opened the door before we knocked and seized grandmother's hand. She did not say `How do!'

as usual, but at once began to cry, talking very fast in her own language, pointing to her feet which were tied

The old man was sitting on a stump behind the stove, crouching over as if he were trying to hide from us.

Yulka was on the floor at his feet, her kitten in her lap. She peeped out at me and smiled, but, glancing up at

her mother, hid again. Antonia was washing pans and dishes in a dark corner. The crazy boy lay under the

only window, stretched on a gunnysack stuffed with straw. As soon as we entered, he threw a grainsack

over the crack at the bottom of the door. The air in the cave was stifling, and it was very dark, too. A lighted

Mrs. Shimerda snatched off the covers of two barrels behind the door, and made us look into them. In one

there were some potatoes that had been frozen and were rotting, in the other was a little pile of flour.

Grandmother murmured something in embarrassment, but the Bohemian woman laughed scornfully, a kind

of whinnylaugh, and, catching up an empty coffeepot from the shelf, shook it at us with a look positively

Grandmother went on talking in her polite Virginia way, not admitting their stark need or her own

remissness, until Jake arrived with the hamper, as if in direct answer to Mrs. Shimerda's reproaches. Then the

poor woman broke down. She dropped on the floor beside her crazy son, hid her face on her knees, and sat

crying bitterly. Grandmother paid no heed to her, but called Antonia to come and help empty the basket.

Tony left her corner reluctantly. I had never seen her crushed like this before.

`You not mind my poor mamenka, Mrs. Burden. She is so sad,' she whispered, as she wiped her wet hands on

The crazy boy, seeing the food, began to make soft, gurgling noises and stroked his stomach. Jake came in

again, this time with a sack of potatoes. Grandmother looked about in perplexity.

`Haven't you got any sort of cave or cellar outside, Antonia? This is no place to keep vegetables. How did

`We get from Mr. Bushy, at the postoffice what he throw out. We got no potatoes, Mrs. Burden,' Tony

When Jake went out, Marek crawled along the floor and stuffed up the doorcrack again. Then, quietly as a

shadow, Mr. Shimerda came out from behind the stove. He stood brushing his hand over his smooth grey

hair, as if he were trying to clear away a fog about his head. He was clean and neat as usual, with his green

neckcloth and his coral pin. He took grandmother's arm and led her behind the stove, to the back of the room.

In the rear wall was another little cave; a round hole, not much bigger than an oil barrel, scooped out in the

black earth. When I got up on one of the stools and peered into it, I saw some quilts and a pile of straw. The

old man held the lantern. `Yulka,' he said in a low, despairing voice, `Yulka; my Antonia!'

Grandmother drew back. `You mean they sleep in thereyour girls?' He bowed his head.

Tony slipped under his arm. `It is very cold on the floor, and this is warm like the badger hole. I like for sleep

there,' she insisted eagerly. `My mamenka have nice bed, with pillows from our own geese in Bohemie. See,

Jim?' She pointed to the narrow bunk which Krajiek had built against the wall for himself before the

Grandmother sighed. `Sure enough, where WOULD you sleep, dear! I don't doubt you're warm there. You'll

have a better house after while, Antonia, and then you will forget these hard times.'

Mr. Shimerda made grandmother sit down on the only chair and pointed his wife to a stool beside her.

Standing before them with his hand on Antonia's shoulder, he talked in a low tone, and his daughter

translated. He wanted us to know that they were not beggars in the old country; he made good wages, and his

family were respected there. He left Bohemia with more than a thousand dollars in savings, after their

passage money was paid. He had in some way lost on exchange in New York, and the railway fare to

Nebraska was more than they had expected. By the time they paid Krajiek for the land, and bought his horses

and oxen and some old farm machinery, they had very little money left. He wished grandmother to know,

however, that he still had some money. If they could get through until spring came, they would buy a cow

and chickens and plant a garden, and would then do very well. Ambrosch and Antonia were both old enough

to work in the fields, and they were willing to work. But the snow and the bitter weather had disheartened

Antonia explained that her father meant to build a new house for them in the spring; he and Ambrosch had

already split the logs for it, but the logs were all buried in the snow, along the creek where they had been

While grandmother encouraged and gave them advice, I sat down on the floor with Yulka and let her show

me her kitten. Marek slid cautiously toward us and began to exhibit his webbed fingers. I knew he wanted to

make his queer noises for meto bark like a dog or whinny like a horsebut he did not dare in the presence

of his elders. Marek was always trying to be agreeable, poor fellow, as if he had it on his mind that he must

Mrs. Shimerda grew more calm and reasonable before our visit was over, and, while Antonia translated, put

in a word now and then on her own account. The woman had a quick ear, and caught up phrases whenever

she heard English spoken. As we rose to go, she opened her wooden chest and brought out a bag made of

bedticking, about as long as a flour sack and half as wide, stuffed full of something. At sight of it, the crazy

boy began to smack his lips. When Mrs. Shimerda opened the bag and stirred the contents with her hand, it

gave out a salty, earthy smell, very pungent, even among the other odours of that cave. She measured a

teacup full, tied it up in a bit of sacking, and presented it ceremoniously to grandmother.

`For cook,' she announced. `Little now; be very much when cook,' spreading out her hands as if to indicate

that the pint would swell to a gallon. `Very good. You no have in this country. All things for eat better in my

`Maybe so, Mrs. Shimerda,' grandmother said dryly. `I can't say but I prefer our bread to yours, myself.'

Antonia undertook to explain. `This very good, Mrs. Burden' she clasped her hands as if she could not

express how good'it make very much when you cook, like what my mama say. Cook with rabbit, cook

All the way home grandmother and Jake talked about how easily good Christian people could forget they

`I will say, Jake, some of our brothers and sisters are hard to keep. Where's a body to begin, with these

people? They're wanting in everything, and most of all in horsesense. Nobody can give 'em that, I guess.

Jimmy, here, is about as able to take over a homestead as they are. Do you reckon that boy Ambrosch has any

`He's a worker, all right, ma'm, and he's got some ketchon about him; but he's a mean one. Folks can be

That night, while grandmother was getting supper, we opened the package Mrs. Shimerda had given her. It

was full of little brown chips that looked like the shavings of some root. They were as light as feathers, and

the most noticeable thing about them was their penetrating, earthy odour. We could not determine whether

`They might be dried meat from some queer beast, Jim. They ain't dried fish, and they never grew on stalk or

vine. I'm afraid of 'em. Anyhow, I shouldn't want to eat anything that had been shut up for months with old

She threw the package into the stove, but I bit off a corner of one of the chips I held in my hand, and chewed

it tentatively. I never forgot the strange taste; though it was many years before I knew that those little brown

shavings, which the Shimerdas had brought so far and treasured so jealously, were dried mushrooms. They

DURING THE WEEK before Christmas, Jake was the most important person of our household, for he was to

go to town and do all our Christmas shopping. But on the twentyfirst of December, the snow began to fall.

The flakes came down so thickly that from the sittingroom windows I could not see beyond the windmill

its frame looked dim and grey, unsubstantial like a shadow. The snow did not stop falling all day, or during

the night that followed. The cold was not severe, but the storm was quiet and resistless. The men could not go

farther than the barns and corral. They sat about the house most of the day as if it were Sunday; greasing their

On the morning of the twentysecond, grandfather announced at breakfast that it would be impossible to go

to Black Hawk for Christmas purchases. Jake was sure he could get through on horseback, and bring home

our things in saddlebags; but grandfather told him the roads would be obliterated, and a newcomer in the

country would be lost ten times over. Anyway, he would never allow one of his horses to be put to such a

We decided to have a country Christmas, without any help from town. I had wanted to get some picture

books for Yulka and Antonia; even Yulka was able to read a little now. Grandmother took me into the

icecold storeroom, where she had some bolts of gingham and sheeting. She cut squares of cotton cloth and

we sewed them together into a book. We bound it between pasteboards, which I covered with brilliant calico,

representing scenes from a circus. For two days I sat at the diningroom table, pasting this book full of

pictures for Yulka. We had files of those good old family magazines which used to publish coloured

lithographs of popular paintings, and I was allowed to use some of these. I took `Napoleon Announcing the

Divorce to Josephine' for my frontispiece. On the white pages I grouped SundaySchool cards and

advertising cards which I had brought from my `old country.' Fuchs got out the old candlemoulds and made

tallow candles. Grandmother hunted up her fancy cakecutters and baked gingerbread men and roosters,

On the day before Christmas, Jake packed the things we were sending to the Shimerdas in his saddlebags

and set off on grandfather's grey gelding. When he mounted his horse at the door, I saw that he had a hatchet

slung to his belt, and he gave grandmother a meaning look which told me he was planning a surprise for me.

That afternoon I watched long and eagerly from the sittingroom window. At last I saw a dark spot moving

on the west hill, beside the halfburied cornfield, where the sky was taking on a coppery flush from the sun

that did not quite break through. I put on my cap and ran out to meet Jake. When I got to the pond, I could see

that he was bringing in a little cedar tree across his pommel. He used to help my father cut Christmas trees for

By the time we had placed the cold, freshsmelling little tree in a corner of the sittingroom, it was already

Christmas Eve. After supper we all gathered there, and even grandfather, reading his paper by the table,

looked up with friendly interest now and then. The cedar was about five feet high and very shapely. We hung

it with the gingerbread animals, strings of popcorn, and bits of candle which Fuchs had fitted into pasteboard

sockets. Its real splendours, however, came from the most unlikely place in the worldfrom Otto's cowboy

trunk. I had never seen anything in that trunk but old boots and spurs and pistols, and a fascinating mixture of

yellow leather thongs, cartridges, and shoemaker's wax. From under the lining he now produced a collection

of brilliantly coloured paper figures, several inches high and stiff enough to stand alone. They had been sent

to him year after year, by his old mother in Austria. There was a bleeding heart, in tufts of paper lace; there

were the three kings, gorgeously apparelled, and the ox and the ass and the shepherds; there was the Baby in

the manger, and a group of angels, singing; there were camels and leopards, held by the black slaves of the

three kings. Our tree became the talking tree of the fairy tale; legends and stories nestled like birds in its

branches. Grandmother said it reminded her of the Tree of Knowledge. We put sheets of cotton wool under it

I can see them now, exactly as they looked, working about the table in the lamplight: Jake with his heavy

features, so rudely moulded that his face seemed, somehow, unfinished; Otto with his halfear and the savage

scar that made his upper lip curl so ferociously under his twisted moustache. As I remember them, what

unprotected faces they were; their very roughness and violence made them defenceless. These boys had no

practised manner behind which they could retreat and hold people at a distance. They had only their hard fists

to batter at the world with. Otto was already one of those drifting, casehardened labourers who never marry

ON CHRISTMAS MORNING, when I got down to the kitchen, the men were just coming in from their

morning chores the horses and pigs always had their breakfast before we did. Jake and Otto shouted

`Merry Christmas!' to me, and winked at each other when they saw the waffleirons on the stove.

Grandfather came down, wearing a white shirt and his Sunday coat. Morning prayers were longer than usual.

He read the chapters from Saint Matthew about the birth of Christ, and as we listened, it all seemed like

something that had happened lately, and near at hand. In his prayer he thanked the Lord for the first

Christmas, and for all that it had meant to the world ever since. He gave thanks for our food and comfort, and

prayed for the poor and destitute in great cities, where the struggle for life was harder than it was here with

us. Grandfather's prayers were often very interesting. He had the gift of simple and moving expression.

Because he talked so little, his words had a peculiar force; they were not worn dull from constant use. His

prayers reflected what he was thinking about at the time, and it was chiefly through them that we got to know

After we sat down to our waffles and sausage, Jake told us how pleased the Shimerdas had been with their

presents; even Ambrosch was friendly and went to the creek with him to cut the Christmas tree. It was a soft

grey day outside, with heavy clouds working across the sky, and occasional squalls of snow. There were

always odd jobs to be done about the barn on holidays, and the men were busy until afternoon. Then Jake and

I played dominoes, while Otto wrote a long letter home to his mother. He always wrote to her on Christmas

Day, he said, no matter where he was, and no matter how long it had been since his last letter. All afternoon

he sat in the diningroom. He would write for a while, then sit idle, his clenched fist lying on the table, his

eyes following the pattern of the oilcloth. He spoke and wrote his own language so seldom that it came to

At about four o'clock a visitor appeared: Mr. Shimerda, wearing his rabbitskin cap and collar, and new

mittens his wife had knitted. He had come to thank us for the presents, and for all grandmother's kindness to

his family. Jake and Otto joined us from the basement and we sat about the stove, enjoying the deepening

grey of the winter afternoon and the atmosphere of comfort and security in my grandfather's house. This

feeling seemed completely to take possession of Mr. Shimerda. I suppose, in the crowded clutter of their

cave, the old man had come to believe that peace and order had vanished from the earth, or existed only in the

old world he had left so far behind. He sat still and passive, his head resting against the back of the wooden

rockingchair, his hands relaxed upon the arms. His face had a look of weariness and pleasure, like that of

sick people when they feel relief from pain. Grandmother insisted on his drinking a glass of Virginia

applebrandy after his long walk in the cold, and when a faint flush came up in his cheeks, his features might

have been cut out of a shell, they were so transparent. He said almost nothing, and smiled rarely; but as he

As it grew dark, I asked whether I might light the Christmas tree before the lamp was brought. When the

candleends sent up their conical yellow flames, all the coloured figures from Austria stood out clear and full

of meaning against the green boughs. Mr. Shimerda rose, crossed himself, and quietly knelt down before the

tree, his head sunk forward. His long body formed a letter `S.' I saw grandmother look apprehensively at

grandfather. He was rather narrow in religious matters, and sometimes spoke out and hurt people's feelings.

There had been nothing strange about the tree before, but now, with some one kneeling before itimages,

candles ... Grandfather merely put his fingertips to his brow and bowed his venerable head, thus

We persuaded our guest to stay for supper with us. He needed little urging. As we sat down to the table, it

occurred to me that he liked to look at us, and that our faces were open books to him. When his deepseeing

eyes rested on me, I felt as if he were looking far ahead into the future for me, down the road I would have to

At nine o'clock Mr. Shimerda lighted one of our lanterns and put on his overcoat and fur collar. He stood in

the little entry hall, the lantern and his fur cap under his arm, shaking hands with us. When he took

grandmother's hand, he bent over it as he always did, and said slowly, `Good woman!' He made the sign of

the cross over me, put on his cap and went off in the dark. As we turned back to the sittingroom, grandfather

looked at me searchingly. `The prayers of all good people are good,' he said quietly.

THE WEEK FOLLOWING Christmas brought in a thaw, and by New Year's Day all the world about us was

a broth of grey slush, and the guttered slope between the windmill and the barn was running black water. The

soft black earth stood out in patches along the roadsides. I resumed all my chores, carried in the cobs and

wood and water, and spent the afternoons at the barn, watching Jake shell corn with a handsheller.

One morning, during this interval of fine weather, Antonia and her mother rode over on one of their shaggy

old horses to pay us a visit. It was the first time Mrs. Shimerda had been to our house, and she ran about

examining our carpets and curtains and furniture, all the while commenting upon them to her daughter in an

envious, complaining tone. In the kitchen she caught up an iron pot that stood on the back of the stove and

said: `You got many, Shimerdas no got.' I thought it weakminded of grandmother to give the pot to her.

After dinner, when she was helping to wash the dishes, she said, tossing her head: `You got many things for

She was a conceited, boastful old thing, and even misfortune could not humble her. I was so annoyed that I

felt coldly even toward Antonia and listened unsympathetically when she told me her father was not well.

`My papa sad for the old country. He not look good. He never make music any more. At home he play violin

all the time; for weddings and for dance. Here never. When I beg him for play, he shake his head no. Some

days he take his violin out of his box and make with his fingers on the strings, like this, but never he make the

`People who don't like this country ought to stay at home,' I said severely. `We don't make them come here.'

`He not want to come, never!' she burst out. `My mamenka make him come. All the time she say: "America

big country; much money, much land for my boys, much husband for my girls." My papa, he cry for leave his

old friends what make music with him. He love very much the man what play the long horn like this' she

indicated a slide trombone. "They go to school together and are friends from boys. But my mama, she want

"Your grandfather is rich," she retorted fiercely. `Why he not help my papa? Ambrosch be rich, too, after

Ambrosch was considered the important person in the family. Mrs. Shimerda and Antonia always deferred to

him, though he was often surly with them and contemptuous toward his father. Ambrosch and his mother had

everything their own way. Though Antonia loved her father more than she did anyone else, she stood in awe

After I watched Antonia and her mother go over the hill on their miserable horse, carrying our iron pot with

them, I turned to grandmother, who had taken up her darning, and said I hoped that snooping old woman

Grandmother chuckled and drove her bright needle across a hole in Otto's sock. `She's not old, Jim, though I

expect she seems old to you. No, I wouldn't mourn if she never came again. But, you see, a body never knows

what traits poverty might bring out in 'em. It makes a woman grasping to see her children want for things.

Now read me a chapter in "The Prince of the House of David." Let's forget the Bohemians.'

We had three weeks of this mild, open weather. The cattle in the corral ate corn almost as fast as the men

could shell it for them, and we hoped they would be ready for an early market. One morning the two big

bulls, Gladstone and Brigham Young, thought spring had come, and they began to tease and butt at each other

across the barbed wire that separated them. Soon they got angry. They bellowed and pawed up the soft earth

with their hoofs, rolling their eyes and tossing their heads. Each withdrew to a far corner of his own corral,

and then they made for each other at a gallop. Thud, thud, we could hear the impact of their great heads, and

their bellowing shook the pans on the kitchen shelves. Had they not been dehorned, they would have torn

each other to pieces. Pretty soon the fat steers took it up and began butting and horning each other. Clearly,

the affair had to be stopped. We all stood by and watched admiringly while Fuchs rode into the corral with a

The big storm of the winter began on my eleventh birthday, the twentieth of January. When I went down to

breakfast that morning, Jake and Otto came in white as snowmen, beating their hands and stamping their

`You've got a birthday present this time, Jim, and no mistake. They was a fullgrown blizzard ordered for

All day the storm went on. The snow did not fall this time, it simply spilled out of heaven, like thousands of

featherbeds being emptied. That afternoon the kitchen was a carpentershop; the men brought in their tools

and made two great wooden shovels with long handles. Neither grandmother nor I could go out in the storm,

Next day our men had to shovel until noon to reach the barn and the snow was still falling! There had not

been such a storm in the ten years my grandfather had lived in Nebraska. He said at dinner that we would not

try to reach the cattle they were fat enough to go without their corn for a day or two; but tomorrow we

must feed them and thaw out their watertap so that they could drink. We could not so much as see the

corrals, but we knew the steers were over there, huddled together under the north bank. Our ferocious bulls,

subdued enough by this time, were probably warming each other's backs. `This'll take the bile out of 'em!'

At noon that day the hens had not been heard from. After dinner Jake and Otto, their damp clothes now dried

on them, stretched their stiff arms and plunged again into the drifts. They made a tunnel through the snow to

the henhouse, with walls so solid that grandmother and I could walk back and forth in it. We found the

chickens asleep; perhaps they thought night had come to stay. One old rooster was stirring about, pecking at

the solid lump of ice in their watertin. When we flashed the lantern in their eyes, the hens set up a great

cackling and flew about clumsily, scattering downfeathers. The mottled, pinheaded guineahens, always

resentful of captivity, ran screeching out into the tunnel and tried to poke their ugly, painted faces through the

snow walls. By five o'clock the chores were done just when it was time to begin them all over again! That

ON THE MORNING of the twentysecond I wakened with a start. Before I opened my eyes, I seemed to

know that something had happened. I heard excited voices in the kitchen grandmother's was so shrill that I

knew she must be almost beside herself. I looked forward to any new crisis with delight. What could it be, I

wondered, as I hurried into my clothes. Perhaps the barn had burned; perhaps the cattle had frozen to death;

Down in the kitchen grandfather was standing before the stove with his hands behind him. Jake and Otto had

taken off their boots and were rubbing their woollen socks. Their clothes and boots were steaming, and they

both looked exhausted. On the bench behind the stove lay a man, covered up with a blanket. Grandmother

motioned me to the diningroom. I obeyed reluctantly. I watched her as she came and went, carrying dishes.

Her lips were tightly compressed and she kept whispering to herself: `Oh, dear Saviour!' `Lord, Thou

Presently grandfather came in and spoke to me: `Jimmy, we will not have prayers this morning, because we

have a great deal to do. Old Mr. Shimerda is dead, and his family are in great distress. Ambrosch came over

here in the middle of the night, and Jake and Otto went back with him. The boys have had a hard night, and

you must not bother them with questions. That is Ambrosch, asleep on the bench. Come in to breakfast,

After Jake and Otto had swallowed their first cup of coffee, they began to talk excitedly, disregarding

grandmother's warning glances. I held my tongue, but I listened with all my ears.

`No, sir,' Fuchs said in answer to a question from grandfather, `nobody heard the gun go off. Ambrosch was

out with the oxteam, trying to break a road, and the womenfolks was shut up tight in their cave. When

Ambrosch come in, it was dark and he didn't see nothing, but the oxen acted kind of queer. One of 'em ripped

around and got away from him bolted clean out of the stable. His hands is blistered where the rope run

through. He got a lantern and went back and found the old man, just as we seen him.'

`Poor soul, poor soul!' grandmother groaned. `I'd like to think he never done it. He was always considerate

and unwishful to give trouble. How could he forget himself and bring this on us!'

`I don't think he was out of his head for a minute, Mrs. Burden,' Fuchs declared. `He done everything natural.

You know he was always sort of fixy, and fixy he was to the last. He shaved after dinner, and washed hisself

all over after the girls had done the dishes. Antonia heated the water for him. Then he put on a clean shirt and

clean socks, and after he was dressed he kissed her and the little one and took his gun and said he was going

out to hunt rabbits. He must have gone right down to the barn and done it then. He layed down on that

bunkbed, close to the ox stalls, where he always slept. When we found him, everything was decent

except'Fuchs wrinkled his brow and hesitated'except what he couldn't nowise foresee. His coat was

hung on a peg, and his boots was under the bed. He'd took off that silk neckcloth he always wore, and folded

it smooth and stuck his pin through it. He turned back his shirt at the neck and rolled up his sleeves.'

Otto misunderstood her. `Why, ma'am, it was simple enough; he pulled the trigger with his big toe. He layed

over on his side and put the end of the barrel in his mouth, then he drew up one foot and felt for the trigger.

`Well, ma'm, I found Krajiek's axe under the manger, and I picks it up and carries it over to the corpse, and I

take my oath it just fit the gash in the front of the old man's face. That there Krajiek had been sneakin' round,

pale and quiet, and when he seen me examinin' the axe, he begun whimperin', "My God, man, don't do that!"

"I reckon I'm agoin' to look into this," says I. Then he begun to squeal like a rat and run about wringin' his

Fuchs spoke up impatiently. `Krajiek's gone silly, Jake, and so have you. The old man wouldn't have made all

them preparations for Krajiek to murder him, would he? It don't hang together. The gun was right beside him

Grandmother broke in excitedly: `See here, Jake Marpole, don't you go trying to add murder to suicide. We're

`It will be easy to decide all that, Emmaline,' said grandfather quietly. `If he shot himself in the way they

`Just so it is, Mr. Burden,' Otto affirmed. `I seen bunches of hair and stuff sticking to the poles and straw

`There is nothing you can do,' he said doubtfully. `The body can't be touched until we get the coroner here

`Well, I can take them some victuals, anyway, and say a word of comfort to them poor little girls. The oldest

one was his darling, and was like a right hand to him. He might have thought of her. He's left her alone in a

hard world.' She glanced distrustfully at Ambrosch, who was now eating his breakfast at the kitchen table.

Fuchs, although he had been up in the cold nearly all night, was going to make the long ride to Black Hawk

to fetch the priest and the coroner. On the grey gelding, our best horse, he would try to pick his way across

`Don't you worry about me, Mrs. Burden,' he said cheerfully, as he put on a second pair of socks. `I've got a

good nose for directions, and I never did need much sleep. It's the grey I'm worried about. I'll save him what I

`This is no time to be overconsiderate of animals, Otto; do the best you can for yourself. Stop at the Widow

After Fuchs rode away, I was left with Ambrosch. I saw a side of him I had not seen before. He was deeply,

even slavishly, devout. He did not say a word all morning, but sat with his rosary in his hands, praying, now

silently, now aloud. He never looked away from his beads, nor lifted his hands except to cross himself.

Several times the poor boy fell asleep where he sat, wakened with a start, and began to pray again.

No wagon could be got to the Shimerdas' until a road was broken, and that would be a day's job. Grandfather

came from the barn on one of our big black horses, and Jake lifted grandmother up behind him. She wore her

black hood and was bundled up in shawls. Grandfather tucked his bushy white beard inside his overcoat.

They looked very Biblical as they set off, I thought. Jake and Ambrosch followed them, riding the other black

and my pony, carrying bundles of clothes that we had got together for Mrs. Shimerda. I watched them go past

the pond and over the hill by the drifted cornfield. Then, for the first time, I realized that I was alone in the

I felt a considerable extension of power and authority, and was anxious to acquit myself creditably. I carried

in cobs and wood from the long cellar, and filled both the stoves. I remembered that in the hurry and

excitement of the morning nobody had thought of the chickens, and the eggs had not been gathered. Going

out through the tunnel, I gave the hens their corn, emptied the ice from their drinkingpan, and filled it with

water. After the cat had had his milk, I could think of nothing else to do, and I sat down to get warm. The

quiet was delightful, and the ticking clock was the most pleasant of companions. I got `Robinson Crusoe' and

tried to read, but his life on the island seemed dull compared with ours. Presently, as I looked with

satisfaction about our comfortable sittingroom, it flashed upon me that if Mr. Shimerda's soul were lingering

about in this world at all, it would be here, in our house, which had been more to his liking than any other in

the neighbourhood. I remembered his contented face when he was with us on Christmas Day. If he could

I knew it was homesickness that had killed Mr. Shimerda, and I wondered whether his released spirit would

not eventually find its way back to his own country. I thought of how far it was to Chicago, and then to

Virginia, to Baltimoreand then the great wintry ocean. No, he would not at once set out upon that long

journey. Surely, his exhausted spirit, so tired of cold and crowding and the struggle with the everfalling

I was not frightened, but I made no noise. I did not wish to disturb him. I went softly down to the kitchen

which, tucked away so snugly underground, always seemed to me the heart and centre of the house. There, on

the bench behind the stove, I thought and thought about Mr. Shimerda. Outside I could hear the wind singing

over hundreds of miles of snow. It was as if I had let the old man in out of the tormenting winter, and were

sitting there with him. I went over all that Antonia had ever told me about his life before he came to this

country; how he used to play the fiddle at weddings and dances. I thought about the friends he had mourned

to leave, the tromboneplayer, the great forest full of gamebelonging, as Antonia said, to the `nobles'

from which she and her mother used to steal wood on moonlight nights. There was a white hart that lived in

that forest, and if anyone killed it, he would be hanged, she said. Such vivid pictures came to me that they

might have been Mr. Shimerda's memories, not yet faded out from the air in which they had haunted him.

It had begun to grow dark when my household returned, and grandmother was so tired that she went at once

to bed. Jake and I got supper, and while we were washing the dishes he told me in loud whispers about the

state of things over at the Shimerdas'. Nobody could touch the body until the coroner came. If anyone did,

something terrible would happen, apparently. The dead man was frozen through, `just as stiff as a dressed

turkey you hang out to freeze,' Jake said. The horses and oxen would not go into the barn until he was frozen

so hard that there was no longer any smell of blood. They were stabled there now, with the dead man,

because there was no other place to keep them. A lighted lantern was kept hanging over Mr. Shimerda's head.

Antonia and Ambrosch and the mother took turns going down to pray beside him. The crazy boy went with

them, because he did not feel the cold. I believed he felt cold as much as anyone else, but he liked to be

Ambrosch, Jake said, showed more human feeling than he would have supposed him capable of, but he was

chiefly concerned about getting a priest, and about his father's soul, which he believed was in a place of

torment and would remain there until his family and the priest had prayed a great deal for him. `As I

understand it,' Jake concluded, `it will be a matter of years to pray his soul out of Purgatory, and right now

`I don't believe it,' I said stoutly. `I almost know it isn't true.' I did not, of course, say that I believed he had

been in that very kitchen all afternoon, on his way back to his own country. Nevertheless, after I went to bed,

this idea of punishment and Purgatory came back on me crushingly. I remembered the account of Dives in

torment, and shuddered. But Mr. Shimerda had not been rich and selfish: he had only been so unhappy that he

OTTO FUCHS GOT back from Black Hawk at noon the next day. He reported that the coroner would reach

the Shimerdas' sometime that afternoon, but the missionary priest was at the other end of his parish, a

hundred miles away, and the trains were not running. Fuchs had got a few hours' sleep at the livery barn in

town, but he was afraid the grey gelding had strained himself. Indeed, he was never the same horse afterward.

Fuchs brought home with him a stranger, a young Bohemian who had taken a homestead near Black Hawk,

and who came on his only horse to help his fellow countrymen in their trouble. That was the first time I ever

saw Anton Jelinek. He was a strapping young fellow in the early twenties then, handsome, warmhearted,

and full of life, and he came to us like a miracle in the midst of that grim business. I remember exactly how

he strode into our kitchen in his felt boots and long wolfskin coat, his eyes and cheeks bright with the cold.

At sight of grandmother, he snatched off his fur cap, greeting her in a deep, rolling voice which seemed older

`I want to thank you very much, Mrs. Burden, for that you are so kind to poor strangers from my kawntree.'

He did not hesitate like a farmer boy, but looked one eagerly in the eye when he spoke. Everything about him

was warm and spontaneous. He said he would have come to see the Shimerdas before, but he had hired out to

husk corn all the fall, and since winter began he had been going to the school by the mill, to learn English,

along with the little children. He told me he had a nice `ladyteacher' and that he liked to go to school.

`Yes, sir, that is very bad for them. Their father has done a great sin'he looked straight at grandfather. `Our

`We believe that, too, Jelinek. But we believe that Mr. Shimerda's soul will come to its Creator as well off

The young man shook his head. `I know how you think. My teacher at the school has explain. But I have seen

He glanced around the table. `You want I shall tell you? When I was a little boy like this one, I begin to help

the priest at the altar. I make my first communion very young; what the Church teach seem plain to me. By 'n'

by wartimes come, when the Prussians fight us. We have very many soldiers in camp near my village, and

the cholera break out in that camp, and the men die like flies. All day long our priest go about there to give

the Sacrament to dying men, and I go with him to carry the vessels with the Holy Sacrament. Everybody that

go near that camp catch the sickness but me and the priest. But we have no sickness, we have no fear,

because we carry that blood and that body of Christ, and it preserve us.' He paused, looking at grandfather.

`That I know, Mr. Burden, for it happened to myself. All the soldiers know, too. When we walk along the

road, the old priest and me, we meet all the time soldiers marching and officers on horse. All those officers,

when they see what I carry under the cloth, pull up their horses and kneel down on the ground in the road

until we pass. So I feel very bad for my kawntreeman to die without the Sacrament, and to die in a bad way

We had listened attentively. It was impossible not to admire his frank, manly faith.

`I am always glad to meet a young man who thinks seriously about these things,' said grandfather, land I

would never be the one to say you were not in God's care when you were among the soldiers.'

After dinner it was decided that young Jelinek should hook our two strong black farmhorses to the scraper

and break a road through to the Shimerdas', so that a wagon could go when it was necessary. Fuchs, who was

Jelinek put on his long wolfskin coat, and when we admired it, he told us that he had shot and skinned the

coyotes, and the young man who `batched' with him, Jan Bouska, who had been a furworker in Vienna,

made the coat. From the windmill I watched Jelinek come out of the barn with the blacks, and work his way

up the hillside toward the cornfield. Sometimes he was completely hidden by the clouds of snow that rose

Our heavy carpenter's bench had to be brought from the barn and carried down into the kitchen. Fuchs

selected boards from a pile of planks grandfather had hauled out from town in the fall to make a new floor for

the oatsbin. When at last the lumber and tools were assembled, and the doors were closed again and the cold

draughts shut out, grandfather rode away to meet the coroner at the Shimerdas', and Fuchs took off his coat

and settled down to work. I sat on his worktable and watched him. He did not touch his tools at first, but

figured for a long while on a piece of paper, and measured the planks and made marks on them. While he was

thus engaged, he whistled softly to himself, or teasingly pulled at his halfear. Grandmother moved about

quietly, so as not to disturb him. At last he folded his ruler and turned a cheerful face to us.

`The hardest part of my job's done,' he announced. `It's the head end of it that comes hard with me, especially

when I'm out of practice. The last time I made one of these, Mrs. Burden,' he continued, as he sorted and tried

his chisels, `was for a fellow in the Black Tiger Mine, up above Silverton, Colorado. The mouth of that mine

goes right into the face of the cliff, and they used to put us in a bucket and run us over on a trolley and shoot

us into the shaft. The bucket travelled across a box canon three hundred feet deep, and about a third full of

water. Two Swedes had fell out of that bucket once, and hit the water, feet down. If you'll believe it, they

went to work the next day. You can't kill a Swede. But in my time a little Eyetalian tried the high dive, and it

turned out different with him. We was snowed in then, like we are now, and I happened to be the only man in

camp that could make a coffin for him. It's a handy thing to know, when you knock about like I've done.'

`Yes, 'm,' Fuchs admitted with modest pride. `So few folks does know how to make a good tight box that'll

turn water. I sometimes wonder if there'll be anybody about to do it for me. However, I'm not at all particular

All afternoon, wherever one went in the house, one could hear the panting wheeze of the saw or the pleasant

purring of the plane. They were such cheerful noises, seeming to promise new things for living people: it was

a pity that those freshly planed pine boards were to be put underground so soon. The lumber was hard to

work because it was full of frost, and the boards gave off a sweet smell of pine woods, as the heap of yellow

shavings grew higher and higher. I wondered why Fuchs had not stuck to cabinetwork, he settled down to it

with such ease and content. He handled the tools as if he liked the feel of them; and when he planed, his

hands went back and forth over the boards in an eager, beneficent way as if he were blessing them. He broke

out now and then into German hymns, as if this occupation brought back old times to him.

At four o'clock Mr. Bushy, the postmaster, with another neighbour who lived east of us, stopped in to get

warm. They were on their way to the Shimerdas'. The news of what had happened over there had somehow

got abroad through the snowblocked country. Grandmother gave the visitors sugarcakes and hot coffee.

Before these callers were gone, the brother of the Widow Steavens, who lived on the Black Hawk road, drew

up at our door, and after him came the father of the German family, our nearest neighbours on the south.

They dismounted and joined us in the diningroom. They were all eager for any details about the suicide, and

they were greatly concerned as to where Mr. Shimerda would be buried. The nearest Catholic cemetery was

at Black Hawk, and it might be weeks before a wagon could get so far. Besides, Mr. Bushy and grandmother

were sure that a man who had killed himself could not be buried in a Catholic graveyard. There was a

buryingground over by the Norwegian church, west of Squaw Creek; perhaps the Norwegians would take

After our visitors rode away in single file over the hill, we returned to the kitchen. Grandmother began to

make the icing for a chocolate cake, and Otto again filled the house with the exciting, expectant song of the

plane. One pleasant thing about this time was that everybody talked more than usual. I had never heard the

postmaster say anything but `Only papers, today,' or, `I've got a sackful of mail for ye,' until this afternoon.

Grandmother always talked, dear woman: to herself or to the Lord, if there was no one else to listen; but

grandfather was naturally taciturn, and Jake and Otto were often so tired after supper that I used to feel as if I

were surrounded by a wall of silence. Now everyone seemed eager to talk. That afternoon Fuchs told me

story after story: about the Black Tiger Mine, and about violent deaths and casual buryings, and the queer

fancies of dying men. You never really knew a man, he said, until you saw him die. Most men were game,

The postmaster, going home, stopped to say that grandfather would bring the coroner back with him to spend

the night. The officers of the Norwegian church, he told us, had held a meeting and decided that the

Grandmother was indignant. `If these foreigners are so clannish, Mr. Bushy, we'll have to have an American

graveyard that will be more liberalminded. I'll get right after Josiah to start one in the spring. If anything

was to happen to me, I don't want the Norwegians holding inquisitions over me to see whether I'm good

Soon grandfather returned, bringing with him Anton Jelinek, and that important person, the coroner. He was a

mild, flurried old man, a Civil War veteran, with one sleeve hanging empty. He seemed to find this case very

perplexing, and said if it had not been for grandfather he would have sworn out a warrant against Krajiek.

`The way he acted, and the way his axe fit the wound, was enough to convict any man.'

Although it was perfectly clear that Mr. Shimerda had killed himself, Jake and the coroner thought something

ought to be done to Krajiek because he behaved like a guilty man. He was badly frightened, certainly, and

perhaps he even felt some stirrings of remorse for his indifference to the old man's misery and loneliness.

At supper the men ate like vikings, and the chocolate cake, which I had hoped would linger on until

tomorrow in a mutilated condition, disappeared on the second round. They talked excitedly about where they

should bury Mr. Shimerda; I gathered that the neighbours were all disturbed and shocked about something. It

developed that Mrs. Shimerda and Ambrosch wanted the old man buried on the southwest corner of their own

land; indeed, under the very stake that marked the corner. Grandfather had explained to Ambrosch that some

day, when the country was put under fence and the roads were confined to section lines, two roads would

Grandfather asked Jelinek whether in the old country there was some superstition to the effect that a suicide

Jelinek said he didn't know; he seemed to remember hearing there had once been such a custom in Bohemia.

`Mrs. Shimerda is made up her mind,' he added. `I try to persuade her, and say it looks bad for her to all the

neighbours; but she say so it must be. "There I will bury him, if I dig the grave myself," she say. I have to

Grandfather smoothed his beard and looked judicial. `I don't know whose wish should decide the matter, if

not hers. But if she thinks she will live to see the people of this country ride over that old man's head, she is

MR. SHIMERDA LAY DEAD in the barn four days, and on the fifth they buried him. All day Friday Jelinek

was off with Ambrosch digging the grave, chopping out the frozen earth with old axes. On Saturday we

breakfasted before daylight and got into the wagon with the coffin. Jake and Jelinek went ahead on horseback

to cut the body loose from the pool of blood in which it was frozen fast to the ground.

When grandmother and I went into the Shimerdas' house, we found the womenfolk alone; Ambrosch and

Marek were at the barn. Mrs. Shimerda sat crouching by the stove, Antonia was washing dishes. When she

saw me, she ran out of her dark corner and threw her arms around me. `Oh, Jimmy,' she sobbed, `what you

tink for my lovely papa!' It seemed to me that I could feel her heart breaking as she clung to me.

Mrs. Shimerda, sitting on the stump by the stove, kept looking over her shoulder toward the door while the

neighbours were arriving. They came on horseback, all except the postmaster, who brought his family in a

wagon over the only broken wagontrail. The Widow Steavens rode up from her farm eight miles down the

Black Hawk road. The cold drove the women into the cavehouse, and it was soon crowded. A fine, sleety

snow was beginning to fall, and everyone was afraid of another storm and anxious to have the burial over

Grandfather and Jelinek came to tell Mrs. Shimerda that it was time to start. After bundling her mother up in

clothes the neighbours had brought, Antonia put on an old cape from our house and the rabbitskin hat her

father had made for her. Four men carried Mr. Shimerda's box up the hill; Krajiek slunk along behind them.

The coffin was too wide for the door, so it was put down on the slope outside. I slipped out from the cave and

looked at Mr. Shimerda. He was lying on his side, with his knees drawn up. His body was draped in a black

shawl, and his head was bandaged in white muslin, like a mummy's; one of his long, shapely hands lay out on

Mrs. Shimerda came out and placed an open prayerbook against the body, making the sign of the cross on

the bandaged head with her fingers. Ambrosch knelt down and made the same gesture, and after him Antonia

and Marek. Yulka hung back. Her mother pushed her forward, and kept saying something to her over and

over. Yulka knelt down, shut her eyes, and put out her hand a little way, but she drew it back and began to cry

wildly. She was afraid to touch the bandage. Mrs. Shimerda caught her by the shoulders and pushed her

`No, Mrs. Shimerda,' she said firmly, `I won't stand by and see that child frightened into spasms. She is too

At a look from grandfather, Fuchs and Jelinek placed the lid on the box, and began to nail it down over Mr.

Shimerda. I was afraid to look at Antonia. She put her arms round Yulka and held the little girl close to her.

The coffin was put into the wagon. We drove slowly away, against the fine, icy snow which cut our faces like

a sandblast. When we reached the grave, it looked a very little spot in that snowcovered waste. The men

took the coffin to the edge of the hole and lowered it with ropes. We stood about watching them, and the

powdery snow lay without melting on the caps and shoulders of the men and the shawls of the women.

Jelinek spoke in a persuasive tone to Mrs. Shimerda, and then turned to grandfather.

`She says, Mr. Burden, she is very glad if you can make some prayer for him here in English, for the

Grandmother looked anxiously at grandfather. He took off his hat, and the other men did likewise. I thought

his prayer remarkable. I still remember it. He began, `Oh, great and just God, no man among us knows what

the sleeper knows, nor is it for us to judge what lies between him and Thee.' He prayed that if any man there

had been remiss toward the stranger come to a far country, God would forgive him and soften his heart. He

recalled the promises to the widow and the fatherless, and asked God to smooth the way before this widow

and her children, and to `incline the hearts of men to deal justly with her.' In closing, he said we were leaving

All the time he was praying, grandmother watched him through the black fingers of her glove, and when he

said `Amen,' I thought she looked satisfied with him. She turned to Otto and whispered, `Can't you start a

Fuchs glanced about to see if there was general approval of her suggestion, then began, `Jesus, Lover of my

Soul,' and all the men and women took it up after him. Whenever I have heard the hymn since, it has made

me remember that white waste and the little group of people; and the bluish air, full of fine, eddying snow,

Years afterward, when the opengrazing days were over, and the red grass had been ploughed under and

under until it had almost disappeared from the prairie; when all the fields were under fence, and the roads no

longer ran about like wild things, but followed the surveyed sectionlines, Mr. Shimerda's grave was still

there, with a sagging wire fence around it, and an unpainted wooden cross. As grandfather had predicted,

Mrs. Shimerda never saw the roads going over his head. The road from the north curved a little to the east

just there, and the road from the west swung out a little to the south; so that the grave, with its tall red grass

that was never mowed, was like a little island; and at twilight, under a new moon or the clear evening star, the

dusty roads used to look like soft grey rivers flowing past it. I never came upon the place without emotion,

and in all that country it was the spot most dear to me. I loved the dim superstition, the propitiatory intent,

that had put the grave there; and still more I loved the spirit that could not carry out the sentence the error

from the surveyed lines, the clemency of the soft earth roads along which the homecoming wagons rattled

after sunset. Never a tired driver passed the wooden cross, I am sure, without wishing well to the sleeper.

WHEN SPRING CAME, AFTER that hard winter, one could not get enough of the nimble air. Every

morning I wakened with a fresh consciousness that winter was over. There were none of the signs of spring

for which I used to watch in Virginia, no budding woods or blooming gardens. There was onlyspring

itself; the throb of it, the light restlessness, the vital essence of it everywhere: in the sky, in the swift clouds,

in the pale sunshine, and in the warm, high windrising suddenly, sinking suddenly, impulsive and playful

like a big puppy that pawed you and then lay down to be petted. If I had been tossed down blindfold on that

Everywhere now there was the smell of burning grass. Our neighbours burned off their pasture before the

new grass made a start, so that the fresh growth would not be mixed with the dead stand of last year. Those

light, swift fires, running about the country, seemed a part of the same kindling that was in the air.

The Shimerdas were in their new log house by then. The neighbours had helped them to build it in March. It

stood directly in front of their old cave, which they used as a cellar. The family were now fairly equipped to

begin their struggle with the soil. They had four comfortable rooms to live in, a new windmillbought on

credita chickenhouse and poultry. Mrs. Shimerda had paid grandfather ten dollars for a milk cow, and

When I rode up to the Shimerdas' one bright windy afternoon in April, Yulka ran out to meet me. It was to

her, now, that I gave reading lessons; Antonia was busy with other things. I tied my pony and went into the

kitchen where Mrs. Shimerda was baking bread, chewing poppy seeds as she worked. By this time she could

speak enough English to ask me a great many questions about what our men were doing in the fields. She

seemed to think that my elders withheld helpful information, and that from me she might get valuable secrets.

On this occasion she asked me very craftily when grandfather expected to begin planting corn. I told her,

adding that he thought we should have a dry spring and that the corn would not be held back by too much

She gave me a shrewd glance. `He not Jesus,' she blustered; `he not know about the wet and the dry.

I did not answer her; what was the use? As I sat waiting for the hour when Ambrosch and Antonia would

return from the fields, I watched Mrs. Shimerda at her work. She took from the oven a coffeecake which she

wanted to keep warm for supper, and wrapped it in a quilt stuffed with feathers. I have seen her put even a

roast goose in this quilt to keep it hot. When the neighbours were there building the new house, they saw her

do this, and the story got abroad that the Shimerdas kept their food in their featherbeds.

When the sun was dropping low, Antonia came up the big south draw with her team. How much older she

had grown in eight months! She had come to us a child, and now she was a tall, strong young girl, although

her fifteenth birthday had just slipped by. I ran out and met her as she brought her horses up to the windmill

to water them. She wore the boots her father had so thoughtfully taken off before he shot himself, and his old

fur cap. Her outgrown cotton dress switched about her calves, over the boottops. She kept her sleeves rolled

up all day, and her arms and throat were burned as brown as a sailor's. Her neck came up strongly out of her

shoulders, like the bole of a tree out of the turf. One sees that draughthorse neck among the peasant women

She greeted me gaily, and began at once to tell me how much ploughing she had done that day. Ambrosch,

`Jim, you ask Jake how much he ploughed today. I don't want that Jake get more done in one day than me. I

While the horses drew in the water, and nosed each other, and then drank again, Antonia sat down on the

`You see the big prairie fire from your place last night? I hope your grandpa ain't lose no stacks?'

`No, we didn't. I came to ask you something, Tony. Grandmother wants to know if you can't go to the term of

school that begins next week over at the sod schoolhouse. She says there's a good teacher, and you'd learn a

Antonia stood up, lifting and dropping her shoulders as if they were stiff. `I ain't got time to learn. I can work

like mans now. My mother can't say no more how Ambrosch do all and nobody to help him. I can work as

much as him. School is all right for little boys. I help make this land one good farm.'

She clucked to her team and started for the barn. I walked beside her, feeling vexed. Was she going to grow

up boastful like her mother, I wondered? Before we reached the stable, I felt something tense in her silence,

and glancing up I saw that she was crying. She turned her face from me and looked off at the red streak of

I climbed up into the loft and threw down the hay for her, while she unharnessed her team. We walked slowly

back toward the house. Ambrosch had come in from the north quarter, and was watering his oxen at the tank.

Antonia took my hand. `Sometime you will tell me all those nice things you learn at the school, won't you,

Jimmy?' she asked with a sudden rush of feeling in her voice. `My father, he went much to school. He know a

great deal; how to make the fine cloth like what you not got here. He play horn and violin, and he read so

many books that the priests in Bohemie come to talk to him. You won't forget my father, Jim?' `No,' I said, `I

Mrs. Shimerda asked me to stay for supper. After Ambrosch and Antonia had washed the field dust from

their hands and faces at the washbasin by the kitchen door, we sat down at the oilclothcovered table. Mrs.

Shimerda ladled meal mush out of an iron pot and poured milk on it. After the mush we had fresh bread and

sorghum molasses, and coffee with the cake that had been kept warm in the feathers. Antonia and Ambrosch

were talking in Bohemian; disputing about which of them had done more ploughing that day. Mrs. Shimerda

Presently Ambrosch said sullenly in English: `You take them ox tomorrow and try the sod plough. Then you

His sister laughed. `Don't be mad. I know it's awful hard work for break sod. I milk the cow for you

Mrs. Shimerda turned quickly to me. `That cow not give so much milk like what your grandpa say. If he

`He doesn't talk about the fifteen dollars,' I exclaimed indignantly. `He doesn't find fault with people.'

I knew he had broken the saw, and then hid it and lied about it. I began to wish I had not stayed for supper.

Everything was disagreeable to me. Antonia ate so noisily now, like a man, and she yawned often at the table

and kept stretching her arms over her head, as if they ached. Grandmother had said, `Heavy field work'll spoil

that girl. She'll lose all her nice ways and get rough ones.' She had lost them already.

After supper I rode home through the sad, soft spring twilight. Since winter I had seen very little of Antonia.

She was out in the fields from sunup until sundown. If I rode over to see her where she was ploughing, she

stopped at the end of a row to chat for a moment, then gripped her ploughhandles, clucked to her team, and

waded on down the furrow, making me feel that she was now grown up and had no time for me. On Sundays

she helped her mother make garden or sewed all day. Grandfather was pleased with Antonia. When we

complained of her, he only smiled and said, `She will help some fellow get ahead in the world.'

Nowadays Tony could talk of nothing but the prices of things, or how much she could lift and endure. She

was too proud of her strength. I knew, too, that Ambrosch put upon her some chores a girl ought not to do,

and that the farmhands around the country joked in a nasty way about it. Whenever I saw her come up the

furrow, shouting to her beasts, sunburned, sweaty, her dress open at the neck, and her throat and chest

dustplastered, I used to think of the tone in which poor Mr. Shimerda, who could say so little, yet managed

AFTER I BEGAN TO go to the country school, I saw less of the Bohemians. We were sixteen pupils at the

sod schoolhouse, and we all came on horseback and brought our dinner. My schoolmates were none of them

very interesting, but I somehow felt that, by Taking comrades of them, I was getting even with Antonia for

her indifference. Since the father's death, Ambrosch was more than ever the head of the house, and he seemed

to direct the feelings as well as the fortunes of his womenfolk. Antonia often quoted his opinions to me, and

she let me see that she admired him, while she thought of me only as a little boy. Before the spring was over,

there was a distinct coldness between us and the Shimerdas. It came about in this way.

One Sunday I rode over there with Jake to get a horsecollar which Ambrosch had borrowed from him and

had not returned. It was a beautiful blue morning. The buffalopeas were blooming in pink and purple

masses along the roadside, and the larks, perched on last year's dried sunflower stalks, were singing straight

at the sun, their heads thrown back and their yellow breasts aquiver. The wind blew about us in warm, sweet

We found the Shimerdas working just as if it were a weekday. Marek was cleaning out the stable, and

Antonia and her mother were making garden, off across the pond in the drawhead. Ambrosch was up on the

windmill tower, oiling the wheel. He came down, not very cordially. When Jake asked for the collar, he

grunted and scratched his head. The collar belonged to grandfather, of course, and Jake, feeling responsible

for it, flared up. `Now, don't you say you haven't got it, Ambrosch, because I know you have, and if you ain't

Ambrosch shrugged his shoulders and sauntered down the hill toward the stable. I could see that it was one of

his mean days. Presently he returned, carrying a collar that had been badly used trampled in the dirt and

Jake jumped off his horse. I saw a wave of red come up under the rough stubble on his face. `That ain't the

piece of harness I loaned you, Ambrosch; or, if it is, you've used it shameful. I ain't agoing to carry such a

Ambrosch dropped the collar on the ground. `All right,' he said coolly, took up his oilcan, and began to

climb the mill. Jake caught him by the belt of his trousers and yanked him back. Ambrosch's feet had scarcely

touched the ground when he lunged out with a vicious kick at Jake's stomach. Fortunately, Jake was in such a

position that he could dodge it. This was not the sort of thing country boys did when they played at fisticuffs,

and Jake was furious. He landed Ambrosch a blow on the headit sounded like the crack of an axe on a

We heard squeals, and looking up saw Antonia and her mother coming on the run. They did not take the path

around the pond, but plunged through the muddy water, without even lifting their skirts. They came on,

screaming and clawing the air. By this time Ambrosch had come to his senses and was sputtering with

Mrs. Shimerda threw her hands over her head and clutched as if she were going to pull down lightning. `Law,

`I never like you no more, Jake and Jim Burden,' Antonia panted. `No friends any more!'

Jake stopped and turned his horse for a second. `Well, you're a damned ungrateful lot, the whole pack of you,'

he shouted back. `I guess the Burdens can get along without you. You've been a sight of trouble to them,

We rode away, feeling so outraged that the fine morning was spoiled for us. I hadn't a word to say, and poor

Jake was white as paper and trembling all over. It made him sick to get so angry.

`They ain't the same, Jimmy,' he kept saying in a hurt tone. `These foreigners ain't the same. You can't trust

'em to be fair. It's dirty to kick a feller. You heard how the women turned on you and after all we went

through on account of 'em last winter! They ain't to be trusted. I don't want to see you get too thick with any

`I'll never be friends with them again, Jake,' I declared hotly. `I believe they are all like Krajiek and

Grandfather heard our story with a twinkle in his eye. He advised Jake to ride to town tomorrow, go to a

justice of the peace, tell him he had knocked young Shimerda down, and pay his fine. Then if Mrs. Shimerda

was inclined to make trouble her son was still under ageshe would be forestalled. Jake said he might as

well take the wagon and haul to market the pig he had been fattening. On Monday, about an hour after Jake

had started, we saw Mrs. Shimerda and her Ambrosch proudly driving by, looking neither to the right nor

left. As they rattled out of sight down the Black Hawk road, grandfather chuckled, saying he had rather

Jake paid his fine with a tendollar bill grandfather had given him for that purpose. But when the Shimerdas

found that Jake sold his pig in town that day, Ambrosch worked it out in his shrewd head that Jake had to sell

his pig to pay his fine. This theory afforded the Shimerdas great satisfaction, apparently. For weeks

afterward, whenever Jake and I met Antonia on her way to the postoffice, or going along the road with her

Otto pretended not to be surprised at Antonia's behaviour. He only lifted his brows and said, `You can't tell

Grandfather was never a party to what Jake called our feud with the Shimerdas. Ambrosch and Antonia

always greeted him respectfully, and he asked them about their affairs and gave them advice as usual. He

thought the future looked hopeful for them. Ambrosch was a farseeing fellow; he soon realized that his oxen

were too heavy for any work except breaking sod, and he succeeded in selling them to a newly arrived

German. With the money he bought another team of horses, which grandfather selected for him. Marek was

strong, and Ambrosch worked him hard; but he could never teach him to cultivate corn, I remember. The one

idea that had ever got through poor Marek's thick head was that all exertion was meritorious. He always bore

down on the handles of the cultivator and drove the blades so deep into the earth that the horses were soon

In June, Ambrosch went to work at Mr. Bushy's for a week, and took Marek with him at full wages. Mrs.

Shimerda then drove the second cultivator; she and Antonia worked in the fields all day and did the chores at

night. While the two women were running the place alone, one of the new horses got colic and gave them a

Antonia had gone down to the barn one night to see that all was well before she went to bed, and she noticed

that one of the roans was swollen about the middle and stood with its head hanging. She mounted another

horse, without waiting to saddle him, and hammered on our door just as we were going to bed. Grandfather

answered her knock. He did not send one of his men, but rode back with her himself, taking a syringe and an

old piece of carpet he kept for hot applications when our horses were sick. He found Mrs. Shimerda sitting by

the horse with her lantern, groaning and wringing her hands. It took but a few moments to release the gases

pent up in the poor beast, and the two women heard the rush of wind and saw the roan visibly diminish in

`If I lose that horse, Mr. Burden,' Antonia exclaimed, `I never stay here till Ambrosch come home! I go

When Ambrosch came back from Mr. Bushy's, we learned that he had given Marek's wages to the priest at

Black Hawk, for Masses for their father's soul. Grandmother thought Antonia needed shoes more than Mr.

Shimerda needed prayers, but grandfather said tolerantly, `If he can spare six dollars, pinched as he is, it

It was grandfather who brought about a reconciliation with the Shimerdas. One morning he told us that the

small grain was coming on so well, he thought he would begin to cut his wheat on the first of July. He would

need more men, and if it were agreeable to everyone he would engage Ambrosch for the reaping and

`I think, Emmaline,' he concluded, `I will ask Antonia to come over and help you in the kitchen. She will be

glad to earn something, and it will be a good time to end misunderstandings. I may as well ride over this

morning and make arrangements. Do you want to go with me, Jim?' His tone told me that he had already

After breakfast we set off together. When Mrs. Shimerda saw us coming, she ran from her door down into the

draw behind the stable, as if she did not want to meet us. Grandfather smiled to himself while he tied his

Behind the barn we came upon a funny sight. The cow had evidently been grazing somewhere in the draw.

Mrs. Shimerda had run to the animal, pulled up the lariat pin, and, when we came upon her, she was trying to

hide the cow in an old cave in the bank. As the hole was narrow and dark, the cow held back, and the old

woman was slapping and pushing at her hind quarters, trying to spank her into the drawside.

Grandfather ignored her singular occupation and greeted her politely. `Good morning, Mrs. Shimerda. Can

`He with the sod corn.' She pointed toward the north, still standing in front of the cow as if she hoped to

`His sod corn will be good for fodder this winter,' said grandfather encouragingly. `And where is Antonia?'

`She go with.' Mrs. Shimerda kept wiggling her bare feet about nervously in the dust.

`Very well. I will ride up there. I want them to come over and help me cut my oats and wheat next month. I

will pay them wages. Good morning. By the way, Mrs. Shimerda,' he said as he turned up the path, `I think

She started and clutched the rope tighter. Seeing that she did not understand, grandfather turned back. `You

`Pay no more, keep cow?' she asked in a bewildered tone, her narrow eyes snapping at us in the sunlight.

Mrs. Shimerda dropped the rope, ran after us, and, crouching down beside grandfather, she took his hand and

kissed it. I doubt if he had ever been so much embarrassed before. I was a little startled, too. Somehow, that

We rode away laughing, and grandfather said: `I expect she thought we had come to take the cow away for

certain, Jim. I wonder if she wouldn't have scratched a little if we'd laid hold of that lariat rope!'

Our neighbours seemed glad to make peace with us. The next Sunday Mrs. Shimerda came over and brought

Jake a pair of socks she had knitted. She presented them with an air of great magnanimity, saying, `Now you

Jake laughed sheepishly. `I don't want to have no trouble with Ambrosch. If he'll let me alone, I'll let him

Jake was not at all disconcerted. `Have the last word ma'm,' he said cheerfully. `It's a lady's privilege.'

JULY CAME ON with that breathless, brilliant heat which makes the plains of Kansas and Nebraska the best

corn country in the world. It seemed as if we could hear the corn growing in the night; under the stars one

caught a faint crackling in the dewy, heavyodoured cornfields where the feathered stalks stood so juicy and

green. If all the great plain from the Missouri to the Rocky Mountains had been under glass, and the heat

regulated by a thermometer, it could not have been better for the yellow tassels that were ripening and

fertilizing the silk day by day. The cornfields were far apart in those times, with miles of wild grazing land

between. It took a clear, meditative eye like my grandfather's to foresee that they would enlarge and multiply

until they would be, not the Shimerdas' cornfields, or Mr. Bushy's, but the world's cornfields; that their yield

would be one of the great economic facts, like the wheat crop of Russia, which underlie all the activities of

The burning sun of those few weeks, with occasional rains at night, secured the corn. After the milky ears

were once formed, we had little to fear from dry weather. The men were working so hard in the wheatfields

that they did not notice the heatthough I was kept busy carrying water for themand grandmother and

Antonia had so much to do in the kitchen that they could not have told whether one day was hotter than

another. Each morning, while the dew was still on the grass, Antonia went with me up to the garden to get

early vegetables for dinner. Grandmother made her wear a sunbonnet, but as soon as we reached the garden

she threw it on the grass and let her hair fly in the breeze. I remember how, as we bent over the peavines,

`Oh, better I like to work outofdoors than in a house!' she used to sing joyfully. `I not care that your

grandmother say it makes me like a man. I like to be like a man.' She would toss her head and ask me to feel

We were glad to have her in the house. She was so gay and responsive that one did not mind her heavy,

running step, or her clattery way with pans. Grandmother was in high spirits during the weeks that Antonia

All the nights were close and hot during that harvest season. The harvesters slept in the hayloft because it was

cooler there than in the house. I used to lie in my bed by the open window, watching the heat lightning play

softly along the horizon, or looking up at the gaunt frame of the windmill against the blue night sky. One

night there was a beautiful electric storm, though not enough rain fell to damage the cut grain. The men went

down to the barn immediately after supper, and when the dishes were washed, Antonia and I climbed up on

the slanting roof of the chickenhouse to watch the clouds. The thunder was loud and metallic, like the rattle

of sheet iron, and the lightning broke in great zigzags across the heavens, making everything stand out and

come close to us for a moment. Half the sky was chequered with black thunderheads, but all the west was

luminous and clear: in the lightning flashes it looked like deep blue water, with the sheen of moonlight on it;

and the mottled part of the sky was like marble pavement, like the quay of some splendid seacoast city,

doomed to destruction. Great warm splashes of rain fell on our upturned faces. One black cloud, no bigger

than a little boat, drifted out into the clear space unattended, and kept moving westward. All about us we

could hear the felty beat of the raindrops on the soft dust of the farmyard. Grandmother came to the door and

`In a minute we come,' Antonia called back to her. `I like your grandmother, and all things here,' she sighed.

`It will be summer a long while yet,' I reassured her. `Why aren't you always nice like this, Tony?'

`Why, just like this; like yourself. Why do you all the time try to be like Ambrosch?'

She put her arms under her head and lay back, looking up at the sky. `If I live here, like you, that is different.

I HAD BEEN LIVING with my grandfather for nearly three years when he decided to move to Black Hawk.

He and grandmother were getting old for the heavy work of a farm, and as I was now thirteen they thought I

ought to be going to school. Accordingly our homestead was rented to `that good woman, the Widow

Steavens,' and her bachelor brother, and we bought Preacher White's house, at the north end of Black Hawk.

This was the first town house one passed driving in from the farm, a landmark which told country people

We were to move to Black Hawk in March, and as soon as grandfather had fixed the date he let Jake and Otto

know of his intention. Otto said he would not be likely to find another place that suited him so well; that he

was tired of farming and thought he would go back to what he called the `wild West.' Jake Marpole, lured by

Otto's stories of adventure, decided to go with him. We did our best to dissuade Jake. He was so handicapped

by illiteracy and by his trusting disposition that he would be an easy prey to sharpers. Grandmother begged

him to stay among kindly, Christian people, where he was known; but there was no reasoning with him. He

wanted to be a prospector. He thought a silver mine was waiting for him in Colorado.

Jake and Otto served us to the last. They moved us into town, put down the carpets in our new house, made

shelves and cupboards for grandmother's kitchen, and seemed loath to leave us. But at last they went, without

warning. Those two fellows had been faithful to us through sun and storm, had given us things that cannot be

bought in any market in the world. With me they had been like older brothers; had restrained their speech and

manners out of care for me, and given me so much good comradeship. Now they got on the westbound train

one morning, in their Sunday clothes, with their oilcloth valisesand I never saw them again. Months

afterward we got a card from Otto, saying that Jake had been down with mountain fever, but now they were

both working in the Yankee Girl Mine, and were doing well. I wrote to them at that address, but my letter

Black Hawk, the new world in which we had come to live, was a clean, wellplanted little prairie town, with

white fences and good green yards about the dwellings, wide, dusty streets, and shapely little trees growing

along the wooden sidewalks. In the centre of the town there were two rows of new brick `store' buildings, a

brick schoolhouse, the courthouse, and four white churches. Our own house looked down over the town,

and from our upstairs windows we could see the winding line of the river bluffs, two miles south of us. That

We came to Black Hawk in March, and by the end of April we felt like town people. Grandfather was a

deacon in the new Baptist Church, grandmother was busy with church suppers and missionary societies, and I

was quite another boy, or thought I was. Suddenly put down among boys of my own age, I found I had a

great deal to learn. Before the spring term of school was over, I could fight, play `keeps,' tease the little girls,

and use forbidden words as well as any boy in my class. I was restrained from utter savagery only by the fact

that Mrs. Harling, our nearest neighbour, kept an eye on me, and if my behaviour went beyond certain bounds

We saw more of our country neighbours now than when we lived on the farm. Our house was a convenient

stoppingplace for them. We had a big barn where the farmers could put up their teams, and their womenfolk

more often accompanied them, now that they could stay with us for dinner, and rest and set their bonnets

right before they went shopping. The more our house was like a country hotel, the better I liked it. I was glad,

when I came home from school at noon, to see a farmwagon standing in the back yard, and I was always

ready to run downtown to get beefsteak or baker's bread for unexpected company. All through that first

spring and summer I kept hoping that Ambrosch would bring Antonia and Yulka to see our new house. I

wanted to show them our red plush furniture, and the trumpetblowing cherubs the German paperhanger had

When Ambrosch came to town, however, he came alone, and though he put his horses in our barn, he would

never stay for dinner, or tell us anything about his mother and sisters. If we ran out and questioned him as he

was slipping through the yard, he would merely work his shoulders about in his coat and say, `They all right,

Mrs. Steavens, who now lived on our farm, grew as fond of Antonia as we had been, and always brought us

news of her. All through the wheat season, she told us, Ambrosch hired his sister out like a man, and she went

from farm to farm, binding sheaves or working with the threshers. The farmers liked her and were kind to

her; said they would rather have her for a hand than Ambrosch. When fall came she was to husk corn for the

neighbours until Christmas, as she had done the year before; but grandmother saved her from this by getting

GRANDMOTHER OFTEN SAID THAT if she had to live in town, she thanked God she lived next the

Harlings. They had been farming people, like ourselves, and their place was like a little farm, with a big barn

and a garden, and an orchard and grazing lotseven a windmill. The Harlings were Norwegians, and Mrs.

Harling had lived in Christiania until she was ten years old. Her husband was born in Minnesota. He was a

grain merchant and cattlebuyer, and was generally considered the most enterprising business man in our

county. He controlled a line of grain elevators in the little towns along the railroad to the west of us, and was

away from home a great deal. In his absence his wife was the head of the household.

Mrs. Harling was short and square and sturdylooking, like her house. Every inch of her was charged with an

energy that made itself felt the moment she entered a room. Her face was rosy and solid, with bright,

twinkling eyes and a stubborn little chin. She was quick to anger, quick to laughter, and jolly from the depths

of her soul. How well I remember her laugh; it had in it the same sudden recognition that flashed into her

eyes, was a burst of humour, short and intelligent. Her rapid footsteps shook her own floors, and she routed

lassitude and indifference wherever she came. She could not be negative or perfunctory about anything. Her

enthusiasm, and her violent likes and dislikes, asserted themselves in all the everyday occupations of life.

Washday was interesting, never dreary, at the Harlings'. Preservingtime was a prolonged festival, and

housecleaning was like a revolution. When Mrs. Harling made garden that spring, we could feel the stir of

Three of the Harling children were near me in age. Charley, the only son they had lost an older boywas

sixteen; Julia, who was known as the musical one, was fourteen when I was; and Sally, the tomboy with short

hair, was a year younger. She was nearly as strong as I, and uncannily clever at all boys' sports. Sally was a

wild thing, with sunburned yellow hair, bobbed about her ears, and a brown skin, for she never wore a hat.

She raced all over town on one roller skate, often cheated at `keeps,' but was such a quick shot one couldn't

The grownup daughter, Frances, was a very important person in our world. She was her father's chief clerk,

and virtually managed his Black Hawk office during his frequent absences. Because of her unusual business

ability, he was stern and exacting with her. He paid her a good salary, but she had few holidays and never got

away from her responsibilities. Even on Sundays she went to the office to open the mail and read the markets.

With Charley, who was not interested in business, but was already preparing for Annapolis, Mr. Harling was

very indulgent; bought him guns and tools and electric batteries, and never asked what he did with them.

Frances was dark, like her father, and quite as tall. In winter she wore a sealskin coat and cap, and she and

Mr. Harling used to walk home together in the evening, talking about graincars and cattle, like two men.

Sometimes she came over to see grandfather after supper, and her visits flattered him. More than once they

put their wits together to rescue some unfortunate farmer from the clutches of Wick Cutter, the Black Hawk

moneylender. Grandfather said Frances Harling was as good a judge of credits as any banker in the county.

The two or three men who had tried to take advantage of her in a deal acquired celebrity by their defeat. She

knew every farmer for miles about: how much land he had under cultivation, how many cattle he was

feeding, what his liabilities were. Her interest in these people was more than a business interest. She carried

When Frances drove out into the country on business, she would go miles out of her way to call on some of

the old people, or to see the women who seldom got to town. She was quick at understanding the

grandmothers who spoke no English, and the most reticent and distrustful of them would tell her their story

without realizing they were doing so. She went to country funerals and weddings in all weathers. A farmer's

daughter who was to be married could count on a wedding present from Frances Harling.

In August the Harlings' Danish cook had to leave them. Grandmother entreated them to try Antonia. She

cornered Ambrosch the next time he came to town, and pointed out to him that any connection with Christian

Harling would strengthen his credit and be of advantage to him. One Sunday Mrs. Harling took the long ride

out to the Shimerdas' with Frances. She said she wanted to see `what the girl came from' and to have a clear

understanding with her mother. I was in our yard when they came driving home, just before sunset. They

laughed and waved to me as they passed, and I could see they were in great good humour. After supper, when

grandfather set off to church, grandmother and I took my short cut through the willow hedge and went over to

We found Mrs. Harling with Charley and Sally on the front porch, resting after her hard drive. Julia was in

the hammock she was fond of reposeand Frances was at the piano, playing without a light and talking to

Mrs. Harling laughed when she saw us coming. `I expect you left your dishes on the table tonight, Mrs.

They had liked Antonia from their first glimpse of her; felt they knew exactly what kind of girl she was. As

for Mrs. Shimerda, they found her very amusing. Mrs. Harling chuckled whenever she spoke of her. `I expect

I am more at home with that sort of bird than you are, Mrs. Burden. They're a pair, Ambrosch and that old

They had had a long argument with Ambrosch about Antonia's allowance for clothes and pocketmoney. It

was his plan that every cent of his sister's wages should be paid over to him each month, and he would

provide her with such clothing as he thought necessary. When Mrs. Harling told him firmly that she would

keep fifty dollars a year for Antonia's own use, he declared they wanted to take his sister to town and dress

her up and make a fool of her. Mrs. Harling gave us a lively account of Ambrosch's behaviour throughout the

interview; how he kept jumping up and putting on his cap as if he were through with the whole business, and

how his mother tweaked his coattail and prompted him in Bohemian. Mrs. Harling finally agreed to pay

three dollars a week for Antonia's servicesgood wages in those daysand to keep her in shoes. There had

been hot dispute about the shoes, Mrs. Shimerda finally saying persuasively that she would send Mrs. Harling

three fat geese every year to `make even.' Ambrosch was to bring his sister to town next Saturday.

`She'll be awkward and rough at first, like enough,' grandmother said anxiously, `but unless she's been

spoiled by the hard life she's led, she has it in her to be a real helpful girl.'

Mrs. Harling laughed her quick, decided laugh. `Oh, I'm not worrying, Mrs. Burden! I can bring something

out of that girl. She's barely seventeen, not too old to learn new ways. She's goodlooking, too!' she added

Frances turned to grandmother. `Oh, yes, Mrs. Burden, you didn't tell us that! She was working in the garden

when we got there, barefoot and ragged. But she has such fine brown legs and arms, and splendid colour in

We were pleased at this praise. Grandmother spoke feelingly. `When she first came to this country, Frances,

and had that genteel old man to watch over her, she was as pretty a girl as ever I saw. But, dear me, what a

life she's led, out in the fields with those rough threshers! Things would have been very different with poor

The Harlings begged us to tell them about Mr. Shimerda's death and the big snowstorm. By the time we saw

grandfather coming home from church, we had told them pretty much all we knew of the Shimerdas.

`The girl will be happy here, and she'll forget those things,' said Mrs. Harling confidently, as we rose to take

ON SATURDAY AMBROSCH drove up to the back gate, and Antonia jumped down from the wagon and

ran into our kitchen just as she used to do. She was wearing shoes and stockings, and was breathless and

excited. She gave me a playful shake by the shoulders. `You ain't forget about me, Jim?'

Grandmother kissed her. `God bless you, child! Now you've come, you must try to do right and be a credit to

Antonia looked eagerly about the house and admired everything. `Maybe I be the kind of girl you like better;

How good it was to have Antonia near us again; to see her every day and almost every night! Her greatest

fault, Mrs. Harling found, was that she so often stopped her work and fell to playing with the children. She

would race about the orchard with us, or take sides in our hayfights in the barn, or be the old bear that came

down from the mountain and carried off Nina. Tony learned English so quickly that by the time school began

I was jealous of Tony's admiration for Charley Harling. Because he was always first in his classes at school,

and could mend the waterpipes or the doorbell and take the clock to pieces, she seemed to think him a sort

of prince. Nothing that Charley wanted was too much trouble for her. She loved to put up lunches for him

when he went hunting, to mend his ballgloves and sew buttons on his shootingcoat, baked the kind of

nutcake he liked, and fed his setter dog when he was away on trips with his father. Antonia had made

herself cloth workingslippers out of Mr. Harling's old coats, and in these she went padding about after

Next to Charley, I think she loved Nina best. Nina was only six, and she was rather more complex than the

other children. She was fanciful, had all sorts of unspoken preferences, and was easily offended. At the

slightest disappointment or displeasure, her velvety brown eyes filled with tears, and she would lift her chin

and walk silently away. If we ran after her and tried to appease her, it did no good. She walked on

unmollified. I used to think that no eyes in the world could grow so large or hold so many tears as Nina's.

Mrs. Harling and Antonia invariably took her part. We were never given a chance to explain. The charge was

simply: `You have made Nina cry. Now, Jimmy can go home, and Sally must get her arithmetic.' I liked

Nina, too; she was so quaint and unexpected, and her eyes were lovely; but I often wanted to shake her.

We had jolly evenings at the Harlings' when the father was away. If he was at home, the children had to go to

bed early, or they came over to my house to play. Mr. Harling not only demanded a quiet house, he

demanded all his wife's attention. He used to take her away to their room in the west ell, and talk over his

business with her all evening. Though we did not realize it then, Mrs. Harling was our audience when we

played, and we always looked to her for suggestions. Nothing flattered one like her quick laugh.

Mr. Harling had a desk in his bedroom, and his own easychair by the window, in which no one else ever sat.

On the nights when he was at home, I could see his shadow on the blind, and it seemed to me an arrogant

shadow. Mrs. Harling paid no heed to anyone else if he was there. Before he went to bed she always got him

a lunch of smoked salmon or anchovies and beer. He kept an alcohol lamp in his room, and a French

coffeepot, and his wife made coffee for him at any hour of the night he happened to want it.

Most Black Hawk fathers had no personal habits outside their domestic ones; they paid the bills, pushed the

babycarriage after office hours, moved the sprinkler about over the lawn, and took the family driving on

Sunday. Mr. Harling, therefore, seemed to me autocratic and imperial in his ways. He walked, talked, put on

his gloves, shook hands, like a man who felt that he had power. He was not tall, but he carried his head so

haughtily that he looked a commanding figure, and there was something daring and challenging in his eyes. I

used to imagine that the ,nobles' of whom Antonia was always talking probably looked very much like

Christian Harling, wore caped overcoats like his, and just such a glittering diamond upon the little finger.

Except when the father was at home, the Harling house was never quiet. Mrs. Harling and Nina and Antonia

made as much noise as a houseful of children, and there was usually somebody at the piano. Julia was the

only one who was held down to regular hours of practising, but they all played. When Frances came home at

noon, she played until dinner was ready. When Sally got back from school, she sat down in her hat and coat

and drummed the plantation melodies that Negro minstrel troupes brought to town. Even Nina played the

Mrs. Harling had studied the piano under a good teacher, and somehow she managed to practise every day. I

soon learned that if I were sent over on an errand and found Mrs. Harling at the piano, I must sit down and

wait quietly until she turned to me. I can see her at this moment: her short, square person planted firmly on

the stool, her little fat hands moving quickly and neatly over the keys, her eyes fixed on the music with

WE WERE SINGING rhymes to tease Antonia while she was beating up one of Charley's favourite cakes in

It was a crisp autumn evening, just cold enough to make one glad to quit playing tag in the yard, and retreat

into the kitchen. We had begun to roll popcorn balls with syrup when we heard a knock at the back door, and

A plump, fairskinned girl was standing in the doorway. She looked demure and pretty, and made a graceful

picture in her blue cashmere dress and little blue hat, with a plaid shawl drawn neatly about her shoulders and

`Hello, Tony. Don't you know me?' she asked in a smooth, low voice, looking in at us archly.

Lena Lingard laughed, as if this pleased her. I had not recognized her for a moment, either. I had never seen

her before with a hat on her heador with shoes and stockings on her feet, for that matter. And here she was,

brushed and smoothed and dressed like a town girl, smiling at us with perfect composure.

`Hello, Jim,' she said carelessly as she walked into the kitchen and looked about her. `I've come to town to

`Have you, now? Well, ain't that funny" Antonia stood ill at ease, and didn't seem to know just what to do

The door was open into the diningroom, where Mrs. Harling sat crocheting and Frances was reading.

`You are Lena Lingard, aren't you? I've been to see your mother, but you were off herding cattle that day.

Mrs. Harling dropped her worsted and examined the visitor with quick, keen eyes. Lena was not at all

disconcerted. She sat down in the chair Frances pointed out, carefully arranging her pocketbook and grey

cotton gloves on her lap. We followed with our popcorn, but Antonia hung back said she had to get her

`So you have come to town,' said Mrs. Harling, her eyes still fixed on Lena. `Where are you working?'

`For Mrs. Thomas, the dressmaker. She is going to teach me to sew. She says I have quite a knack. I'm

through with the farm. There ain't any end to the work on a farm, and always so much trouble happens. I'm

`Well, there have to be dressmakers. It's a good trade. But I wouldn't run down the farm, if I were you,' said

`Oh, mother's never very well; she has too much to do. She'd get away from the farm, too, if she could. She

was willing for me to come. After I learn to do sewing, I can make money and help her.'

`See that you don't forget to,' said Mrs. Harling sceptically, as she took up her crocheting again and sent the

`No, 'm, I won't,' said Lena blandly. She took a few grains of the popcorn we pressed upon her, eating them

Frances drew her chair up nearer to the visitor. `I thought you were going to be married, Lena,' she said

Lena looked up with her curiously innocent smile. `He did go with me quite a while. But his father made a

fuss about it and said he wouldn't give Nick any land if he married me, so he's going to marry Annie Iverson.

I wouldn't like to be her; Nick's awful sullen, and he'll take it out on her. He ain't spoke to his father since he

`I don't want to marry Nick, or any other man,' Lena murmured. `I've seen a good deal of married life, and I

don't care for it. I want to be so I can help my mother and the children at home, and not have to ask lief of

`That's right,' said Frances. `And Mrs. Thomas thinks you can learn dressmaking?'

`Yes, 'm. I've always liked to sew, but I never had much to do with. Mrs. Thomas makes lovely things for all

the town ladies. Did you know Mrs. Gardener is having a purple velvet made? The velvet came from Omaha.

My, but it's lovely!' Lena sighed softly and stroked her cashmere folds. `Tony knows I never did like

Mrs. Harling glanced at her. `I expect you'll learn to sew all right, Lena, if you'll only keep your head and not

go gadding about to dances all the time and neglect your work, the way some country girls do.'

`Yes, 'm. Tiny Soderball is coming to town, too. She's going to work at the Boys' Home Hotel. She'll see lots

`Too many, like enough,' said Mrs. Harling. `I don't think a hotel is a good place for a girl; though I guess

Lena's candid eyes, that always looked a little sleepy under their long lashes, kept straying about the cheerful

rooms with naive admiration. Presently she drew on her cotton gloves. `I guess I must be leaving,' she said

Frances told her to come again, whenever she was lonesome or wanted advice about anything. Lena replied

She lingered at the kitchen door and begged Antonia to come and see her often. `I've got a room of my own at

Tony shuffled uneasily in her cloth slippers. `I'll come sometime, but Mrs. Harling don't like to have me run

`You can do what you please when you go out, can't you?' Lena asked in a guarded whisper. `Ain't you crazy

about town, Tony? I don't care what anybody says, I'm done with the farm!' She glanced back over her

When Lena was gone, Frances asked Antonia why she hadn't been a little more cordial to her.

`I didn't know if your mother would like her coming here,' said Antonia, looking troubled. `She was kind of

`Yes, I know. But mother won't hold it against her if she behaves well here. You needn't say anything about

When I nodded, she pulled my hair and told me I knew too much, anyhow. We were good friends, Frances

I ran home to tell grandmother that Lena Lingard had come to town. We were glad of it, for she had a hard

Lena lived in the Norwegian settlement west of Squaw Creek, and she used to herd her father's cattle in the

open country between his place and the Shimerdas'. Whenever we rode over in that direction we saw her out

among her cattle, bareheaded and barefooted, scantily dressed in tattered clothing, always knitting as she

watched her herd. Before I knew Lena, I thought of her as something wild, that always lived on the prairie,

because I had never seen her under a roof. Her yellow hair was burned to a ruddy thatch on her head; but her

legs and arms, curiously enough, in spite of constant exposure to the sun, kept a miraculous whiteness which

somehow made her seem more undressed than other girls who went scantily clad. The first time I stopped to

talk to her, I was astonished at her soft voice and easy, gentle ways. The girls out there usually got rough and

mannish after they went to herding. But Lena asked Jake and me to get off our horses and stay awhile, and

behaved exactly as if she were in a house and were accustomed to having visitors. She was not embarrassed

by her ragged clothes, and treated us as if we were old acquaintances. Even then I noticed the unusual colour

Chris Lingard was not a very successful farmer, and he had a large family. Lena was always knitting

stockings for little brothers and sisters, and even the Norwegian women, who disapproved of her, admitted

that she was a good daughter to her mother. As Tony said, she had been talked about. She was accused of

making Ole Benson lose the little sense he had and that at an age when she should still have been in

Ole lived in a leaky dugout somewhere at the edge of the settlement. He was fat and lazy and discouraged,

and bad luck had become a habit with him. After he had had every other kind of misfortune, his wife, `Crazy

Mary,' tried to set a neighbour's barn on fire, and was sent to the asylum at Lincoln. She was kept there for a

few months, then escaped and walked all the way home, nearly two hundred miles, travelling by night and

hiding in barns and haystacks by day. When she got back to the Norwegian settlement, her poor feet were as

hard as hoofs. She promised to be good, and was allowed to stay at homethough everyone realized she was

as crazy as ever, and she still ran about barefooted through the snow, telling her domestic troubles to her

Not long after Mary came back from the asylum, I heard a young Dane, who was helping us to thresh, tell

Jake and Otto that Chris Lingard's oldest girl had put Ole Benson out of his head, until he had no more sense

than his crazy wife. When Ole was cultivating his corn that summer, he used to get discouraged in the field,

tie up his team, and wander off to wherever Lena Lingard was herding. There he would sit down on the

drawside and help her watch her cattle. All the settlement was talking about it. The Norwegian preacher's

wife went to Lena and told her she ought not to allow this; she begged Lena to come to church on Sundays.

Lena said she hadn't a dress in the world any less ragged than the one on her back. Then the minister's wife

went through her old trunks and found some things she had worn before her marriage.

The next Sunday Lena appeared at church, a little late, with her hair done up neatly on her head, like a young

woman, wearing shoes and stockings, and the new dress, which she had made over for herself very

becomingly. The congregation stared at her. Until that morning no oneunless it were Olehad realized

how pretty she was, or that she was growing up. The swelling lines of her figure had been hidden under the

shapeless rags she wore in the fields. After the last hymn had been sung, and the congregation was dismissed,

Ole slipped out to the hitchbar and lifted Lena on her horse. That, in itself, was shocking; a married man

was not expected to do such things. But it was nothing to the scene that followed. Crazy Mary darted out

from the group of women at the church door, and ran down the road after Lena, shouting horrible threats.

`Look out, you Lena Lingard, look out! I'll come over with a cornknife one day and trim some of that shape

The Norwegian women didn't know where to look. They were formal housewives, most of them, with a

severe sense of decorum. But Lena Lingard only laughed her lazy, goodnatured laugh and rode on, gazing

The time came, however, when Lena didn't laugh. More than once Crazy Mary chased her across the prairie

and round and round the Shimerdas' cornfield. Lena never told her father; perhaps she was ashamed; perhaps

she was more afraid of his anger than of the cornknife. I was at the Shimerdas' one afternoon when Lena

came bounding through the red grass as fast as her white legs could carry her. She ran straight into the house

and hid in Antonia's featherbed. Mary was not far behind: she came right up to the door and made us feel

how sharp her blade was, showing us very graphically just what she meant to do to Lena. Mrs. Shimerda,

leaning out of the window, enjoyed the situation keenly, and was sorry when Antonia sent Mary away,

mollified by an apronful of bottletomatoes. Lena came out from Tony's room behind the kitchen, very pink

from the heat of the feathers, but otherwise calm. She begged Antonia and me to go with her, and help get her

cattle together; they were scattered and might be gorging themselves in somebody's cornfield.

`Maybe you lose a steer and learn not to make somethings with your eyes at married men,' Mrs. Shimerda

Lena only smiled her sleepy smile. `I never made anything to him with my eyes. I can't help it if he hangs

AFTER LENA CAME To Black Hawk, I often met her downtown, where she would be matching sewing silk

or buying `findings' for Mrs. Thomas. If I happened to walk home with her, she told me all about the dresses

she was helping to make, or about what she saw and heard when she was with Tiny Soderball at the hotel on

The Boys' Home was the best hotel on our branch of the Burlington, and all the commercial travellers in that

territory tried to get into Black Hawk for Sunday. They used to assemble in the parlour after supper on

Saturday nights. Marshall Field's man, Anson Kirkpatrick, played the piano and sang all the latest sentimental

songs. After Tiny had helped the cook wash the dishes, she and Lena sat on the other side of the double doors

between the parlour and the diningroom, listening to the music and giggling at the jokes and stories. Lena

often said she hoped I would be a travelling man when I grew up. They had a gay life of it; nothing to do but

ride about on trains all day and go to theatres when they were in big cities. Behind the hotel there was an old

store building, where the salesmen opened their big trunks and spread out their samples on the counters. The

Black Hawk merchants went to look at these things and order goods, and Mrs. Thomas, though she was I

retail trade,' was permitted to see them and to `get ideas.' They were all generous, these travelling men; they

gave Tiny Soderball handkerchiefs and gloves and ribbons and striped stockings, and so many bottles of

One afternoon in the week before Christmas, I came upon Lena and her funny, squareheaded little brother

Chris, standing before the drugstore, gazing in at the wax dolls and blocks and Noah's Arks arranged in the

frosty show window. The boy had come to town with a neighbour to do his Christmas shopping, for he had

money of his own this year. He was only twelve, but that winter he had got the job of sweeping out the

Norwegian church and making the fire in it every Sunday morning. A cold job it must have been, too!

We went into Duckford's drygoods store, and Chris unwrapped all his presents and showed them to me

something for each of the six younger than himself, even a rubber pig for the baby. Lena had given him one

of Tiny Soderball's bottles of perfume for his mother, and he thought he would get some handkerchiefs to go

with it. They were cheap, and he hadn't much money left. We found a tableful of handkerchiefs spread out for

view at Duckford's. Chris wanted those with initial letters in the corner, because he had never seen any

before. He studied them seriously, while Lena looked over his shoulder, telling him she thought the red letters

would hold their colour best. He seemed so perplexed that I thought perhaps he hadn't enough money, after

`Sister, you know mother's name is Berthe. I don't know if I ought to get B for Berthe, or M for Mother.'

Lena patted his bristly head. `I'd get the B, Chrissy. It will please her for you to think about her name.

That satisfied him. His face cleared at once, and he took three reds and three blues. When the neighbour came

in to say that it was time to start, Lena wound Chris's comforter about his neck and turned up his jacket

collarhe had no overcoat and we watched him climb into the wagon and start on his long, cold drive. As

we walked together up the windy street, Lena wiped her eyes with the back of her woollen glove. `I get awful

homesick for them, all the same,' she murmured, as if she were answering some remembered reproach.

WINTER COMES DOWN SAVAGELY over a little town on the prairie. The wind that sweeps in from the

open country strips away all the leafy screens that hide one yard from another in summer, and the houses

seem to draw closer together. The roofs, that looked so far away across the green treetops, now stare you in

the face, and they are so much uglier than when their angles were softened by vines and shrubs.

In the morning, when I was fighting my way to school against the wind, I couldn't see anything but the road

in front of me; but in the late afternoon, when I was coming home, the town looked bleak and desolate to me.

The pale, cold light of the winter sunset did not beautifyit was like the light of truth itself. When the smoky

clouds hung low in the west and the red sun went down behind them, leaving a pink flush on the snowy roofs

and the blue drifts, then the wind sprang up afresh, with a kind of bitter song, as if it said: `This is reality,

whether you like it or not. All those frivolities of summer, the light and shadow, the living mask of green that

trembled over everything, they were lies, and this is what was underneath. This is the truth.' It was as if we

If I loitered on the playground after school, or went to the postoffice for the mail and lingered to hear the

gossip about the cigarstand, it would be growing dark by the time I came home. The sun was gone; the

frozen streets stretched long and blue before me; the lights were shining pale in kitchen windows, and I could

smell the suppers cooking as I passed. Few people were abroad, and each one of them was hurrying toward a

fire. The glowing stoves in the houses were like magnets. When one passed an old man, one could see

nothing of his face but a red nose sticking out between a frosted beard and a long plush cap. The young men

capered along with their hands in their pockets, and sometimes tried a slide on the icy sidewalk. The children,

in their bright hoods and comforters, never walked, but always ran from the moment they left their door,

beating their mittens against their sides. When I got as far as the Methodist Church, I was about halfway

home. I can remember how glad I was when there happened to be a light in the church, and the painted glass

window shone out at us as we came along the frozen street. In the winter bleakness a hunger for colour came

over people, like the Laplander's craving for fats and sugar. Without knowing why, we used to linger on the

sidewalk outside the church when the lamps were lighted early for choir practice or prayermeeting,

shivering and talking until our feet were like lumps of ice. The crude reds and greens and blues of that

On winter nights, the lights in the Harlings' windows drew me like the painted glass. Inside that warm, roomy

house there was colour, too. After supper I used to catch up my cap, stick my hands in my pockets, and dive

through the willow hedge as if witches were after me. Of course, if Mr. Harling was at home, if his shadow

stood out on the blind of the west room, I did not go in, but turned and walked home by the long way,

through the street, wondering what book I should read as I sat down with the two old people.

Such disappointments only gave greater zest to the nights when we acted charades, or had a costume ball in

the back parlour, with Sally always dressed like a boy. Frances taught us to dance that winter, and she said,

from the first lesson, that Antonia would make the best dancer among us. On Saturday nights, Mrs. Harling

used to play the old operas for us'Martha,' `Norma,' `Rigoletto'telling us the story while she played.

Every Saturday night was like a party. The parlour, the back parlour, and the diningroom were warm and

brightly lighted, with comfortable chairs and sofas, and gay pictures on the walls. One always felt at ease

there. Antonia brought her sewing and sat with usshe was already beginning to make pretty clothes for

herself. After the long winter evenings on the prairie, with Ambrosch's sullen silences and her mother's

complaints, the Harlings' house seemed, as she said, `like Heaven' to her. She was never too tired to make

taffy or chocolate cookies for us. If Sally whispered in her ear, or Charley gave her three winks, Tony would

rush into the kitchen and build a fire in the range on which she had already cooked three meals that day.

While we sat in the kitchen waiting for the cookies to bake or the taffy to cool, Nina used to coax Antonia to

tell her storiesabout the calf that broke its leg, or how Yulka saved her little turkeys from drowning in the

freshet, or about old Christmases and weddings in Bohemia. Nina interpreted the stories about the creche

fancifully, and in spite of our derision she cherished a belief that Christ was born in Bohemia a short time

before the Shimerdas left that country. We all liked Tony's stories. Her voice had a peculiarly engaging

quality; it was deep, a little husky, and one always heard the breath vibrating behind it. Everything she said

One evening when we were picking out kernels for walnut taffy, Tony told us a new story.

`Mrs. Harling, did you ever hear about what happened up in the Norwegian settlement last summer, when I

was threshing there? We were at Iversons', and I was driving one of the grainwagons.'

Mrs. Harling came out and sat down among us. `Could you throw the wheat into the bin yourself, Tony?' She

`Yes, ma'm, I did. I could shovel just as fast as that fat Andern boy that drove the other wagon. One day it

was just awful hot. When we got back to the field from dinner, we took things kind of easy. The men put in

the horses and got the machine going, and Ole Iverson was up on the deck, cutting bands. I was sitting against

a strawstack, trying to get some shade. My wagon wasn't going out first, and somehow I felt the heat awful

that day. The sun was so hot like it was going to burn the world up. After a while I see a man coming across

the stubble, and when he got close I see it was a tramp. His toes stuck out of his shoes, and he hadn't shaved

for a long while, and his eyes was awful red and wild, like he had some sickness. He comes right up and

begins to talk like he knows me already. He says: `The ponds in this country is done got so low a man

`I told him nobody wanted to drownd themselves, but if we didn't have rain soon we'd have to pump water for

`"Oh, cattle," he says, "you'll all take care of your cattle! Ain't you got no beer here?" I told him he'd have to

go to the Bohemians for beer; the Norwegians didn't have none when they threshed. "My God!" he says, "so

`Then he goes up to the machine and yells out to Ole Iverson, "Hello, partner, let me up there. I can cut

`I tried to make signs to Ole, 'cause I thought that man was crazy and might get the machine stopped up. But

Ole, he was glad to get down out of the sun and chaff it gets down your neck and sticks to you something

awful when it's hot like that. So Ole jumped down and crawled under one of the wagons for shade, and the

tramp got on the machine. He cut bands all right for a few minutes, and then, Mrs. Harling, he waved his

hand to me and jumped headfirst right into the threshing machine after the wheat.

`I begun to scream, and the men run to stop the horses, but the belt had sucked him down, and by the time

they got her stopped, he was all beat and cut to pieces. He was wedged in so tight it was a hard job to get him

`Was he dead? Well, I guess so! There, now, Nina's all upset. We won't talk about it. Don't you cry, Nina. No

Mrs. Harling spoke up sternly. `Stop crying, Nina, or I'll always send you upstairs when Antonia tells us

`Never, ma'm. He hadn't been seen nowhere except in a little town they call Conway. He tried to get beer

there, but there wasn't any saloon. Maybe he came in on a freight, but the brakeman hadn't seen him. They

couldn't find no letters nor nothing on him; nothing but an old penknife in his pocket and the wishbone of a

`I remember,' said Frances. `It was "The Old Oaken Bucket," cut out of a newspaper and nearly worn out. Ole

`Now, wasn't that strange, Miss Frances?' Tony asked thoughtfully. `What would anybody want to kill

`So it is, Antonia,' said Mrs. Harling heartily. `Maybe I'll go home and help you thresh next summer. Isn't that

There was a basic harmony between Antonia and her mistress. They had strong, independent natures, both of

them. They knew what they liked, and were not always trying to imitate other people. They loved children

and animals and music, and rough play and digging in the earth. They liked to prepare rich, hearty food and

to see people eat it; to make up soft white beds and to see youngsters asleep in them. They ridiculed conceited

people and were quick to help unfortunate ones. Deep down in each of them there was a kind of hearty

joviality, a relish of life, not overdelicate, but very invigorating. I never tried to define it, but I was distinctly

conscious of it. I could not imagine Antonia's living for a week in any other house in Black Hawk than the

WINTER LIES TOO LONG in country towns; hangs on until it is stale and shabby, old and sullen. On the

farm the weather was the great fact, and men's affairs went on underneath it, as the streams creep under the

ice. But in Black Hawk the scene of human life was spread out shrunken and pinched, frozen down to the

Through January and February I went to the river with the Harlings on clear nights, and we skated up to the

big island and made bonfires on the frozen sand. But by March the ice was rough and choppy, and the snow

on the river bluffs was grey and mournfullooking. I was tired of school, tired of winter clothes, of the rutted

streets, of the dirty drifts and the piles of cinders that had lain in the yards so long. There was only one break

in the dreary monotony of that month: when Blind d'Arnault, the Negro pianist, came to town. He gave a

concert at the Opera House on Monday night, and he and his manager spent Saturday and Sunday at our

comfortable hotel. Mrs. Harling had known d'Arnault for years. She told Antonia she had better go to see

Tiny that Saturday evening, as there would certainly be music at the Boys' Home.

Saturday night after supper I ran downtown to the hotel and slipped quietly into the parlour. The chairs and

sofas were already occupied, and the air smelled pleasantly of cigar smoke. The parlour had once been two

rooms, and the floor was swaybacked where the partition had been cut away. The wind from without made

waves in the long carpet. A coal stove glowed at either end of the room, and the grand piano in the middle

There was an atmosphere of unusual freedom about the house that night, for Mrs. Gardener had gone to

Omaha for a week. Johnnie had been having drinks with the guests until he was rather absentminded. It was

Mrs. Gardener who ran the business and looked after everything. Her husband stood at the desk and

Mrs. Gardener was admittedly the bestdressed woman in Black Hawk, drove the best horse, and had a smart

trap and a little whiteandgold sleigh. She seemed indifferent to her possessions, was not half so solicitous

about them as her friends were. She was tall, dark, severe, with something Indianlike in the rigid immobility

of her face. Her manner was cold, and she talked little. Guests felt that they were receiving, not conferring, a

favour when they stayed at her house. Even the smartest travelling men were flattered when Mrs. Gardener

stopped to chat with them for a moment. The patrons of the hotel were divided into two classes: those who

When I stole into the parlour, Anson Kirkpatrick, Marshall Field's man, was at the piano, playing airs from a

musical comedy then running in Chicago. He was a dapper little Irishman, very vain, homely as a monkey,

with friends everywhere, and a sweetheart in every port, like a sailor. I did not know all the men who were

sitting about, but I recognized a furniture salesman from Kansas City, a drug man, and Willy O'Reilly, who

travelled for a jewellery house and sold musical instruments. The talk was all about good and bad hotels,

actors and actresses and musical prodigies. I learned that Mrs. Gardener had gone to Omaha to hear Booth

and Barrett, who were to play there next week, and that Mary Anderson was having a great success in `A

The door from the office opened, and Johnnie Gardener came in, directing Blind d'Arnaulthe would never

consent to be led. He was a heavy, bulky mulatto, on short legs, and he came tapping the floor in front of him

with his goldheaded cane. His yellow face was lifted in the light, with a show of white teeth, all grinning,

`Good evening, gentlemen. No ladies here? Good evening, gentlemen. We going to have a little music? Some

of you gentlemen going to play for me this evening?' It was the soft, amiable Negro voice, like those I

remembered from early childhood, with the note of docile subservience in it. He had the Negro head, too;

almost no head at all; nothing behind the ears but folds of neck under closeclipped wool. He would have

been repulsive if his face had not been so kindly and happy. It was the happiest face I had seen since I left

He felt his way directly to the piano. The moment he sat down, I noticed the nervous infirmity of which Mrs.

Harling had told me. When he was sitting, or standing still, he swayed back and forth incessantly, like a

rocking toy. At the piano, he swayed in time to the music, and when he was not playing, his body kept up this

motion, like an empty mill grinding on. He found the pedals and tried them, ran his yellow hands up and

`She seems all right, gentlemen. Nothing happened to her since the last time I was here. Mrs. Gardener, she

always has this piano tuned up before I come. Now gentlemen, I expect you've all got grand voices. Seems

The men gathered round him, as he began to play `My Old Kentucky Home.' They sang one Negro melody

after another, while the mulatto sat rocking himself, his head thrown back, his yellow face lifted, his

He was born in the Far South, on the d'Arnault plantation, where the spirit if not the fact of slavery persisted.

When he was three weeks old, he had an illness which left him totally blind. As soon as he was old enough to

sit up alone and toddle about, another affliction, the nervous motion of his body, became apparent. His

mother, a buxom young Negro wench who was laundress for the d'Arnaults, concluded that her blind baby

was `not right' in his head, and she was ashamed of him. She loved him devotedly, but he was so ugly, with

his sunken eyes and his `fidgets,' that she hid him away from people. All the dainties she brought down from

the Big House were for the blind child, and she beat and cuffed her other children whenever she found them

teasing him or trying to get his chickenbone away from him. He began to talk early, remembered everything

he heard, and his mammy said he `wasn't all wrong.' She named him Samson, because he was blind, but on

the plantation he was known as `yellow Martha's simple child.' He was docile and obedient, but when he was

six years old he began to run away from home, always taking the same direction. He felt his way through the

lilacs, along the boxwood hedge, up to the south wing of the Big House, where Miss Nellie d'Arnault

practised the piano every morning. This angered his mother more than anything else he could have done; she

was so ashamed of his ugliness that she couldn't bear to have white folks see him. Whenever she caught him

slipping away from the cabin, she whipped him unmercifully, and told him what dreadful things old Mr.

d'Arnault would do to him if he ever found him near the Big House. But the next time Samson had a chance,

he ran away again. If Miss d'Arnault stopped practising for a moment and went toward the window, she saw

this hideous little pickaninny, dressed in an old piece of sacking, standing in the open space between the

hollyhock rows, his body rocking automatically, his blind face lifted to the sun and wearing an expression of

idiotic rapture. Often she was tempted to tell Martha that the child must be kept at home, but somehow the

memory of his foolish, happy face deterred her. She remembered that his sense of hearing was nearly all he

had though it did not occur to her that he might have more of it than other children.

One day Samson was standing thus while Miss Nellie was playing her lesson to her musicteacher. The

windows were open. He heard them get up from the piano, talk a little while, and then leave the room. He

heard the door close after them. He crept up to the front windows and stuck his head in: there was no one

there. He could always detect the presence of anyone in a room. He put one foot over the windowsill and

His mother had told him over and over how his master would give him to the big mastiff if he ever found him

`meddling.' Samson had got too near the mastiff's kennel once, and had felt his terrible breath in his face. He

Through the dark he found his way to the Thing, to its mouth. He touched it softly, and it answered softly,

kindly. He shivered and stood still. Then he began to feel it all over, ran his fingertips along the slippery

sides, embraced the carved legs, tried to get some conception of its shape and size, of the space it occupied in

primeval night. It was cold and hard, and like nothing else in his black universe. He went back to its mouth,

began at one end of the keyboard and felt his way down into the mellow thunder, as far as he could go. He

seemed to know that it must be done with the fingers, not with the fists or the feet. He approached this highly

artificial instrument through a mere instinct, and coupled himself to it, as if he knew it was to piece him out

and make a whole creature of him. After he had tried over all the sounds, he began to finger out passages

from things Miss Nellie had been practising, passages that were already his, that lay under the bone of his

The door opened; Miss Nellie and her musicmaster stood behind it, but blind Samson, who was so sensitive

to presences, did not know they were there. He was feeling out the pattern that lay all readymade on the big

and little keys. When he paused for a moment, because the sound was wrong and he wanted another, Miss

Nellie spoke softly. He whirled about in a spasm of terror, leaped forward in the dark, struck his head on the

open window, and fell screaming and bleeding to the floor. He had what his mother called a fit. The doctor

When Samson was well again, his young mistress led him back to the piano. Several teachers experimented

with him. They found he had absolute pitch, and a remarkable memory. As a very young child he could

repeat, after a fashion, any composition that was played for him. No matter how many wrong notes he struck,

he never lost the intention of a passage, he brought the substance of it across by irregular and astonishing

means. He wore his teachers out. He could never learn like other people, never acquired any finish. He was

always a Negro prodigy who played barbarously and wonderfully. As pianoplaying, it was perhaps

abominable, but as music it was something real, vitalized by a sense of rhythm that was stronger than his

other physical sensesthat not only filled his dark mind, but worried his body incessantly. To hear him, to

watch him, was to see a Negro enjoying himself as only a Negro can. It was as if all the agreeable sensations

possible to creatures of flesh and blood were heaped up on those blackandwhite keys, and he were gloating

In the middle of a crashing waltz, d'Arnault suddenly began to play softly, and, turning to one of the men who

stood behind him, whispered, `Somebody dancing in there.' He jerked his bullethead toward the

Anson Kirkpatrick mounted a chair and peeped over the transom. Springing down, he wrenched open the

doors and ran out into the diningroom. Tiny and Lena, Antonia and Mary Dusak, were waltzing in the

Kirkpatrick caught Tiny by the elbows. `What's the matter with you girls? Dancing out here by yourselves,

when there's a roomful of lonesome men on the other side of the partition! Introduce me to your friends,

The girls, still laughing, were trying to escape. Tiny looked alarmed. `Mrs. Gardener wouldn't like it,' she

`Mrs. Gardener's in Omaha, girl. Now, you're Lena, are you? and you're Tony and you're Mary. Have I got

O'Reilly and the others began to pile the chairs on the tables. Johnnie Gardener ran in from the office.

`Easy, boys, easy!' he entreated them. `You'll wake the cook, and there'll be the devil to pay for me. She won't

hear the music, but she'll be down the minute anything's moved in the diningroom.'

`Oh, what do you care, Johnnie? Fire the cook and wire Molly to bring another. Come along, nobody'll tell

Johnnie shook his head. `'S a fact, boys,' he said confidentially. `If I take a drink in Black Hawk, Molly

His guests laughed and slapped him on the shoulder. `Oh, we'll make it all right with Molly. Get your back

Molly was Mrs. Gardener's name, of course. `Molly Bawn' was painted in large blue letters on the glossy

white sides of the hotel bus, and `Molly' was engraved inside Johnnie's ring and on his watchcase

doubtless on his heart, too. He was an affectionate little man, and he thought his wife a wonderful woman; he

knew that without her he would hardly be more than a clerk in some other man's hotel.

At a word from Kirkpatrick, d'Arnault spread himself out over the piano, and began to draw the dance music

out of it, while the perspiration shone on his short wool and on his uplifted face. He looked like some

glistening African god of pleasure, full of strong, savage blood. Whenever the dancers paused to change

partners or to catch breath, he would boom out softly, `Who's that goin' back on me? One of these city

Antonia seemed frightened at first, and kept looking questioningly at Lena and Tiny over Willy O'Reilly's

shoulder. Tiny Soderball was trim and slender, with lively little feet and pretty anklesshe wore her dresses

very short. She was quicker in speech, lighter in movement and manner than the other girls. Mary Dusak was

broad and brown of countenance, slightly marked by smallpox, but handsome for all that. She had beautiful

chestnut hair, coils of it; her forehead was low and smooth, and her commanding dark eyes regarded the

world indifferently and fearlessly. She looked bold and resourceful and unscrupulous, and she was all of

these. They were handsome girls, had the fresh colour of their country upbringing, and in their eyes that

D'Arnault played until his manager came and shut the piano. Before he left us, he showed us his gold watch

which struck the hours, and a topaz ring, given him by some Russian nobleman who delighted in Negro

melodies, and had heard d'Arnault play in New Orleans. At last he tapped his way upstairs, after bowing to

everybody, docile and happy. I walked home with Antonia. We were so excited that we dreaded to go to bed.

We lingered a long while at the Harlings' gate, whispering in the cold until the restlessness was slowly chilled

THE HARLING CHILDREN and I were never happier, never felt more contented and secure, than in the

weeks of spring which broke that long winter. We were out all day in the thin sunshine, helping Mrs. Harling

and Tony break the ground and plant the garden, dig around the orchard trees, tie up vines and clip the

hedges. Every morning, before I was up, I could hear Tony singing in the garden rows. After the apple and

cherry trees broke into bloom, we ran about under them, hunting for the new nests the birds were building,

throwing clods at each other, and playing hideandseek with Nina. Yet the summer which was to change

everything was coming nearer every day. When boys and girls are growing up, life can't stand still, not even

in the quietest of country towns; and they have to grow up, whether they will or no. That is what their elders

It must have been in June, for Mrs. Harling and Antonia were preserving cherries, when I stopped one

morning to tell them that a dancing pavilion had come to town. I had seen two drays hauling the canvas and

That afternoon three cheerfullooking Italians strolled about Black Hawk, looking at everything, and with

them was a dark, stout woman who wore a long gold watchchain about her neck and carried a black lace

parasol. They seemed especially interested in children and vacant lots. When I overtook them and stopped to

say a word, I found them affable and confiding. They told me they worked in Kansas City in the winter, and

in summer they went out among the farming towns with their tent and taught dancing. When business fell off

The dancing pavilion was put up near the Danish laundry, on a vacant lot surrounded by tall, arched

cottonwood trees. It was very much like a merrygoround tent, with open sides and gay flags flying from

the poles. Before the week was over, all the ambitious mothers were sending their children to the afternoon

dancing class. At three o'clock one met little girls in white dresses and little boys in the roundcollared shirts

of the time, hurrying along the sidewalk on their way to the tent. Mrs. Vanni received them at the entrance,

always dressed in lavender with a great deal of black lace, her important watchchain lying on her bosom.

She wore her hair on the top of her head, built up in a black tower, with red coral combs. When she smiled,

she showed two rows of strong, crooked yellow teeth. She taught the little children herself, and her husband,

Often the mothers brought their fancywork and sat on the shady side of the tent during the lesson. The

popcorn man wheeled his glass wagon under the big cottonwood by the door, and lounged in the sun, sure of

a good trade when the dancing was over. Mr. Jensen, the Danish laundryman, used to bring a chair from his

porch and sit out in the grass plot. Some ragged little boys from the depot sold pop and iced lemonade under

a white umbrella at the corner, and made faces at the spruce youngsters who came to dance. That vacant lot

soon became the most cheerful place in town. Even on the hottest afternoons the cottonwoods made a rustling

shade, and the air smelled of popcorn and melted butter, and Bouncing Bets wilting in the sun. Those hardy

flowers had run away from the laundryman's garden, and the grass in the middle of the lot was pink with

The Vannis kept exemplary order, and closed every evening at the hour suggested by the city council. When

Mrs. Vanni gave the signal, and the harp struck up `Home, Sweet Home,' all Black Hawk knew it was ten

o'clock. You could set your watch by that tune as confidently as by the roundhouse whistle.

At last there was something to do in those long, empty summer evenings, when the married people sat like

images on their front porches, and the boys and girls tramped and tramped the board sidewalks northward

to the edge of the open prairie, south to the depot, then back again to the postoffice, the icecream parlour,

the butcher shop. Now there was a place where the girls could wear their new dresses, and where one could

laugh aloud without being reproved by the ensuing silence. That silence seemed to ooze out of the ground, to

hang under the foliage of the black maple trees with the bats and shadows. Now it was broken by lighthearted

sounds. First the deep purring of Mr. Vanni's harp came in silvery ripples through the blackness of the

dustysmelling night; then the violins fell inone of them was almost like a flute. They called so archly, so

seductively, that our feet hurried toward the tent of themselves. Why hadn't we had a tent before?

Dancing became popular now, just as roller skating had been the summer before. The Progressive Euchre

Club arranged with the Vannis for the exclusive use of the floor on Tuesday and Friday nights. At other times

anyone could dance who paid his money and was orderly; the railroad men, the roundhouse mechanics, the

delivery boys, the iceman, the farmhands who lived near enough to ride into town after their day's work was

I never missed a Saturday night dance. The tent was open until midnight then. The country boys came in from

farms eight and ten miles away, and all the country girls were on the floorAntonia and Lena and Tiny, and

the Danish laundry girls and their friends. I was not the only boy who found these dances gayer than the

others. The young men who belonged to the Progressive Euchre Club used to drop in late and risk a tiff with

THERE WAS A CURIOUS social situation in Black Hawk. All the young men felt the attraction of the fine,

wellsetup country girls who had come to town to earn a living, and, in nearly every case, to help the father

struggle out of debt, or to make it possible for the younger children of the family to go to school.

Those girls had grown up in the first bitterhard times, and had got little schooling themselves. But the

younger brothers and sisters, for whom they made such sacrifices and who have had `advantages,' never seem

to me, when I meet them now, half as interesting or as well educated. The older girls, who helped to break up

the wild sod, learned so much from life, from poverty, from their mothers and grandmothers; they had all,

like Antonia, been early awakened and made observant by coming at a tender age from an old country to a

I can remember a score of these country girls who were in service in Black Hawk during the few years I lived

there, and I can remember something unusual and engaging about each of them. Physically they were almost

a race apart, and outofdoor work had given them a vigour which, when they got over their first shyness on

coming to town, developed into a positive carriage and freedom of movement, and made them conspicuous

That was before the day of highschool athletics. Girls who had to walk more than half a mile to school were

pitied. There was not a tenniscourt in the town; physical exercise was thought rather inelegant for the

daughters of welltodo families. Some of the highschool girls were jolly and pretty, but they stayed

indoors in winter because of the cold, and in summer because of the heat. When one danced with them, their

bodies never moved inside their clothes; their muscles seemed to ask but one thingnot to be disturbed. I

remember those girls merely as faces in the schoolroom, gay and rosy, or listless and dull, cut off below the

shoulders, like cherubs, by the inksmeared tops of the high desks that were surely put there to make us

The daughters of Black Hawk merchants had a confident, unenquiring belief that they were `refined,' and that

the country girls, who `worked out,' were not. The American farmers in our county were quite as

hardpressed as their neighbours from other countries. All alike had come to Nebraska with little capital and

no knowledge of the soil they must subdue. All had borrowed money on their land. But no matter in what

straits the Pennsylvanian or Virginian found himself, he would not let his daughters go out into service.

The Bohemian and Scandinavian girls could not get positions as teachers, because they had had no

opportunity to learn the language. Determined to help in the struggle to clear the homestead from debt, they

had no alternative but to go into service. Some of them, after they came to town, remained as serious and as

discreet in behaviour as they had been when they ploughed and herded on their father's farm. Others, like the

three Bohemian Marys, tried to make up for the years of youth they had lost. But every one of them did what

she had set out to do, and sent home those hardearned dollars. The girls I knew were always helping to pay

One result of this family solidarity was that the foreign farmers in our county were the first to become

prosperous. After the fathers were out of debt, the daughters married the sons of neighboursusually of like

nationality and the girls who once worked in Black Hawk kitchens are today managing big farms and

fine families of their own; their children are better off than the children of the town women they used to

I thought the attitude of the town people toward these girls very stupid. If I told my schoolmates that Lena

Lingard's grandfather was a clergyman, and much respected in Norway, they looked at me blankly. What did

it matter? All foreigners were ignorant people who couldn't speak English. There was not a man in Black

Hawk who had the intelligence or cultivation, much less the personal distinction, of Antonia's father. Yet

people saw no difference between her and the three Marys; they were all Bohemians, all `hired girls.'

I always knew I should live long enough to see my country girls come into their own, and I have. Today the

best that a harassed Black Hawk merchant can hope for is to sell provisions and farm machinery and

automobiles to the rich farms where that first crop of stalwart Bohemian and Scandinavian girls are now the

The Black Hawk boys looked forward to marrying Black Hawk girls, and living in a brandnew little house

with best chairs that must not be sat upon, and handpainted china that must not be used. But sometimes a

young fellow would look up from his ledger, or out through the grating of his father's bank, and let his eyes

follow Lena Lingard, as she passed the window with her slow, undulating walk, or Tiny Soderball, tripping

The country girls were considered a menace to the social order. Their beauty shone out too boldly against a

conventional background. But anxious mothers need have felt no alarm. They mistook the mettle of their

sons. The respect for respectability was stronger than any desire in Black Hawk youth.

Our young man of position was like the son of a royal house; the boy who swept out his office or drove his

delivery wagon might frolic with the jolly country girls, but he himself must sit all evening in a plush parlour

where conversation dragged so perceptibly that the father often came in and made blundering efforts to warm

up the atmosphere. On his way home from his dull call, he would perhaps meet Tony and Lena, coming along

the sidewalk whispering to each other, or the three Bohemian Marys in their long plush coats and caps,

comporting themselves with a dignity that only made their eventful histories the more piquant. If he went to

the hotel to see a travelling man on business, there was Tiny, arching her shoulders at him like a kitten. If he

went into the laundry to get his collars, there were the four Danish girls, smiling up from their

The three Marys were the heroines of a cycle of scandalous stories, which the old men were fond of relating

as they sat about the cigarstand in the drugstore. Mary Dusak had been housekeeper for a bachelor rancher

from Boston, and after several years in his service she was forced to retire from the world for a short time.

Later she came back to town to take the place of her friend, Mary Svoboda, who was similarly embarrassed.

The three Marys were considered as dangerous as high explosives to have about the kitchen, yet they were

such good cooks and such admirable housekeepers that they never had to look for a place.

The Vannis' tent brought the town boys and the country girls together on neutral ground. Sylvester Lovett,

who was cashier in his father's bank, always found his way to the tent on Saturday night. He took all the

dances Lena Lingard would give him, and even grew bold enough to walk home with her. If his sisters or

their friends happened to be among the onlookers on `popular nights,' Sylvester stood back in the shadow

under the cottonwood trees, smoking and watching Lena with a harassed expression. Several times I stumbled

upon him there in the dark, and I felt rather sorry for him. He reminded me of Ole Benson, who used to sit on

the drawside and watch Lena herd her cattle. Later in the summer, when Lena went home for a week to visit

her mother, I heard from Antonia that young Lovett drove all the way out there to see her, and took her

buggyriding. In my ingenuousness I hoped that Sylvester would marry Lena, and thus give all the country

Sylvester dallied about Lena until he began to make mistakes in his work; had to stay at the bank until after

dark to make his books balance. He was daft about her, and everyone knew it. To escape from his

predicament he ran away with a widow six years older than himself, who owned a halfsection. This remedy

worked, apparently. He never looked at Lena again, nor lifted his eyes as he ceremoniously tipped his hat

So that was what they were like, I thought, these whitehanded, highcollared clerks and bookkeepers! I

used to glare at young Lovett from a distance and only wished I had some way of showing my contempt for

IT WAS AT THE Vannis' tent that Antonia was discovered. Hitherto she had been looked upon more as a

ward of the Harlings than as one of the `hired girls.' She had lived in their house and yard and garden; her

thoughts never seemed to stray outside that little kingdom. But after the tent came to town she began to go

about with Tiny and Lena and their friends. The Vannis often said that Antonia was the best dancer of them

all. I sometimes heard murmurs in the crowd outside the pavilion that Mrs. Harling would soon have her

hands full with that girl. The young men began to joke with each other about `the Harlings' Tony' as they did

Antonia talked and thought of nothing but the tent. She hummed the dance tunes all day. When supper was

late, she hurried with her dishes, dropped and smashed them in her excitement. At the first call of the music,

she became irresponsible. If she hadn't time to dress, she merely flung off her apron and shot out of the

kitchen door. Sometimes I went with her; the moment the lighted tent came into view she would break into a

run, like a boy. There were always partners waiting for her; she began to dance before she got her breath.

Antonia's success at the tent had its consequences. The iceman lingered too long now, when he came into the

covered porch to fill the refrigerator. The delivery boys hung about the kitchen when they brought the

groceries. Young farmers who were in town for Saturday came tramping through the yard to the back door to

engage dances, or to invite Tony to parties and picnics. Lena and Norwegian Anna dropped in to help her

with her work, so that she could get away early. The boys who brought her home after the dances sometimes

laughed at the back gate and wakened Mr. Harling from his first sleep. A crisis was inevitable.

One Saturday night Mr. Harling had gone down to the cellar for beer. As he came up the stairs in the dark, he

heard scuffling on the back porch, and then the sound of a vigorous slap. He looked out through the side door

in time to see a pair of long legs vaulting over the picket fence. Antonia was standing there, angry and

excited. Young Harry Paine, who was to marry his employer's daughter on Monday, had come to the tent

with a crowd of friends and danced all evening. Afterward, he begged Antonia to let him walk home with her.

She said she supposed he was a nice young man, as he was one of Miss Frances's friends, and she didn't

mind. On the back porch he tried to kiss her, and when she protested because he was going to be married

on Mondayhe caught her and kissed her until she got one hand free and slapped him.

Mr. Harling put his beerbottles down on the table. `This is what I've been expecting, Antonia. You've been

going with girls who have a reputation for being free and easy, and now you've got the same reputation. I

won't have this and that fellow tramping about my back yard all the time. This is the end of it, tonight. It

stops, short. You can quit going to these dances, or you can hunt another place. Think it over.'

The next morning when Mrs. Harling and Frances tried to reason with Antonia, they found her agitated but

determined. `Stop going to the tent?' she panted. `I wouldn't think of it for a minute! My own father couldn't

make me stop! Mr. Harling ain't my boss outside my work. I won't give up my friends, either. The boys I go

with are nice fellows. I thought Mr. Paine was all right, too, because he used to come here. I guess I gave him

`You'll have to do one thing or the other, Antonia,' Mrs. Harling told her decidedly. `I can't go back on what

`Then I'll just leave, Mrs. Harling. Lena's been wanting me to get a place closer to her for a long while. Mary

Svoboda's going away from the Cutters' to work at the hotel, and I can have her place.'

Mrs. Harling rose from her chair. `Antonia, if you go to the Cutters' to work, you cannot come back to this

Tony snatched up the teakettle and began to pour boiling water over the glasses, laughing excitedly. `Oh, I

can take care of myself! I'm a lot stronger than Cutter is. They pay four dollars there, and there's no children.

The work's nothing; I can have every evening, and be out a lot in the afternoons.'

`I don't know, something has.' Antonia tossed her head and set her jaw. `A girl like me has got to take her

good times when she can. Maybe there won't be any tent next year. I guess I want to have my fling, like the

Mrs. Harling gave a short, harsh laugh. `If you go to work for the Cutters, you're likely to have a fling that

Frances said, when she told grandmother and me about this scene, that every pan and plate and cup on the

shelves trembled when her mother walked out of the kitchen. Mrs. Harling declared bitterly that she wished

WICK CUTTER WAS the moneylender who had fleeced poor Russian Peter. When a farmer once got into

the habit of going to Cutter, it was like gambling or the lottery; in an hour of discouragement he went back.

Cutter's first name was Wycliffe, and he liked to talk about his pious bringingup. He contributed regularly to

the Protestant churches, `for sentiment's sake,' as he said with a flourish of the hand. He came from a town in

Iowa where there were a great many Swedes, and could speak a little Swedish, which gave him a great

In every frontier settlement there are men who have come there to escape restraint. Cutter was one of the `fast

set' of Black Hawk business men. He was an inveterate gambler, though a poor loser. When we saw a light

burning in his office late at night, we knew that a game of poker was going on. Cutter boasted that he never

drank anything stronger than sherry, and he said he got his start in life by saving the money that other young

men spent for cigars. He was full of moral maxims for boys. When he came to our house on business, he

quoted `Poor Richard's Almanack' to me, and told me he was delighted to find a town boy who could milk a

cow. He was particularly affable to grandmother, and whenever they met he would begin at once to talk about

`the good old times' and simple living. I detested his pink, bald head, and his yellow whiskers, always soft

and glistening. It was said he brushed them every night, as a woman does her hair. His white teeth looked

factorymade. His skin was red and rough, as if from perpetual sunburn; he often went away to hot springs to

take mud baths. He was notoriously dissolute with women. Two Swedish girls who had lived in his house

were the worse for the experience. One of them he had taken to Omaha and established in the business for

Cutter lived in a state of perpetual warfare with his wife, and yet, apparently, they never thought of

separating. They dwelt in a fussy, scrollwork house, painted white and buried in thick evergreens, with a

fussy white fence and barn. Cutter thought he knew a great deal about horses, and usually had a colt which he

was training for the track. On Sunday mornings one could see him out at the fair grounds, speeding around

the racecourse in his trottingbuggy, wearing yellow gloves and a blackandwhitecheck travelling cap,

his whiskers blowing back in the breeze. If there were any boys about, Cutter would offer one of them a

quarter to hold the stopwatch, and then drive off, saying he had no change and would `fix it up next time.'

No one could cut his lawn or wash his buggy to suit him. He was so fastidious and prim about his place that a

boy would go to a good deal of trouble to throw a dead cat into his back yard, or to dump a sackful of tin cans

in his alley. It was a peculiar combination of oldmaidishness and licentiousness that made Cutter seem so

He had certainly met his match when he married Mrs. Cutter. She was a terrifyinglooking person; almost a

giantess in height, rawboned, with irongrey hair, a face always flushed, and prominent, hysterical eyes.

When she meant to be entertaining and agreeable, she nodded her head incessantly and snapped her eyes at

one. Her teeth were long and curved, like a horse's; people said babies always cried if she smiled at them. Her

face had a kind of fascination for me: it was the very colour and shape of anger. There was a gleam of

something akin to insanity in her full, intense eyes. She was formal in manner, and made calls in rustling,

Mrs. Cutter painted china so assiduously that even her washbowls and pitchers, and her husband's

shavingmug, were covered with violets and lilies. Once, when Cutter was exhibiting some of his wife's

china to a caller, he dropped a piece. Mrs. Cutter put her handkerchief to her lips as if she were going to faint

and said grandly: `Mr. Cutter, you have broken all the Commandmentsspare the fingerbowls!'

They quarrelled from the moment Cutter came into the house until they went to bed at night, and their hired

girls reported these scenes to the town at large. Mrs. Cutter had several times cut paragraphs about unfaithful

husbands out of the newspapers and mailed them to Cutter in a disguised handwriting. Cutter would come

home at noon, find the mutilated journal in the paperrack, and triumphantly fit the clipping into the space

from which it had been cut. Those two could quarrel all morning about whether he ought to put on his heavy

The Cutters had major as well as minor subjects for dispute. The chief of these was the question of

inheritance: Mrs. Cutter told her husband it was plainly his fault they had no children. He insisted that Mrs.

Cutter had purposely remained childless, with the determination to outlive him and to share his property with

her `people,' whom he detested. To this she would reply that unless he changed his mode of life, she would

certainly outlive him. After listening to her insinuations about his physical soundness, Cutter would resume

his dumbbell practice for a month, or rise daily at the hour when his wife most liked to sleep, dress noisily,

Once when they had quarrelled about household expenses, Mrs. Cutter put on her brocade and went among

their friends soliciting orders for painted china, saying that Mr. Cutter had compelled her `to live by her

Cutter often threatened to chop down the cedar trees which halfburied the house. His wife declared she

would leave him if she were stripped of the I privacy' which she felt these trees afforded her. That was his

opportunity, surely; but he never cut down the trees. The Cutters seemed to find their relations to each other

interesting and stimulating, and certainly the rest of us found them so. Wick Cutter was different from any

other rascal I have ever known, but I have found Mrs. Cutters all over the world; sometimes founding new

religions, sometimes being forcibly fedeasily recognizable, even when superficially tamed.

AFTER ANTONIA WENT TO live with the Cutters, she seemed to care about nothing but picnics and

parties and having a good time. When she was not going to a dance, she sewed until midnight. Her new

clothes were the subject of caustic comment. Under Lena's direction she copied Mrs. Gardener's new party

dress and Mrs. Smith's street costume so ingeniously in cheap materials that those ladies were greatly

Tony wore gloves now, and highheeled shoes and feathered bonnets, and she went downtown nearly every

afternoon with Tiny and Lena and the Marshalls' Norwegian Anna. We highschool boys used to linger on

the playground at the afternoon recess to watch them as they came tripping down the hill along the board

sidewalk, two and two. They were growing prettier every day, but as they passed us, I used to think with

pride that Antonia, like SnowWhite in the fairy tale, was still `fairest of them all.'

Being a senior now, I got away from school early. Sometimes I overtook the girls downtown and coaxed

them into the icecream parlour, where they would sit chattering and laughing, telling me all the news from

I remember how angry Tiny Soderball made me one afternoon. She declared she had heard grandmother was

going to make a Baptist preacher of me. `I guess you'll have to stop dancing and wear a white necktie then.

Lena laughed. `You'll have to hurry up, Jim. If you're going to be a preacher, I want you to marry me. You

I told her I didn't know what they believed, and didn't care, and that I certainly wasn't going to be a preacher.

`That's too bad,' Tiny simpered. She was in a teasing mood. `You'd make such a good one. You're so

studious. Maybe you'd like to be a professor. You used to teach Tony, didn't you?'

Antonia broke in. `I've set my heart on Jim being a doctor. You'd be good with sick people, Jim. Your

grandmother's trained you up so nice. My papa always said you were an awful smart boy.'

I said I was going to be whatever I pleased. `Won't you be surprised, Miss Tiny, if I turn out to be a regular

They laughed until a glance from Norwegian Anna checked them; the highschool principal had just come

into the front part of the shop to buy bread for supper. Anna knew the whisper was going about that I was a

sly one. People said there must be something queer about a boy who showed no interest in girls of his own

age, but who could be lively enough when he was with Tony and Lena or the three Marys.

The enthusiasm for the dance, which the Vannis had kindled, did not at once die out. After the tent left town,

the Euchre Club became the Owl Club, and gave dances in the Masonic Hall once a week. I was invited to

join, but declined. I was moody and restless that winter, and tired of the people I saw every day. Charley

Harling was already at Annapolis, while I was still sitting in Black Hawk, answering to my name at rollcall

every morning, rising from my desk at the sound of a bell and marching out like the grammarschool

children. Mrs. Harling was a little cool toward me, because I continued to champion Antonia. What was there

for me to do after supper? Usually I had learned next day's lessons by the time I left the school building, and I

In the evening I used to prowl about, hunting for diversion. There lay the familiar streets, frozen with snow or

liquid with mud. They led to the houses of good people who were putting the babies to bed, or simply sitting

still before the parlour stove, digesting their supper. Black Hawk had two saloons. One of them was admitted,

even by the church people, to be as respectable as a saloon could be. Handsome Anton Jelinek, who had

rented his homestead and come to town, was the proprietor. In his saloon there were long tables where the

Bohemian and German farmers could eat the lunches they brought from home while they drank their beer.

Jelinek kept rye bread on hand and smoked fish and strong imported cheeses to please the foreign palate. I

liked to drop into his barroom and listen to the talk. But one day he overtook me on the street and clapped

`Jim,' he said, `I am good friends with you and I always like to see you. But you know how the church people

think about saloons. Your grandpa has always treated me fine, and I don't like to have you come into my

One could hang about the drugstore; and listen to the old men who sat there every evening, talking politics

and telling raw stories. One could go to the cigar factory and chat with the old German who raised canaries

for sale, and look at his stuffed birds. But whatever you began with him, the talk went back to taxidermy.

There was the depot, of course; I often went down to see the night train come in, and afterward sat awhile

with the disconsolate telegrapher who was always hoping to be transferred to Omaha or Denver, `where there

was some life.' He was sure to bring out his pictures of actresses and dancers. He got them with cigarette

coupons, and nearly smoked himself to death to possess these desired forms and faces. For a change, one

could talk to the station agent; but he was another malcontent; spent all his spare time writing letters to

officials requesting a transfer. He wanted to get back to Wyoming where he could go troutfishing on

Sundays. He used to say `there was nothing in life for him but trout streams, ever since he'd lost his twins.'

These were the distractions I had to choose from. There were no other lights burning downtown after nine

o'clock. On starlight nights I used to pace up and down those long, cold streets, scowling at the little, sleeping

houses on either side, with their stormwindows and covered back porches. They were flimsy shelters, most

of them poorly built of light wood, with spindle porchposts horribly mutilated by the turninglathe. Yet for

all their frailness, how much jealousy and envy and unhappiness some of them managed to contain! The life

that went on in them seemed to me made up of evasions and negations; shifts to save cooking, to save

washing and cleaning, devices to propitiate the tongue of gossip. This guarded mode of existence was like

living under a tyranny. People's speech, their voices, their very glances, became furtive and repressed. Every

individual taste, every natural appetite, was bridled by caution. The people asleep in those houses, I thought,

tried to live like the mice in their own kitchens; to make no noise, to leave no trace, to slip over the surface of

things in the dark. The growing piles of ashes and cinders in the back yards were the only evidence that the

wasteful, consuming process of life went on at all. On Tuesday nights the Owl Club danced; then there was a

little stir in the streets, and here and there one could see a lighted window until midnight. But the next night

After I refused to join `the Owls,' as they were called, I made a bold resolve to go to the Saturday night

dances at Firemen's Hall. I knew it would be useless to acquaint my elders with any such plan. Grandfather

didn't approve of dancing, anyway; he would only say that if I wanted to dance I could go to the Masonic

Hall, among `the people we knew.' It was just my point that I saw altogether too much of the people we

My bedroom was on the ground floor, and as I studied there, I had a stove in it. I used to retire to my room

early on Saturday night, change my shirt and collar and put on my Sunday coat. I waited until all was quiet

and the old people were asleep, then raised my window, climbed out, and went softly through the yard. The

first time I deceived my grandparents I felt rather shabby, perhaps even the second time, but I soon ceased to

The dance at the Firemen's Hall was the one thing I looked forward to all the week. There I met the same

people I used to see at the Vannis' tent. Sometimes there were Bohemians from Wilber, or German boys who

came down on the afternoon freight from Bismarck. Tony and Lena and Tiny were always there, and the

The four Danish girls lived with the laundryman and his wife in their house behind the laundry, with a big

garden where the clothes were hung out to dry. The laundryman was a kind, wise old fellow, who paid his

girls well, looked out for them, and gave them a good home. He told me once that his own daughter died just

as she was getting old enough to help her mother, and that he had been `trying to make up for it ever since.'

On summer afternoons he used to sit for hours on the sidewalk in front of his laundry, his newspaper lying on

his knee, watching his girls through the big open window while they ironed and talked in Danish. The clouds

of white dust that blew up the street, the gusts of hot wind that withered his vegetable garden, never disturbed

his calm. His droll expression seemed to say that he had found the secret of contentment. Morning and

evening he drove about in his spring wagon, distributing freshly ironed clothes, and collecting bags of linen

that cried out for his suds and sunny dryinglines. His girls never looked so pretty at the dances as they did

standing by the ironingboard, or over the tubs, washing the fine pieces, their white arms and throats bare,

their cheeks bright as the brightest wild roses, their gold hair moist with the steam or the heat and curling in

little damp spirals about their ears. They had not learned much English, and were not so ambitious as Tony or

Lena; but they were kind, simple girls and they were always happy. When one danced with them, one smelled

their clean, freshly ironed clothes that had been put away with rosemary leaves from Mr. Jensen's garden.

There were never girls enough to go round at those dances, but everyone wanted a turn with Tony and Lena.

Lena moved without exertion, rather indolently, and her hand often accented the rhythm softly on her

partner's shoulder. She smiled if one spoke to her, but seldom answered. The music seemed to put her into a

soft, waking dream, and her violetcoloured eyes looked sleepily and confidingly at one from under her long

lashes. When she sighed she exhaled a heavy perfume of sachet powder. To dance `Home, Sweet Home,'

with Lena was like coming in with the tide. She danced every dance like a waltz, and it was always the same

waltz the waltz of coming home to something, of inevitable, fated return. After a while one got restless

When you spun out into the floor with Tony, you didn't return to anything. You set out every time upon a

new adventure. I liked to schottische with her; she had so much spring and variety, and was always putting in

new steps and slides. She taught me to dance against and around the hardandfast beat of the music. If,

instead of going to the end of the railroad, old Mr. Shimerda had stayed in New York and picked up a living

Antonia often went to the dances with Larry Donovan, a passenger conductor who was a kind of professional

ladies' man, as we said. I remember how admiringly all the boys looked at her the night she first wore her

velveteen dress, made like Mrs. Gardener's black velvet. She was lovely to see, with her eyes shining, and her

lips always a little parted when she danced. That constant, dark colour in her cheeks never changed.

One evening when Donovan was out on his run, Antonia came to the hall with Norwegian Anna and her

young man, and that night I took her home. When we were in the Cutters' yard, sheltered by the evergreens, I

`Why, sure, Jim.' A moment later she drew her face away and whispered indignantly, `Why, Jim! You know

`Lena Lingard lets me kiss her,' I retorted, `and I'm not half as fond of her as I am of you.'

`Lena does?' Tony gasped. `If she's up to any of her nonsense with you, I'll scratch her eyes out!' She took my

arm again and we walked out of the gate and up and down the sidewalk. `Now, don't you go and be a fool

like some of these town boys. You're not going to sit around here and whittle storeboxes and tell stories all

your life. You are going away to school and make something of yourself. I'm just awful proud of you. You

`I don't care anything about any of them but you,' I said. `And you'll always treat me like a kid, suppose.'

She laughed and threw her arms around me. `I expect I will, but you're a kid I'm awful fond of, anyhow! You

can like me all you want to, but if I see you hanging round with Lena much, I'll go to your grandmother, as

sure as your name's Jim Burden! Lena's all right, onlywell, you know yourself she's soft that way. She

If she was proud of me, I was so proud of her that I carried my head high as I emerged from the dark cedars

and shut the Cutters' gate softly behind me. Her warm, sweet face, her kind arms, and the true heart in her;

she was, oh, she was still my Antonia! I looked with contempt at the dark, silent little houses about me as I

walked home, and thought of the stupid young men who were asleep in some of them. I knew where the real

I hated to enter the still house when I went home from the dances, and it was long before I could get to sleep.

Toward morning I used to have pleasant dreams: sometimes Tony and I were out in the country, sliding down

strawstacks as we used to do; climbing up the yellow mountains over and over, and slipping down the

One dream I dreamed a great many times, and it was always the same. I was in a harvestfield full of shocks,

and I was lying against one of them. Lena Lingard came across the stubble barefoot, in a short skirt, with a

curved reapinghook in her hand, and she was flushed like the dawn, with a kind of luminous rosiness all

about her. She sat down beside me, turned to me with a soft sigh and said, `Now they are all gone, and I can

I used to wish I could have this flattering dream about Antonia, but I never did.

I NOTICED ONE AFTERNOON that grandmother had been crying. Her feet seemed to drag as she moved

about the house, and I got up from the table where I was studying and went to her, asking if she didn't feel

`No, thank you, Jim. I'm troubled, but I guess I'm well enough. Getting a little rusty in the bones, maybe,' she

I stood hesitating. `What are you fretting about, grandmother? Has grandfather lost any money?'

`No, it ain't money. I wish it was. But I've heard things. You must 'a' known it would come back to me

sometime.' She dropped into a chair, and, covering her face with her apron, began to cry. `Jim,' she said, `I

was never one that claimed old folks could bring up their grandchildren. But it came about so; there wasn't

`I'm sorry I sneaked off like that. But there's nothing wrong about the dances, and I haven't done anything

wrong. I like all those country girls, and I like to dance with them. That's all there is to it.'

`But it ain't right to deceive us, son, and it brings blame on us. People say you are growing up to be a bad

`I don't care what they say about me, but if it hurts you, that settles it. I won't go to the Firemen's Hall again.'

I kept my promise, of course, but I found the spring months dull enough. I sat at home with the old people in

the evenings now, reading Latin that was not in our highschool course. I had made up my mind to do a lot of

college requirement work in the summer, and to enter the freshman class at the university without conditions

Disapprobation hurt me, I foundeven that of people whom I did not admire. As the spring came on, I grew

more and more lonely, and fell back on the telegrapher and the cigarmaker and his canaries for

companionship. I remember I took a melancholy pleasure in hanging a Maybasket for Nina Harling that

spring. I bought the flowers from an old German woman who always had more window plants than anyone

else, and spent an afternoon trimming a little workbasket. When dusk came on, and the new moon hung in the

sky, I went quietly to the Harlings' front door with my offering, rang the bell, and then ran away as was the

custom. Through the willow hedge I could hear Nina's cries of delight, and I felt comforted.

On those warm, soft spring evenings I often lingered downtown to walk home with Frances, and talked to her

about my plans and about the reading I was doing. One evening she said she thought Mrs. Harling was not

`Mama is as broadminded as mothers ever are, I guess. But you know she was hurt about Antonia, and she

can't understand why you like to be with Tiny and Lena better than with the girls of your own set.'

Frances laughed. `Yes, I think I can. You knew them in the country, and you like to take sides. In some ways

you're older than boys of your age. It will be all right with mama after you pass your college examinations

`If you were a boy,' I persisted, `you wouldn't belong to the Owl Club, either. You'd be just like me.'

She shook her head. `I would and I wouldn't. I expect I know the country girls better than you do. You always

put a kind of glamour over them. The trouble with you, Jim, is that you're romantic. Mama's going to your

Commencement. She asked me the other day if I knew what your oration is to be about. She wants you to do

I thought my oration very good. It stated with fervour a great many things I had lately discovered. Mrs.

Harling came to the Opera House to hear the Commencement exercises, and I looked at her most of the time

while I made my speech. Her keen, intelligent eyes never left my face. Afterward she came back to the

dressingroom where we stood, with our diplomas in our hands, walked up to me, and said heartily: `You

surprised me, Jim. I didn't believe you could do as well as that. You didn't get that speech out of books.'

Among my graduation presents there was a silk umbrella from Mrs. Harling, with my name on the handle.

I walked home from the Opera House alone. As I passed the Methodist Church, I saw three white figures

ahead of me, pacing up and down under the arching maple trees, where the moonlight filtered through the

lush June foliage. They hurried toward me; they were waiting for meLena and Tony and Anna Hansen.

`Oh, Jim, it was splendid!' Tony was breathing hard, as she always did when her feelings outran her language.

`There ain't a lawyer in Black Hawk could make a speech like that. I just stopped your grandpa and said so to

him. He won't tell you, but he told us he was awful surprised himself, didn't he, girls?'

Lena sidled up to me and said teasingly, `What made you so solemn? I thought you were scared. I was sure

`It must make you very happy, Jim, to have fine thoughts like that in your mind all the time, and to have

`Oh, I just sat there and wished my papa could hear you! Jim'Antonia took hold of my coat lapels'there

`I thought about your papa when I wrote my speech, Tony,' I said. `I dedicated it to him.'

I stood watching their white dresses glimmer smaller and smaller down the sidewalk as they went away. I

THE DAY AFTER COMMENCEMENT I moved my books and desk upstairs, to an empty room where I

should be undisturbed, and I fell to studying in earnest. I worked off a year's trigonometry that summer, and

began Virgil alone. Morning after morning I used to pace up and down my sunny little room, looking off at

the distant river bluffs and the roll of the blond pastures between, scanning the `Aeneid' aloud and

committing long passages to memory. Sometimes in the evening Mrs. Harling called to me as I passed her

gate, and asked me to come in and let her play for me. She was lonely for Charley, she said, and liked to have

a boy about. Whenever my grandparents had misgivings, and began to wonder whether I was not too young

to go off to college alone, Mrs. Harling took up my cause vigorously. Grandfather had such respect for her

I had only one holiday that summer. It was in July. I met Antonia downtown on Saturday afternoon, and

learned that she and Tiny and Lena were going to the river next day with Anna Hansenthe elder was all in

`Anna's to drive us down in the Marshalls' delivery wagon, and we'll take a nice lunch and have a picnic. Just

On Sunday morning I rose early and got out of Black Hawk while the dew was still heavy on the long

meadow grasses. It was the high season for summer flowers. The pink beebush stood tall along the sandy

roadsides, and the coneflowers and rose mallow grew everywhere. Across the wire fence, in the long grass,

I saw a clump of flaming orangecoloured milkweed, rare in that part of the state. I left the road and went

around through a stretch of pasture that was always cropped short in summer, where the gaillardia came up

year after year and matted over the ground with the deep, velvety red that is in Bokhara carpets. The country

was empty and solitary except for the larks that Sunday morning, and it seemed to lift itself up to me and to

The river was running strong for midsummer; heavy rains to the west of us had kept it full. I crossed the

bridge and went upstream along the wooded shore to a pleasant dressingroom I knew among the dogwood

bushes, all overgrown with wild grapevines. I began to undress for a swim. The girls would not be along yet.

For the first time it occurred to me that I should be homesick for that river after I left it. The sandbars, with

their clean white beaches and their little groves of willows and cottonwood seedlings, were a sort of No

Man's Land, little newly created worlds that belonged to the Black Hawk boys. Charley Harling and I had

hunted through these woods, fished from the fallen logs, until I knew every inch of the river shores and had a

After my swim, while I was playing about indolently in the water, I heard the sound of hoofs and wheels on

the bridge. I struck downstream and shouted, as the open spring wagon came into view on the middle span.

They stopped the horse, and the two girls in the bottom of the cart stood up, steadying themselves by the

shoulders of the two in front, so that they could see me better. They were charming up there, huddled together

in the cart and peering down at me like curious deer when they come out of the thicket to drink. I found

`So do you!' they shouted altogether, and broke into peals of laughter. Anna Hansen shook the reins and they

drove on, while I zigzagged back to my inlet and clambered up behind an overhanging elm. I dried myself in

the sun, and dressed slowly, reluctant to leave that green enclosure where the sunlight flickered so bright

through the grapevine leaves and the woodpecker hammered away in the crooked elm that trailed out over the

water. As I went along the road back to the bridge, I kept picking off little pieces of scaly chalk from the

When I came upon the Marshalls' delivery horse, tied in the shade, the girls had already taken their baskets

and gone down the east road which wound through the sand and scrub. I could hear them calling to each

other. The elder bushes did not grow back in the shady ravines between the bluffs, but in the hot, sandy

bottoms along the stream, where their roots were always in moisture and their tops in the sun. The blossoms

I followed a cattle path through the thick underbrush until I came to a slope that fell away abruptly to the

water's edge. A great chunk of the shore had been bitten out by some spring freshet, and the scar was masked

by elder bushes, growing down to the water in flowery terraces. I did not touch them. I was overcome by

content and drowsiness and by the warm silence about me. There was no sound but the high, singsong buzz

of wild bees and the sunny gurgle of the water underneath. I peeped over the edge of the bank to see the little

stream that made the noise; it flowed along perfectly clear over the sand and gravel, cut off from the muddy

main current by a long sandbar. Down there, on the lower shelf of the bank, I saw Antonia, seated alone

under the pagodalike elders. She looked up when she heard me, and smiled, but I saw that she had been

crying. I slid down into the soft sand beside her and asked her what was the matter.

`It makes me homesick, Jimmy, this flower, this smell,' she said softly. `We have this flower very much at

home, in the old country. It always grew in our yard and my papa had a green bench and a table under the

bushes. In summer, when they were in bloom, he used to sit there with his friend that played the trombone.

When I was little I used to go down there to hear them talk beautiful talk, like what I never hear in this

She sighed and shook her head. `Oh, I don't know! About music, and the woods, and about God, and when

they were young.' She turned to me suddenly and looked into my eyes. `You think, Jimmy, that maybe my

I told her about the feeling of her father's presence I had on that winter day when my grandparents had gone

over to see his dead body and I was left alone in the house. I said I felt sure then that he was on his way back

to his own country, and that even now, when I passed his grave, I always thought of him as being among the

Antonia had the most trusting, responsive eyes in the world; love and credulousness seemed to look out of

`Why didn't you ever tell me that before? It makes me feel more sure for him.' After a while she said: `You

know, Jim, my father was different from my mother. He did not have to marry my mother, and all his

brothers quarrelled with him because he did. I used to hear the old people at home whisper about it. They said

he could have paid my mother money, and not married her. But he was older than she was, and he was too

kind to treat her like that. He lived in his mother's house, and she was a poor girl come in to do the work.

After my father married her, my grandmother never let my mother come into her house again. When I went to

my grandmother's funeral was the only time I was ever in my grandmother's house. Don't that seem strange?'

While she talked, I lay back in the hot sand and looked up at the blue sky between the flat bouquets of elder. I

could hear the bees humming and singing, but they stayed up in the sun above the flowers and did not come

down into the shadow of the leaves. Antonia seemed to me that day exactly like the little girl who used to

`Some day, Tony, I am going over to your country, and I am going to the little town where you lived. Do you

`Jim,' she said earnestly, `if I was put down there in the middle of the night, I could find my way all over that

little town; and along the river to the next town, where my grandmother lived. My feet remember all the little

paths through the woods, and where the big roots stick out to trip you. I ain't never forgot my own country.'

There was a crackling in the branches above us, and Lena Lingard peered down over the edge of the bank.

`You lazy things!' she cried. `All this elder, and you two lying there! Didn't you hear us calling you?' Almost

as flushed as she had been in my dream, she leaned over the edge of the bank and began to demolish our

flowery pagoda. I had never seen her so energetic; she was panting with zeal, and the perspiration stood in

drops on her short, yielding upper lip. I sprang to my feet and ran up the bank.

It was noon now, and so hot that the dogwoods and scruboaks began to turn up the silvery underside of their

leaves, and all the foliage looked soft and wilted. I carried the lunchbasket to the top of one of the chalk

bluffs, where even on the calmest days there was always a breeze. The flattopped, twisted little oaks threw

light shadows on the grass. Below us we could see the windings of the river, and Black Hawk, grouped

among its trees, and, beyond, the rolling country, swelling gently until it met the sky. We could recognize

familiar farmhouses and windmills. Each of the girls pointed out to me the direction in which her father's

farm lay, and told me how many acres were in wheat that year and how many in corn.

`My old folks,' said Tiny Soderball, `have put in twenty acres of rye. They get it ground at the mill, and it

makes nice bread. It seems like my mother ain't been so homesick, ever since father's raised rye flour for her.'

`It must have been a trial for our mothers,' said Lena, `coming out here and having to do everything different.

My mother had always lived in town. She says she started behind in farmwork, and never has caught up.'

`Yes, a new country's hard on the old ones, sometimes,' said Anna thoughtfully. `My grandmother's getting

feeble now, and her mind wanders. She's forgot about this country, and thinks she's at home in Norway. She

keeps asking mother to take her down to the waterside and the fish market. She craves fish all the time.

`Mercy, it's hot!' Lena yawned. She was supine under a little oak, resting after the fury of her elderhunting,

and had taken off the highheeled slippers she had been silly enough to wear. `Come here, Jim. You never

got the sand out of your hair.' She began to draw her fingers slowly through my hair.

Antonia pushed her away. `You'll never get it out like that,' she said sharply. She gave my head a rough

touzling and finished me off with something like a box on the ear. `Lena, you oughtn't to try to wear those

slippers any more. They're too small for your feet. You'd better give them to me for Yulka.'

`All right,' said Lena goodnaturedly, tucking her white stockings under her skirt. `You get all Yulka's things,

don't you? I wish father didn't have such bad luck with his farm machinery; then I could buy more things for

my sisters. I'm going to get Mary a new coat this fall, if the sulky plough's never paid for!'

Tiny asked her why she didn't wait until after Christmas, when coats would be cheaper. `What do you think

of poor me?' she added; `with six at home, younger than I am? And they all think I'm rich, because when I go

back to the country I'm dressed so fine!' She shrugged her shoulders. `But, you know, my weakness is

`I know how that is,' said Anna. `When we first came here, and I was little, we were too poor to buy toys. I

never got over the loss of a doll somebody gave me before we left Norway. A boy on the boat broke her and I

`I guess after you got here you had plenty of live dolls to nurse, like me!' Lena remarked cynically.

`Yes, the babies came along pretty fast, to be sure. But I never minded. I was fond of them all. The youngest

Lena sighed. `Oh, the babies are all right; if only they don't come in winter. Ours nearly always did. I don't

see how mother stood it. I tell you what, girls'she sat up with sudden energy'I'm going to get my mother

out of that old sod house where she's lived so many years. The men will never do it. Johnnie, that's my oldest

brother, he's wanting to get married now, and build a house for his girl instead of his mother. Mrs. Thomas

says she thinks I can move to some other town pretty soon, and go into business for myself. If I don't get into

`That would be a poor way to get on,' said Anna sarcastically. `I wish I could teach school, like Selma Kronn.

Just think! She'll be the first Scandinavian girl to get a position in the high school. We ought to be proud of

Selma was a studious girl, who had not much tolerance for giddy things like Tiny and Lena; but they always

Tiny moved about restlessly, fanning herself with her straw hat. `If I was smart like her, I'd be at my books

day and night. But she was born smartand look how her father's trained her! He was something high up in

`So was my mother's father,' murmured Lena, `but that's all the good it does us! My father's father was smart,

too, but he was wild. He married a Lapp. I guess that's what's the matter with me; they say Lapp blood will

`I don't know if she wore skins, but she was a Lapps all right, and his folks felt dreadful about it. He was sent

up North on some government job he had, and fell in with her. He would marry her.'

`But I thought Lapland women were fat and ugly, and had squint eyes, like Chinese?' I objected.

`I don't know, maybe. There must be something mighty taking about the Lapp girls, though; mother says the

In the afternoon, when the heat was less oppressive, we had a lively game of `Pussy Wants a Corner,' on the

flat blufftop, with the little trees for bases. Lena was Pussy so often that she finally said she wouldn't play

`Jim,' Antonia said dreamily, `I want you to tell the girls about how the Spanish first came here, like you and

Charley Harling used to talk about. I've tried to tell them, but I leave out so much.'

They sat under a little oak, Tony resting against the trunk and the other girls leaning against her and each

other, and listened to the little I was able to tell them about Coronado and his search for the Seven Golden

Cities. At school we were taught that he had not got so far north as Nebraska, but had given up his quest and

turned back somewhere in Kansas. But Charley Harling and I had a strong belief that he had been along this

very river. A farmer in the county north of ours, when he was breaking sod, had turned up a metal stirrup of

fine workmanship, and a sword with a Spanish inscription on the blade. He lent these relics to Mr. Harling,

who brought them home with him. Charley and I scoured them, and they were on exhibition in the Harling

office all summer. Father Kelly, the priest, had found the name of the Spanish maker on the sword and an

`And that I saw with my own eyes,' Antonia put in triumphantly. `So Jim and Charley were right, and the

The girls began to wonder among themselves. Why had the Spaniards come so far? What must this country

have been like, then? Why had Coronado never gone back to Spain, to his riches and his castles and his king?

I couldn't tell them. I only knew the schoolbooks said he `died in the wilderness, of a broken heart.'

`More than him has done that,' said Antonia sadly, and the girls murmured assent.

We sat looking off across the country, watching the sun go down. The curly grass about us was on fire now.

The bark of the oaks turned red as copper. There was a shimmer of gold on the brown river. Out in the stream

the sandbars glittered like glass, and the light trembled in the willow thickets as if little flames were leaping

among them. The breeze sank to stillness. In the ravine a ringdove mourned plaintively, and somewhere off

in the bushes an owl hooted. The girls sat listless, leaning against each other. The long fingers of the sun

Presently we saw a curious thing: There were no clouds, the sun was going down in a limpid, goldwashed

sky. Just as the lower edge of the red disk rested on the high fields against the horizon, a great black figure

suddenly appeared on the face of the sun. We sprang to our feet, straining our eyes toward it. In a moment we

realized what it was. On some upland farm, a plough had been left standing in the field. The sun was sinking

just behind it. Magnified across the distance by the horizontal light, it stood out against the sun, was exactly

contained within the circle of the disk; the handles, the tongue, the shareblack against the molten red.

Even while we whispered about it, our vision disappeared; the ball dropped and dropped until the red tip went

beneath the earth. The fields below us were dark, the sky was growing pale, and that forgotten plough had

LATE IN AUGUST the Cutters went to Omaha for a few days, leaving Antonia in charge of the house. Since

the scandal about the Swedish girl, Wick Cutter could never get his wife to stir out of Black Hawk without

The day after the Cutters left, Antonia came over to see us. Grandmother noticed that she seemed troubled

and distracted. `You've got something on your mind, Antonia,' she said anxiously.

`Yes, Mrs. Burden. I couldn't sleep much last night.' She hesitated, and then told us how strangely Mr. Cutter

had behaved before he went away. He put all the silver in a basket and placed it under her bed, and with it a

box of papers which he told her were valuable. He made her promise that she would not sleep away from the

house, or be out late in the evening, while he was gone. He strictly forbade her to ask any of the girls she

knew to stay with her at night. She would be perfectly safe, he said, as he had just put a new Yale lock on the

Cutter had been so insistent in regard to these details that now she felt uncomfortable about staying there

alone. She hadn't liked the way he kept coming into the kitchen to instruct her, or the way he looked at her. `I

feel as if he is up to some of his tricks again, and is going to try to scare me, somehow.'

Grandmother was apprehensive at once. `I don't think it's right for you to stay there, feeling that way. I

suppose it wouldn't be right for you to leave the place alone, either, after giving your word. Maybe Jim would

be willing to go over there and sleep, and you could come here nights. I'd feel safer, knowing you were under

my own roof. I guess Jim could take care of their silver and old usury notes as well as you could.'

Antonia turned to me eagerly. `Oh, would you, Jim? I'd make up my bed nice and fresh for you. It's a real

cool room, and the bed's right next the window. I was afraid to leave the window open last night.'

I liked my own room, and I didn't like the Cutters' house under any circumstances; but Tony looked so

troubled that I consented to try this arrangement. I found that I slept there as well as anywhere, and when I

got home in the morning, Tony had a good breakfast waiting for me. After prayers she sat down at the table

The third night I spent at the Cutters', I awoke suddenly with the impression that I had heard a door open and

shut. Everything was still, however, and I must have gone to sleep again immediately.

The next thing I knew, I felt someone sit down on the edge of the bed. I was only half awake, but I decided

that he might take the Cutters' silver, whoever he was. Perhaps if I did not move, he would find it and get out

without troubling me. I held my breath and lay absolutely still. A hand closed softly on my shoulder, and at

the same moment I felt something hairy and colognescented brushing my face. If the room had suddenly

been flooded with electric light, I couldn't have seen more clearly the detestable bearded countenance that I

knew was bending over me. I caught a handful of whiskers and pulled, shouting something. The hand that

held my shoulder was instantly at my throat. The man became insane; he stood over me, choking me with one

fist and beating me in the face with the other, hissing and chuckling and letting out a flood of abuse.

`So this is what she's up to when I'm away, is it? Where is she, you nasty whelp, where is she? Under the bed,

are you, hussy? I know your tricks! Wait till I get at you! I'll fix this rat you've got in here. He's caught, all

So long as Cutter had me by the throat, there was no chance for me at all. I got hold of his thumb and bent it

back, until he let go with a yell. In a bound, I was on my feet, and easily sent him sprawling to the floor. Then

I made a dive for the open window, struck the wire screen, knocked it out, and tumbled after it into the yard.

Suddenly I found myself running across the north end of Black Hawk in my nightshirt, just as one

sometimes finds one's self behaving in bad dreams. When I got home, I climbed in at the kitchen window. I

was covered with blood from my nose and lip, but I was too sick to do anything about it. I found a shawl and

an overcoat on the hatrack, lay down on the parlour sofa, and in spite of my hurts, went to sleep.

Grandmother found me there in the morning. Her cry of fright awakened me. Truly, I was a battered object.

As she helped me to my room, I caught a glimpse of myself in the mirror. My lip was cut and stood out like a

snout. My nose looked like a big blue plum, and one eye was swollen shut and hideously discoloured.

Grandmother said we must have the doctor at once, but I implored her, as I had never begged for anything

before, not to send for him. I could stand anything, I told her, so long as nobody saw me or knew what had

happened to me. I entreated her not to let grandfather, even, come into my room. She seemed to understand,

though I was too faint and miserable to go into explanations. When she took off my nightshirt, she found

such bruises on my chest and shoulders that she began to cry. She spent the whole morning bathing and

poulticing me, and rubbing me with arnica. I heard Antonia sobbing outside my door, but I asked

grandmother to send her away. I felt that I never wanted to see her again. I hated her almost as much as I

hated Cutter. She had let me in for all this disgustingness. Grandmother kept saying how thankful we ought to

be that I had been there instead of Antonia. But I lay with my disfigured face to the wall and felt no particular

gratitude. My one concern was that grandmother should keep everyone away from me. If the story once got

abroad, I would never hear the last of it. I could well imagine what the old men down at the drugstore would

While grandmother was trying to make me comfortable, grandfather went to the depot and learned that Wick

Cutter had come home on the night express from the east, and had left again on the six o'clock train for

Denver that morning. The agent said his face was striped with courtplaster, and he carried his left hand in a

sling. He looked so used up, that the agent asked him what had happened to him since ten o'clock the night

before; whereat Cutter began to swear at him and said he would have him discharged for incivility.

That afternoon, while I was asleep, Antonia took grandmother with her, and went over to the Cutters' to pack

her trunk. They found the place locked up, and they had to break the window to get into Antonia's bedroom.

There everything was in shocking disorder. Her clothes had been taken out of her closet, thrown into the

middle of the room, and trampled and torn. My own garments had been treated so badly that I never saw

While Antonia was packing her trunk and putting her room in order, to leave it, the front doorbell rang

violently. There stood Mrs. Cutter locked out, for she had no key to the new lockher head trembling

with rage. `I advised her to control herself, or she would have a stroke,' grandmother said afterward.

Grandmother would not let her see Antonia at all, but made her sit down in the parlour while she related to

her just what had occurred the night before. Antonia was frightened, and was going home to stay for a while,

she told Mrs. Cutter; it would be useless to interrogate the girl, for she knew nothing of what had happened.

Then Mrs. Cutter told her story. She and her husband had started home from Omaha together the morning

before. They had to stop over several hours at Waymore Junction to catch the Black Hawk train. During the

wait, Cutter left her at the depot and went to the Waymore bank to attend to some business. When he

returned, he told her that he would have to stay overnight there, but she could go on home. He bought her

ticket and put her on the train. She saw him slip a twentydollar bill into her handbag with her ticket. That

The trains are never called at little junction towns; everybody knows when they come in. Mr. Cutter showed

his wife's ticket to the conductor, and settled her in her seat before the train moved off. It was not until nearly

nightfall that she discovered she was on the express bound for Kansas City, that her ticket was made out to

that point, and that Cutter must have planned it so. The conductor told her the Black Hawk train was due at

Waymore twelve minutes after the Kansas City train left. She saw at once that her husband had played this

trick in order to get back to Black Hawk without her. She had no choice but to go on to Kansas City and take

Cutter could have got home a day earlier than his wife by any one of a dozen simpler devices; he could have

left her in the Omaha hotel, and said he was going on to Chicago for a few days. But apparently it was part of

`Mr. Cutter will pay for this, Mrs. Burden. He will pay!' Mrs. Cutter avouched, nodding her horselike head

Certainly Cutter liked to have his wife think him a devil. In some way he depended upon the excitement He

could arouse in her hysterical nature. Perhaps he got the feeling of being a rake more from his wife's rage and

amazement than from any experiences of his own. His zest in debauchery might wane, but never Mrs.

Cutter's belief in it. The reckoning with his wife at the end of an escapade was something he counted

onlike the last powerful liqueur after a long dinner. The one excitement he really couldn't do without was

AT THE UNIVERSITY I had the good fortune to come immediately under the influence of a brilliant and

inspiring young scholar. Gaston Cleric had arrived in Lincoln only a few weeks earlier than I, to begin his

work as head of the Latin Department. He came West at the suggestion of his physicians, his health having

been enfeebled by a long illness in Italy. When I took my entrance examinations, he was my examiner, and

I did not go home for my first summer vacation, but stayed in Lincoln, working off a year's Greek, which had

been my only condition on entering the freshman class. Cleric's doctor advised against his going back to New

England, and, except for a few weeks in Colorado, he, too, was in Lincoln all that summer. We played tennis,

read, and took long walks together. I shall always look back on that time of mental awakening as one of the

happiest in my life. Gaston Cleric introduced me to the world of ideas; when one first enters that world

everything else fades for a time, and all that went before is as if it had not been. Yet I found curious survivals;

In those days there were many serious young men among the students who had come up to the university

from the farms and the little towns scattered over the thinly settled state. Some of those boys came straight

from the cornfields with only a summer's wages in their pockets, hung on through the four years, shabby and

underfed, and completed the course by really heroic selfsacrifice. Our instructors were oddly assorted;

wandering pioneer schoolteachers, stranded ministers of the Gospel, a few enthusiastic young men just out

of graduate schools. There was an atmosphere of endeavour, of expectancy and bright hopefulness about the

young college that had lifted its head from the prairie only a few years before.

Our personal life was as free as that of our instructors. There were no college dormitories; we lived where we

could and as we could. I took rooms with an old couple, early settlers in Lincoln, who had married off their

children and now lived quietly in their house at the edge of town, near the open country. The house was

inconveniently situated for students, and on that account I got two rooms for the price of one. My bedroom,

originally a linencloset, was unheated and was barely large enough to contain my cotbed, but it enabled me

to call the other room my study. The dresser, and the great walnut wardrobe which held all my clothes, even

my hats and shoes, I had pushed out of the way, and I considered them nonexistent, as children eliminate

incongruous objects when they are playing house. I worked at a commodious greentopped table placed

directly in front of the west window which looked out over the prairie. In the corner at my right were all my

books, in shelves I had made and painted myself. On the blank wall at my left the dark, oldfashioned

wallpaper was covered by a large map of ancient Rome, the work of some German scholar. Cleric had

ordered it for me when he was sending for books from abroad. Over the bookcase hung a photograph of the

When I sat at work I halffaced a deep, upholstered chair which stood at the end of my table, its high back

against the wall. I had bought it with great care. My instructor sometimes looked in upon me when he was out

for an evening tramp, and I noticed that he was more likely to linger and become talkative if I had a

comfortable chair for him to sit in, and if he found a bottle of Benedictine and plenty of the kind of cigarettes

he liked, at his elbow. He was, I had discovered, parsimonious about small expenditures a trait absolutely

inconsistent with his general character. Sometimes when he came he was silent and moody, and after a few

sarcastic remarks went away again, to tramp the streets of Lincoln, which were almost as quiet and

oppressively domestic as those of Black Hawk. Again, he would sit until nearly midnight, talking about Latin

I can give no idea of the peculiar charm and vividness of his talk. In a crowd he was nearly always silent.

Even for his classroom he had no platitudes, no stock of professorial anecdotes. When he was tired, his

lectures were clouded, obscure, elliptical; but when he was interested they were wonderful. I believe that

Gaston Cleric narrowly missed being a great poet, and I have sometimes thought that his bursts of

imaginative talk were fatal to his poetic gift. He squandered too much in the heat of personal communication.

How often I have seen him draw his dark brows together, fix his eyes upon some object on the wall or a

figure in the carpet, and then flash into the lamplight the very image that was in his brain. He could bring the

drama of antique life before one out of the shadowswhite figures against blue backgrounds. I shall never

forget his face as it looked one night when he told me about the solitary day he spent among the sea temples

at Paestum: the soft wind blowing through the roofless columns, the birds flying low over the flowering

marsh grasses, the changing lights on the silver, cloudhung mountains. He had wilfully stayed the short

summer night there, wrapped in his coat and rug, watching the constellations on their path down the sky until

`the bride of old Tithonus' rose out of the sea, and the mountains stood sharp in the dawn. It was there he

caught the fever which held him back on the eve of his departure for Greece and of which he lay ill so long in

I remember vividly another evening, when something led us to talk of Dante's veneration for Virgil. Cleric

went through canto after canto of the `Commedia,' repeating the discourse between Dante and his `sweet

teacher,' while his cigarette burned itself out unheeded between his long fingers. I can hear him now,

speaking the lines of the poet Statius, who spoke for Dante: `I was famous on earth with the name which

endures longest and honours most. The seeds of my ardour were the sparks from that divine flame whereby

more than a thousand have kindled; I speak of the "Aeneid," mother to me and nurse to me in poetry.'

Although I admired scholarship so much in Cleric, I was not deceived about myself; I knew that I should

never be a scholar. I could never lose myself for long among impersonal things. Mental excitement was apt to

send me with a rush back to my own naked land and the figures scattered upon it. While I was in the very act

of yearning toward the new forms that Cleric brought up before me, my mind plunged away from me, and I

suddenly found myself thinking of the places and people of my own infinitesimal past. They stood out

strengthened and simplified now, like the image of the plough against the sun. They were all I had for an

answer to the new appeal. I begrudged the room that Jake and Otto and Russian Peter took up in my memory,

which I wanted to crowd with other things. But whenever my consciousness was quickened, all those early

friends were quickened within it, and in some strange way they accompanied me through all my new

experiences. They were so much alive in me that I scarcely stopped to wonder whether they were alive

ONE MARCH EVENING in my sophomore year I was sitting alone in my room after supper. There had been

a warm thaw all day, with mushy yards and little streams of dark water gurgling cheerfully into the streets out

of old snowbanks. My window was open, and the earthy wind blowing through made me indolent. On the

edge of the prairie, where the sun had gone down, the sky was turquoise blue, like a lake, with gold light

throbbing in it. Higher up, in the utter clarity of the western slope, the evening star hung like a lamp

suspended by silver chainslike the lamp engraved upon the titlepage of old Latin texts, which is always

appearing in new heavens, and waking new desires in men. It reminded me, at any rate, to shut my window

and light my wick in answer. I did so regretfully, and the dim objects in the room emerged from the shadows

I propped my book open and stared listlessly at the page of the `Georgics' where tomorrow's lesson began. It

opened with the melancholy reflection that, in the lives of mortals the best days are the first to flee. 'Optima

dies ... prima fugit.' I turned back to the beginning of the third book, which we had read in class that morning.

'Primus ego in patriam mecum ... deducam Musas'; `for I shall be the first, if I live, to bring the Muse into my

country.' Cleric had explained to us that `patria' here meant, not a nation or even a province, but the little rural

neighbourhood on the Mincio where the poet was born. This was not a boast, but a hope, at once bold and

devoutly humble, that he might bring the Muse (but lately come to Italy from her cloudy Grecian mountains),

not to the capital, the palatia Romana, but to his own little I country'; to his father's fields, `sloping down to

Cleric said he thought Virgil, when he was dying at Brindisi, must have remembered that passage. After he

had faced the bitter fact that he was to leave the `Aeneid' unfinished, and had decreed that the great canvas,

crowded with figures of gods and men, should be burned rather than survive him unperfected, then his mind

must have gone back to the perfect utterance of the `Georgics,' where the pen was fitted to the matter as the

plough is to the furrow; and he must have said to himself, with the thankfulness of a good man, `I was the

We left the classroom quietly, conscious that we had been brushed by the wing of a great feeling, though

perhaps I alone knew Cleric intimately enough to guess what that feeling was. In the evening, as I sat staring

at my book, the fervour of his voice stirred through the quantities on the page before me. I was wondering

whether that particular rocky strip of New England coast about which he had so often told me was Cleric's

patria. Before I had got far with my reading, I was disturbed by a knock. I hurried to the door and when I

The voice seemed familiar, but I did not recognize her until she stepped into the light of my doorway and I

beheldLena Lingard! She was so quietly conventionalized by city clothes that I might have passed her on

the street without seeing her. Her black suit fitted her figure smoothly, and a black lace hat, with paleblue

I led her toward Cleric's chair, the only comfortable one I had, questioning her confusedly.

She was not disconcerted by my embarrassment. She looked about her with the naive curiosity I remembered

so well. `You are quite comfortable here, aren't you? I live in Lincoln now, too, Jim. I'm in business for

myself. I have a dressmaking shop in the Raleigh Block, out on O Street. I've made a real good start.'

`Oh, I've been here all winter. Didn't your grandmother ever write you? I've thought about looking you up

lots of times. But we've all heard what a studious young man you've got to be, and I felt bashful. I didn't

know whether you'd be glad to see me.' She laughed her mellow, easy laugh, that was either very artless or

very comprehending, one never quite knew which. `You seem the same, thoughexcept you're a young

`Maybe you're prettierthough you were always pretty enough. Perhaps it's your clothes that make a

She took off her jacket and sat more at ease in her blouse, of some soft, flimsy silk. She was already at home

in my place, had slipped quietly into it, as she did into everything. She told me her business was going well,

`This summer I'm going to build the house for mother I've talked about so long. I won't be able to pay up on it

at first, but I want her to have it before she is too old to enjoy it. Next summer I'll take her down new

I watched Lena sitting there so smooth and sunny and wellcaredfor, and thought of how she used to run

barefoot over the prairie until after the snow began to fly, and how Crazy Mary chased her round and round

the cornfields. It seemed to me wonderful that she should have got on so well in the world. Certainly she had

`You must feel proud of yourself, Lena,' I said heartily. `Look at me; I've never earned a dollar, and I don't

`Tony says you're going to be richer than Mr. Harling some day. She's always bragging about you, you

`She's fine. She works for Mrs. Gardener at the hotel now. She's housekeeper. Mrs. Gardener's health isn't

what it was, and she can't see after everything like she used to. She has great confidence in Tony. Tony's

made it up with the Harlings, too. Little Nina is so fond of her that Mrs. Harling kind of overlooked things.'

`Oh, that's on, worse than ever! I guess they're engaged. Tony talks about him like he was president of the

railroad. Everybody laughs about it, because she was never a girl to be soft. She won't hear a word against

Lena's face dimpled. `Some of us could tell her things, but it wouldn't do any good. She'd always believe him.

That's Antonia's failing, you know; if she once likes people, she won't hear anything against them.'

`I think you had.' Lena looked up at me in frank amusement. `It's a good thing the Harlings are friendly with

her again. Larry's afraid of them. They ship so much grain, they have influence with the railroad people.

What are you studying?' She leaned her elbows on the table and drew my book toward her. I caught a faint

odour of violet sachet. `So that's Latin, is it? It looks hard. You do go to the theatre sometimes, though, for

I've seen you there. Don't you just love a good play, Jim? I can't stay at home in the evening if there's one in

town. I'd be willing to work like a slave, it seems to me, to live in a place where there are theatres.'

`Let's go to a show together sometime. You are going to let me come to see you, aren't you?'

`Would you like to? I'd be ever so pleased. I'm never busy after six o'clock, and I let my sewing girls go at

halfpast five. I board, to save time, but sometimes I cook a chop for myself, and I'd be glad to cook one for

you. Well'she began to put on her white gloves'it's been awful good to see you, Jim.'

`We can talk when you come to see me. I expect you don't often have lady visitors. The old woman

downstairs didn't want to let me come up very much. I told her I was from your home town, and had

promised your grandmother to come and see you. How surprised Mrs. Burden would be!' Lena laughed softly

When I caught up my hat, she shook her head. `No, I don't want you to go with me. I'm to meet some Swedes

at the drugstore. You wouldn't care for them. I wanted to see your room so I could write Tony all about it, but

I must tell her how I left you right here with your books. She's always so afraid someone will run off with

you!' Lena slipped her silk sleeves into the jacket I held for her, smoothed it over her person, and buttoned it

slowly. I walked with her to the door. `Come and see me sometimes when you're lonesome. But maybe you

have all the friends you want. Have you?' She turned her soft cheek to me. `Have you?' she whispered

When I turned back to my room the place seemed much pleasanter than before. Lena had left something

warm and friendly in the lamplight. How I loved to hear her laugh again! It was so soft and unexcited and

appreciative gave a favourable interpretation to everything. When I closed my eyes I could hear them all

laughingthe Danish laundry girls and the three Bohemian Marys. Lena had brought them all back to me. It

came over me, as it had never done before, the relation between girls like those and the poetry of Virgil. If

there were no girls like them in the world, there would be no poetry. I understood that clearly, for the first

time. This revelation seemed to me inestimably precious. I clung to it as if it might suddenly vanish.

As I sat down to my book at last, my old dream about Lena coming across the harvestfield in her short skirt

seemed to me like the memory of an actual experience. It floated before me on the page like a picture, and

IN LINCOLN THE BEST part of the theatrical season came late, when the good companies stopped off there

for onenight stands, after their long runs in New York and Chicago. That spring Lena went with me to see

Joseph Jefferson in `Rip Van Winkle,' and to a war play called `Shenandoah.' She was inflexible about paying

for her own seat; said she was in business now, and she wouldn't have a schoolboy spending his money on

her. I liked to watch a play with Lena; everything was wonderful to her, and everything was true. It was like

going to revival meetings with someone who was always being converted. She handed her feelings over to

the actors with a kind of fatalistic resignation. Accessories of costume and scene meant much more to her

than to me. She sat entranced through `Robin Hood' and hung upon the lips of the contralto who sang, `Oh,

Toward the end of April, the billboards, which I watched anxiously in those days, bloomed out one morning

with gleaming white posters on which two names were impressively printed in blue Gothic letters: the name

I called at the Raleigh Block for Lena on Saturday evening, and we walked down to the theatre. The weather

was warm and sultry and put us both in a holiday humour. We arrived early, because Lena liked to watch the

people come in. There was a note on the programme, saying that the `incidental music' would be from the

opera `Traviata,' which was made from the same story as the play. We had neither of us read the play, and we

did not know what it was aboutthough I seemed to remember having heard it was a piece in which great

actresses shone. `The Count of Monte Cristo,' which I had seen James O'Neill play that winter, was by the

only Alexandre Dumas I knew. This play, I saw, was by his son, and I expected a family resemblance. A

couple of jackrabbits, run in off the prairie, could not have been more innocent of what awaited them than

Our excitement began with the rise of the curtain, when the moody Varville, seated before the fire,

interrogated Nanine. Decidedly, there was a new tang about this dialogue. I had never heard in the theatre

lines that were alive, that presupposed and took for granted, like those which passed between Varville and

Marguerite in the brief encounter before her friends entered. This introduced the most brilliant, worldly, the

most enchantingly gay scene I had ever looked upon. I had never seen champagne bottles opened on the stage

before indeed, I had never seen them opened anywhere. The memory of that supper makes me hungry

now; the sight of it then, when I had only a students' boardinghouse dinner behind me, was delicate torment.

I seem to remember gilded chairs and tables (arranged hurriedly by footmen in white gloves and stockings),

linen of dazzling whiteness, glittering glass, silver dishes, a great bowl of fruit, and the reddest of roses. The

room was invaded by beautiful women and dashing young men, laughing and talking together. The men were

dressed more or less after the period in which the play was written; the women were not. I saw no

inconsistency. Their talk seemed to open to one the brilliant world in which they lived; every sentence made

one older and wiser, every pleasantry enlarged one's horizon. One could experience excess and satiety

without the inconvenience of learning what to do with one's hands in a drawingroom! When the characters

all spoke at once and I missed some of the phrases they flashed at each other, I was in misery. I strained my

The actress who played Marguerite was even then oldfashioned, though historic. She had been a member of

Daly's famous New York company, and afterward a `star' under his direction. She was a woman who could

not be taught, it is said, though she had a crude natural force which carried with people whose feelings were

accessible and whose taste was not squeamish. She was already old, with a ravaged countenance and a

physique curiously hard and stiff. She moved with difficulty I think she was lameI seem to remember

some story about a malady of the spine. Her Armand was disproportionately young and slight, a handsome

youth, perplexed in the extreme. But what did it matter? I believed devoutly in her power to fascinate him, in

her dazzling loveliness. I believed her young, ardent, reckless, disillusioned, under sentence, feverish, avid of

pleasure. I wanted to cross the footlights and help the slimwaisted Armand in the frilled shirt to convince

her that there was still loyalty and devotion in the world. Her sudden illness, when the gaiety was at its

height, her pallor, the handkerchief she crushed against her lips, the cough she smothered under the laughter

while Gaston kept playing the piano lightlyit all wrung my heart. But not so much as her cynicism in the

long dialogue with her lover which followed. How far was I from questioning her unbelief! While the

charmingly sincere young man pleaded with her accompanied by the orchestra in the old `Traviata' duet,

'misterioso, misterios' altero!'she maintained her bitter scepticism, and the curtain fell on her dancing

Between the acts we had no time to forget. The orchestra kept sawing away at the `Traviata' music, so joyous

and sad, so thin and faraway, so claptrap and yet so heartbreaking. After the second act I left Lena in

tearful contemplation of the ceiling, and went out into the lobby to smoke. As I walked about there I

congratulated myself that I had not brought some Lincoln girl who would talk during the waits about the

junior dances, or whether the cadets would camp at Plattsmouth. Lena was at least a woman, and I was a

Through the scene between Marguerite and the elder Duval, Lena wept unceasingly, and I sat helpless to

prevent the closing of that chapter of idyllic love, dreading the return of the young man whose ineffable

I suppose no woman could have been further in person, voice, and temperament from Dumas' appealing

heroine than the veteran actress who first acquainted me with her. Her conception of the character was as

heavy and uncompromising as her diction; she bore hard on the idea and on the consonants. At all times she

was highly tragic, devoured by remorse. Lightness of stress or behaviour was far from her. Her voice was

heavy and deep: `Arrrmond!' she would begin, as if she were summoning him to the bar of Judgment.

But the lines were enough. She had only to utter them. They created the character in spite of her.

The heartless world which Marguerite reentered with Varville had never been so glittering and reckless as

on the night when it gathered in Olympe's salon for the fourth act. There were chandeliers hung from the

ceiling, I remember, many servants in livery, gamingtables where the men played with piles of gold, and a

staircase down which the guests made their entrance. After all the others had gathered round the cardtables

and young Duval had been warned by Prudence, Marguerite descended the staircase with Varville; such a

cloak, such a fan, such jewelsand her face! One knew at a glance how it was with her. When Armand, with

the terrible words, `Look, all of you, I owe this woman nothing!' flung the gold and banknotes at the

halfswooning Marguerite, Lena cowered beside me and covered her face with her hands.

The curtain rose on the bedroom scene. By this time there wasn't a nerve in me that hadn't been twisted.

Nanine alone could have made me cry. I loved Nanine tenderly; and Gaston, how one clung to that good

fellow! The New Year's presents were not too much; nothing could be too much now. I wept unrestrainedly.

Even the handkerchief in my breastpocket, worn for elegance and not at all for use, was wet through by the

When we reached the door of the theatre, the streets were shining with rain. I had prudently brought along

Mrs. Harling's useful Commencement present, and I took Lena home under its shelter. After leaving her, I

walked slowly out into the country part of the town where I lived. The lilacs were all blooming in the yards,

and the smell of them after the rain, of the new leaves and the blossoms together, blew into my face with a

sort of bitter sweetness. I tramped through the puddles and under the showery trees, mourning for Marguerite

Gauthier as if she had died only yesterday, sighing with the spirit of 1840, which had sighed so much, and

which had reached me only that night, across long years and several languages, through the person of an

infirm old actress. The idea is one that no circumstances can frustrate. Wherever and whenever that piece is

HOW WELL I REMEMBER the stiff little parlour where I used to wait for Lena: the hard horsehair

furniture, bought at some auction sale, the long mirror, the fashionplates on the wall. If I sat down even for a

moment, I was sure to find threads and bits of coloured silk clinging to my clothes after I went away. Lena's

success puzzled me. She was so easygoing; had none of the push and selfassertiveness that get people ahead

in business. She had come to Lincoln, a country girl, with no introductions except to some cousins of Mrs.

Thomas who lived there, and she was already making clothes for the women of `the young married set.'

Evidently she had great natural aptitude for her work. She knew, as she said, `what people looked well in.'

She never tired of poring over fashionbooks. Sometimes in the evening I would find her alone in her

workroom, draping folds of satin on a wire figure, with a quite blissful expression of countenance. I couldn't

help thinking that the years when Lena literally hadn't enough clothes to cover herself might have something

to do with her untiring interest in dressing the human figure. Her clients said that Lena `had style,' and

overlooked her habitual inaccuracies. She never, I discovered, finished anything by the time she had

promised, and she frequently spent more money on materials than her customer had authorized. Once, when I

arrived at six o'clock, Lena was ushering out a fidgety mother and her awkward, overgrown daughter. The

`You'll try to keep it under fifty for me, won't you, Miss Lingard? You see, she's really too young to come to

an expensive dressmaker, but I knew you could do more with her than anybody else.'

`Oh, that will be all right, Mrs. Herron. I think we'll manage to get a good effect,' Lena replied blandly.

I thought her manner with her customers very good, and wondered where she had learned such

Sometimes after my morning classes were over, I used to encounter Lena downtown, in her velvet suit and a

little black hat, with a veil tied smoothly over her face, looking as fresh as the spring morning. Maybe she

would be carrying home a bunch of jonquils or a hyacinth plant. When we passed a candy store her footsteps

would hesitate and linger. `Don't let me go in,' she would murmur. `Get me by if you can.' She was very fond

We had delightful Sunday breakfasts together at Lena's. At the back of her long workroom was a

baywindow, large enough to hold a boxcouch and a readingtable. We breakfasted in this recess, after

drawing the curtains that shut out the long room, with cuttingtables and wire women and sheetdraped

garments on the walls. The sunlight poured in, making everything on the table shine and glitter and the flame

of the alcohol lamp disappear altogether. Lena's curly black waterspaniel, Prince, breakfasted with us. He

sat beside her on the couch and behaved very well until the Polish violinteacher across the hall began to

practise, when Prince would growl and sniff the air with disgust. Lena's landlord, old Colonel Raleigh, had

given her the dog, and at first she was not at all pleased. She had spent too much of her life taking care of

animals to have much sentiment about them. But Prince was a knowing little beast, and she grew fond of him.

After breakfast I made him do his lessons; play dead dog, shake hands, stand up like a soldier. We used to put

my cadet cap on his headI had to take military drill at the university and give him a yardmeasure to

Lena's talk always amused me. Antonia had never talked like the people about her. Even after she learned to

speak English readily, there was always something impulsive and foreign in her speech. But Lena had picked

up all the conventional expressions she heard at Mrs. Thomas's dressmaking shop. Those formal phrases, the

very flower of smalltown proprieties, and the flat commonplaces, nearly all hypocritical in their origin,

became very funny, very engaging, when they were uttered in Lena's soft voice, with her caressing intonation

and arch naivete. Nothing could be more diverting than to hear Lena, who was almost as candid as Nature,

We used to linger a long while over our coffee in that sunny corner. Lena was never so pretty as in the

morning; she wakened fresh with the world every day, and her eyes had a deeper colour then, like the blue

flowers that are never so blue as when they first open. I could sit idle all through a Sunday morning and look

`There was never any harm in Ole,' she said once. `People needn't have troubled themselves. He just liked to

come over and sit on the drawside and forget about his bad luck. I liked to have him. Any company's

`Sure he talked, in Norwegian. He'd been a sailor on an English boat and had seen lots of queer places. He

had wonderful tattoos. We used to sit and look at them for hours; there wasn't much to look at out there. He

was like a picture book. He had a ship and a strawberry girl on one arm, and on the other a girl standing

before a little house, with a fence and gate and all, waiting for her sweetheart. Farther up his arm, her sailor

I admitted it was no wonder Ole liked to look at a pretty girl once in a while, with such a fright at home.

`You know,' Lena said confidentially, `he married Mary because he thought she was strongminded and

would keep him straight. He never could keep straight on shore. The last time he landed in Liverpool he'd

been out on a two years' voyage. He was paid off one morning, and by the next he hadn't a cent left, and his

watch and compass were gone. He'd got with some women, and they'd taken everything. He worked his way

to this country on a little passenger boat. Mary was a stewardess, and she tried to convert him on the way

over. He thought she was just the one to keep him steady. Poor Ole! He used to bring me candy from town,

hidden in his feedbag. He couldn't refuse anything to a girl. He'd have given away his tattoos long ago, if he

If I happened to spend an evening with Lena and stayed late, the Polish violinteacher across the hall used to

come out and watch me descend the stairs, muttering so threateningly that it would have been easy to fall into

a quarrel with him. Lena had told him once that she liked to hear him practise, so he always left his door

There was a coolness between the Pole and Lena's landlord on her account. Old Colonel Raleigh had come to

Lincoln from Kentucky and invested an inherited fortune in real estate, at the time of inflated prices. Now he

sat day after day in his office in the Raleigh Block, trying to discover where his money had gone and how he

could get some of it back. He was a widower, and found very little congenial companionship in this casual

Western city. Lena's good looks and gentle manners appealed to him. He said her voice reminded him of

Southern voices, and he found as many opportunities of hearing it as possible. He painted and papered her

rooms for her that spring, and put in a porcelain bathtub in place of the tin one that had satisfied the former

tenant. While these repairs were being made, the old gentleman often dropped in to consult Lena's

preferences. She told me with amusement how Ordinsky, the Pole, had presented himself at her door one

evening, and said that if the landlord was annoying her by his attentions, he would promptly put a stop to it.

`I don't exactly know what to do about him,' she said, shaking her head, `he's so sort of wild all the time. I

wouldn't like to have him say anything rough to that nice old man. The colonel is longwinded, but then I

expect he's lonesome. I don't think he cares much for Ordinsky, either. He said once that if I had any

One Saturday evening when I was having supper with Lena, we heard a knock at her parlour door, and there

stood the Pole, coatless, in a dress shirt and collar. Prince dropped on his paws and began to growl like a

mastiff, while the visitor apologized, saying that he could not possibly come in thus attired, but he begged

`Oh, you'll have to come in, Mr. Ordinsky, and let me see what's the matter.' She closed the door behind him.

I rapped Prince on the nose, while Ordinsky explained that he had not had his dress clothes on for a long

time, and tonight, when he was going to play for a concert, his waistcoat had split down the back. He thought

Lena took him by the elbow and turned him round. She laughed when she saw the long gap in the satin. `You

could never pin that, Mr. Ordinsky. You've kept it folded too long, and the goods is all gone along the crease.

Take it off. I can put a new piece of liningsilk in there for you in ten minutes.' She disappeared into her

workroom with the vest, leaving me to confront the Pole, who stood against the door like a wooden figure.

He folded his arms and glared at me with his excitable, slanting brown eyes. His head was the shape of a

chocolate drop, and was covered with dry, strawcoloured hair that fuzzed up about his pointed crown. He

had never done more than mutter at me as I passed him, and I was surprised when he now addressed me.

`Miss Lingard,' he said haughtily, `is a young woman for whom I have the utmost, the utmost respect.'

He paid no heed to my remark, but began to do rapid fingerexercises on his shirtsleeves, as he stood with

`Kindness of heart,' he went on, staring at the ceiling, `sentiment, are not understood in a place like this. The

noblest qualities are ridiculed. Grinning college boys, ignorant and conceited, what do they know of

`If you mean me, Mr. Ordinsky, I have known Miss Lingard a long time, and I think I appreciate her

His gaze travelled slowly down from the ceiling and rested on me. `Am I to understand that you have this

`That's a word we don't use much here, Mr. Ordinsky. A girl who makes her own living can ask a college boy

`Then I have misjudged you, and I ask your pardon'he bowed gravely. `Miss Lingard,' he went on, `is an

absolutely trustful heart. She has not learned the hard lessons of life. As for you and me, noblesse oblige'he

Lena returned with the vest. `Come in and let us look at you as you go out, Mr. Ordinsky. I've never seen you

A few moments later he reappeared with his violincase a heavy muffler about his neck and thick woollen

gloves on his bony hands. Lena spoke encouragingly to him, and he went off with such an important

professional air that we fell to laughing as soon as we had shut the door. `Poor fellow,' Lena said indulgently,

After that Ordinsky was friendly to me, and behaved as if there were some deep understanding between us.

He wrote a furious article, attacking the musical taste of the town, and asked me to do him a great service by

taking it to the editor of the morning paper. If the editor refused to print it, I was to tell him that he would be

answerable to Ordinsky `in person.' He declared that he would never retract one word, and that he was quite

prepared to lose all his pupils. In spite of the fact that nobody ever mentioned his article to him after it

appearedfull of typographical errors which he thought intentional he got a certain satisfaction from

believing that the citizens of Lincoln had meekly accepted the epithet `coarse barbarians.' `You see how it is,'

he said to me, `where there is no chivalry, there is no amourpropre.' When I met him on his rounds now, I

thought he carried his head more disdainfully than ever, and strode up the steps of front porches and rang

doorbells with more assurance. He told Lena he would never forget how I had stood by him when he was

All this time, of course, I was drifting. Lena had broken up my serious mood. I wasn't interested in my

classes. I played with Lena and Prince, I played with the Pole, I went buggyriding with the old colonel, who

had taken a fancy to me and used to talk to me about Lena and the `great beauties' he had known in his youth.

Before the first of June, Gaston Cleric was offered an instructorship at Harvard College, and accepted it. He

suggested that I should follow him in the fall, and complete my course at Harvard. He had found out about

`You won't do anything here now. You should either quit school and go to work, or change your college and

begin again in earnest. You won't recover yourself while you are playing about with this handsome

Norwegian. Yes, I've seen her with you at the theatre. She's very pretty, and perfectly irresponsible, I should

Cleric wrote my grandfather that he would like to take me East with him. To my astonishment, grandfather

replied that I might go if I wished. I was both glad and sorry on the day when the letter came. I stayed in my

room all evening and thought things over. I even tried to persuade myself that I was standing in Lena's

way it is so necessary to be a little noble!and that if she had not me to play with, she would probably

The next evening I went to call on Lena. I found her propped up on the couch in her baywindow, with her

foot in a big slipper. An awkward little Russian girl whom she had taken into her workroom had dropped a

flatiron on Lena's toe. On the table beside her there was a basket of early summer flowers which the Pole

had left after he heard of the accident. He always managed to know what went on in Lena's apartment.

Lena was telling me some amusing piece of gossip about one of her clients, when I interrupted her and picked

`He doesn't mind that. It seems to cheer him to mention the subject. Old men are like that, you know. It

`The colonel would marry you in a minute. I hope you won't marry some old fellow; not even a rich one.'

`Nonsense, Lena. That's what girls say, but you know better. Every handsome girl like you marries, of

`Well, it's mainly because I don't want a husband. Men are all right for friends, but as soon as you marry them

they turn into cranky old fathers, even the wild ones. They begin to tell you what's sensible and what's

foolish, and want you to stick at home all the time. I prefer to be foolish when I feel like it, and be

`But you'll be lonesome. You'll get tired of this sort of life, and you'll want a family.'

`Not me. I like to be lonesome. When I went to work for Mrs. Thomas I was nineteen years old, and I had

never slept a night in my life when there weren't three in the bed. I never had a minute to myself except when

Usually, when Lena referred to her life in the country at all, she dismissed it with a single remark, humorous

or mildly cynical. But tonight her mind seemed to dwell on those early years. She told me she couldn't

remember a time when she was so little that she wasn't lugging a heavy baby about, helping to wash for

babies, trying to keep their little chapped hands and faces clean. She remembered home as a place where

there were always too many children, a cross man and work piling up around a sick woman.

`It wasn't mother's fault. She would have made us comfortable if she could. But that was no life for a girl!

After I began to herd and milk, I could never get the smell of the cattle off me. The few underclothes I had I

kept in a crackerbox. On Saturday nights, after everybody was in bed, then I could take a bath if I wasn't too

tired. I could make two trips to the windmill to carry water, and heat it in the washboiler on the stove. While

the water was heating, I could bring in a washtub out of the cave, and take my bath in the kitchen. Then I

could put on a clean nightgown and get into bed with two others, who likely hadn't had a bath unless I'd

given it to them. You can't tell me anything about family life. I've had plenty to last me.'

`Near enough. It's all being under somebody's thumb. What's on your mind, Jim? Are you afraid I'll want you

`You've been just awfully good to me, Lena,' I blurted. `I don't think about much else. I never shall think

about much else while I'm with you. I'll never settle down and grind if I stay here. You know that.'

I dropped down beside her and sat looking at the floor. I seemed to have forgotten all my reasonable

Lena drew close to me, and the little hesitation in her voice that had hurt me was not there when she spoke

`I oughtn't to have begun it, ought I?' she murmured. `I oughtn't to have gone to see you that first time. But I

did want to. I guess I've always been a little foolish about you. I don't know what first put it into my head,

unless it was Antonia, always telling me I mustn't be up to any of my nonsense with you. I let you alone for a

`You aren't sorry I came to see you that time?' she whispered. `It seemed so natural. I used to think I'd like to

We said many goodbyes before I left Lincoln, but she never tried to hinder me or hold me back. `You are

My Lincoln chapter closed abruptly. I went home to my grandparents for a few weeks, and afterward visited

my relatives in Virginia until I joined Cleric in Boston. I was then nineteen years old.

TWO YEARS AFTER I left Lincoln, I completed my academic course at Harvard. Before I entered the Law

School I went home for the summer vacation. On the night of my arrival, Mrs. Harling and Frances and Sally

came over to greet me. Everything seemed just as it used to be. My grandparents looked very little older.

Frances Harling was married now, and she and her husband managed the Harling interests in Black Hawk.

When we gathered in grandmother's parlour, I could hardly believe that I had been away at all. One subject,

When I was walking home with Frances, after we had left Mrs. Harling at her gate, she said simply, `You

Poor Antonia! Everyone would be saying that now, I thought bitterly. I replied that grandmother had written

me how Antonia went away to marry Larry Donovan at some place where he was working; that he had

`He never married her,' Frances said. `I haven't seen her since she came back. She lives at home, on the farm,

and almost never comes to town. She brought the baby in to show it to mama once. I'm afraid she's settled

I tried to shut Antonia out of my mind. I was bitterly disappointed in her. I could not forgive her for

becoming an object of pity, while Lena Lingard, for whom people had always foretold trouble, was now the

leading dressmaker of Lincoln, much respected in Black Hawk. Lena gave her heart away when she felt like

Just then it was the fashion to speak indulgently of Lena and severely of Tiny Soderball, who had quietly

gone West to try her fortune the year before. A Black Hawk boy, just back from Seattle, brought the news

that Tiny had not gone to the coast on a venture, as she had allowed people to think, but with very definite

plans. One of the roving promoters that used to stop at Mrs. Gardener's hotel owned idle property along the

waterfront in Seattle, and he had offered to set Tiny up in business in one of his empty buildings. She was

now conducting a sailors' lodginghouse. This, everyone said, would be the end of Tiny. Even if she had

begun by running a decent place, she couldn't keep it up; all sailors' boardinghouses were alike.

When I thought about it, I discovered that I had never known Tiny as well as I knew the other girls. I

remembered her tripping briskly about the diningroom on her high heels, carrying a big trayful of dishes,

glancing rather pertly at the spruce travelling men, and contemptuously at the scrubby ones who were so

afraid of her that they didn't dare to ask for two kinds of pie. Now it occurred to me that perhaps the sailors,

too, might be afraid of Tiny. How astonished we should have been, as we sat talking about her on Frances

Harling's front porch, if we could have known what her future was really to be! Of all the girls and boys who

grew up together in Black Hawk, Tiny Soderball was to lead the most adventurous life and to achieve the

This is what actually happened to Tiny: While she was running her lodginghouse in Seattle, gold was

discovered in Alaska. Miners and sailors came back from the North with wonderful stories and pouches of

gold. Tiny saw it and weighed it in her hands. That daring, which nobody had ever suspected in her, awoke.

She sold her business and set out for Circle City, in company with a carpenter and his wife whom she had

persuaded to go along with her. They reached Skaguay in a snowstorm, went in dogsledges over the

Chilkoot Pass, and shot the Yukon in flatboats. They reached Circle City on the very day when some Siwash

Indians came into the settlement with the report that there had been a rich gold strike farther up the river, on a

certain Klondike Creek. Two days later Tiny and her friends, and nearly everyone else in Circle City, started

for the Klondike fields on the last steamer that went up the Yukon before it froze for the winter. That

boatload of people founded Dawson City. Within a few weeks there were fifteen hundred homeless men in

camp. Tiny and the carpenter's wife began to cook for them, in a tent. The miners gave her a building lot, and

the carpenter put up a log hotel for her. There she sometimes fed a hundred and fifty men a day. Miners came

in on snowshoes from their placer claims twenty miles away to buy fresh bread from her, and paid for it in

That winter Tiny kept in her hotel a Swede whose legs had been frozen one night in a storm when he was

trying to find his way back to his cabin. The poor fellow thought it great good fortune to be cared for by a

woman, and a woman who spoke his own tongue. When he was told that his feet must be amputated, he said

he hoped he would not get well; what could a workingman do in this hard world without feet? He did, in

fact, die from the operation, but not before he had deeded Tiny Soderball his claim on Hunker Creek. Tiny

sold her hotel, invested half her money in Dawson building lots, and with the rest she developed her claim.

She went off into the wilds and lived on the claim. She bought other claims from discouraged miners, traded

After nearly ten years in the Klondike, Tiny returned, with a considerable fortune, to live in San Francisco. I

met her in Salt Lake City in 1908. She was a thin, hardfaced woman, very welldressed, very reserved in

manner. Curiously enough, she reminded me of Mrs. Gardener, for whom she had worked in Black Hawk so

long ago. She told me about some of the desperate chances she had taken in the gold country, but the thrill of

them was quite gone. She said frankly that nothing interested her much now but making money. The only two

human beings of whom she spoke with any feeling were the Swede, Johnson, who had given her his claim,

and Lena Lingard. She had persuaded Lena to come to San Francisco and go into business there.

`Lincoln was never any place for her,' Tiny remarked. `In a town of that size Lena would always be gossiped

about. Frisco's the right field for her. She has a fine class of trade. Oh, she's just the same as she always was!

She's careless, but she's levelheaded. She's the only person I know who never gets any older. It's fine for me

to have her there; somebody who enjoys things like that. She keeps an eye on me and won't let me be shabby.

When she thinks I need a new dress, she makes it and sends it home with a bill that's long enough, I can tell

Tiny limped slightly when she walked. The claim on Hunker Creek took toll from its possessors. Tiny had

been caught in a sudden turn of weather, like poor Johnson. She lost three toes from one of those pretty little

feet that used to trip about Black Hawk in pointed slippers and striped stockings. Tiny mentioned this

mutilation quite casuallydidn't seem sensitive about it. She was satisfied with her success, but not elated.

SOON AFTER I GOT home that summer, I persuaded my grandparents to have their photographs taken, and

one morning I went into the photographer's shop to arrange for sittings. While I was waiting for him to come

out of his developingroom, I walked about trying to recognize the likenesses on his walls: girls in

Commencement dresses, country brides and grooms holding hands, family groups of three generations. I

noticed, in a heavy frame, one of those depressing `crayon enlargements' often seen in farmhouse parlours,

the subject being a roundeyed baby in short dresses. The photographer came out and gave a constrained,

`That's Tony Shimerda's baby. You remember her; she used to be the Harlings' Tony. Too bad! She seems

proud of the baby, though; wouldn't hear to a cheap frame for the picture. I expect her brother will be in for it

I went away feeling that I must see Antonia again. Another girl would have kept her baby out of sight, but

Tony, of course, must have its picture on exhibition at the town photographer's, in a great gilt frame. How

like her! I could forgive her, I told myself, if she hadn't thrown herself away on such a cheap sort of fellow.

Larry Donovan was a passenger conductor, one of those traincrew aristocrats who are always afraid that

someone may ask them to put up a carwindow, and who, if requested to perform such a menial service,

silently point to the button that calls the porter. Larry wore this air of official aloofness even on the street,

where there were no carwindows to compromise his dignity. At the end of his run he stepped indifferently

from the train along with the passengers, his street hat on his head and his conductor's cap in an alligatorskin

bag, went directly into the station and changed his clothes. It was a matter of the utmost importance to him

never to be seen in his blue trousers away from his train. He was usually cold and distant with men, but with

all women he had a silent, grave familiarity, a special handshake, accompanied by a significant, deliberate

look. He took women, married or single, into his confidence; walked them up and down in the moonlight,

telling them what a mistake he had made by not entering the office branch of the service, and how much

better fitted he was to fill the post of General Passenger Agent in Denver than the roughshod man who then

bore that title. His unappreciated worth was the tender secret Larry shared with his sweethearts, and he was

As I drew near home that morning, I saw Mrs. Harling out in her yard, digging round her mountainash tree.

It was a dry summer, and she had now no boy to help her. Charley was off in his battleship, cruising

somewhere on the Caribbean sea. I turned in at the gate it was with a feeling of pleasure that I opened and

shut that gate in those days; I liked the feel of it under my hand. I took the spade away from Mrs. Harling,

and while I loosened the earth around the tree, she sat down on the steps and talked about the oriole family

`Mrs. Harling,' I said presently, `I wish I could find out exactly how Antonia's marriage fell through.'

`Why don't you go out and see your grandfather's tenant, the Widow Steavens? She knows more about it than

anybody else. She helped Antonia get ready to be married, and she was there when Antonia came back. She

took care of her when the baby was born. She could tell you everything. Besides, the Widow Steavens is a

ON THE FIRST OR second day of August I got a horse and cart and set out for the high country, to visit the

Widow Steavens. The wheat harvest was over, and here and there along the horizon I could see black puffs of

smoke from the steam threshingmachines. The old pasture land was now being broken up into wheatfields

and cornfields, the red grass was disappearing, and the whole face of the country was changing. There were

wooden houses where the old sod dwellings used to be, and little orchards, and big red barns; all this meant

happy children, contented women, and men who saw their lives coming to a fortunate issue. The windy

springs and the blazing summers, one after another, had enriched and mellowed that flat tableland; all the

human effort that had gone into it was coming back in long, sweeping lines of fertility. The changes seemed

beautiful and harmonious to me; it was like watching the growth of a great man or of a great idea. I

recognized every tree and sandbank and rugged draw. I found that I remembered the conformation of the land

When I drew up to our old windmill, the Widow Steavens came out to meet me. She was brown as an Indian

woman, tall, and very strong. When I was little, her massive head had always seemed to me like a Roman

`You'll stay the night with us, Jimmy? I'll talk to you after supper. I can take more interest when my work is

off my mind. You've no prejudice against hot biscuit for supper? Some have, these days.'

While I was putting my horse away, I heard a rooster squawking. I looked at my watch and sighed; it was

After supper Mrs. Steavens and I went upstairs to the old sittingroom, while her grave, silent brother

remained in the basement to read his farm papers. All the windows were open. The white summer moon was

shining outside, the windmill was pumping lazily in the light breeze. My hostess put the lamp on a stand in

the corner, and turned it low because of the heat. She sat down in her favourite rockingchair and settled a

little stool comfortably under her tired feet. `I'm troubled with calluses, Jim; getting old,' she sighed

cheerfully. She crossed her hands in her lap and sat as if she were at a meeting of some kind.

`Now, it's about that dear Antonia you want to know? Well, you've come to the right person. I've watched her

`When she came home to do her sewing that summer before she was to be married, she was over here about

every day. They've never had a sewingmachine at the Shimerdas', and she made all her things here. I taught

her hemstitching, and I helped her to cut and fit. She used to sit there at that machine by the window,

pedalling the life out of it she was so strongand always singing them queer Bohemian songs, like she

`"Antonia," I used to say, "don't run that machine so fast. You won't hasten the day none that way."

`Then she'd laugh and slow down for a little, but she'd soon forget and begin to pedal and sing again. I never

saw a girl work harder to go to housekeeping right and wellprepared. Lovely tablelinen the Harlings had

given her, and Lena Lingard had sent her nice things from Lincoln. We hemstitched all the tablecloths and

pillowcases, and some of the sheets. Old Mrs. Shimerda knit yards and yards of lace for her underclothes.

Tony told me just how she meant to have everything in her house. She'd even bought silver spoons and forks,

and kept them in her trunk. She was always coaxing brother to go to the postoffice. Her young man did

`The first thing that troubled her was when he wrote that his run had been changed, and they would likely

have to live in Denver. "I'm a country girl," she said, "and I doubt if I'll be able to manage so well for him in a

city. I was counting on keeping chickens, and maybe a cow." She soon cheered up, though.

`At last she got the letter telling her when to come. She was shaken by it; she broke the seal and read it in this

room. I suspected then that she'd begun to get fainthearted, waiting; though she'd never let me see it.

`Then there was a great time of packing. It was in March, if I remember rightly, and a terrible muddy, raw

spell, with the roads bad for hauling her things to town. And here let me say, Ambrosch did the right thing.

He went to Black Hawk and bought her a set of plated silver in a purple velvet box, good enough for her

station. He gave her three hundred dollars in money; I saw the cheque. He'd collected her wages all those first

years she worked out, and it was but right. I shook him by the hand in this room. "You're behaving like a

`'Twas a cold, raw day he drove her and her three trunks into Black Hawk to take the night train for

Denverthe boxes had been shipped before. He stopped the wagon here, and she ran in to tell me goodbye.

She threw her arms around me and kissed me, and thanked me for all I'd done for her. She was so happy she

was crying and laughing at the same time, and her red cheeks was all wet with rain.

`She laughed kind of flighty like, and whispered, "Goodbye, dear house!" and then ran out to the wagon. I

expect she meant that for you and your grandmother, as much as for me, so I'm particular to tell you. This

`Well, in a few days we had a letter saying she got to Denver safe, and he was there to meet her. They were to

be married in a few days. He was trying to get his promotion before he married, she said. I didn't like that, but

I said nothing. The next week Yulka got a postal card, saying she was "well and happy." After that we heard

nothing. A month went by, and old Mrs. Shimerda began to get fretful. Ambrosch was as sulky with me as if

`One night brother William came in and said that on his way back from the fields he had passed a livery team

from town, driving fast out the west road. There was a trunk on the front seat with the driver, and another

behind. In the back seat there was a woman all bundled up; but for all her veils, he thought `twas Antonia

`The next morning I got brother to drive me over. I can walk still, but my feet ain't what they used to be, and I

try to save myself. The lines outside the Shimerdas' house was full of washing, though it was the middle of

the week. As we got nearer, I saw a sight that made my heart sinkall those underclothes we'd put so much

work on, out there swinging in the wind. Yulka came bringing a dishpanful of wrung clothes, but she darted

back into the house like she was loath to see us. When I went in, Antonia was standing over the tubs, just

finishing up a big washing. Mrs. Shimerda was going about her work, talking and scolding to herself. She

didn't so much as raise her eyes. Tony wiped her hand on her apron and held it out to me, looking at me

steady but mournful. When I took her in my arms she drew away. "Don't, Mrs. Steavens," she says, "you'll

`I whispered and asked her to come outofdoors with me. I knew she couldn't talk free before her mother.

`"I'm not married, Mrs. Steavens," she says to me very quiet and naturallike, "and I ought to be."

`She sat down on the drawside, out of sight of the house. "He's run away from me," she said. "I don't know if

`"He didn't have any job. He'd been fired; blacklisted for knocking down fares. I didn't know. I thought he

hadn't been treated right. He was sick when I got there. He'd just come out of the hospital. He lived with me

till my money gave out, and afterward I found he hadn't really been hunting work at all. Then he just didn't

come back. One nice fellow at the station told me, when I kept going to look for him, to give it up. He said he

was afraid Larry'd gone bad and wouldn't come back any more. I guess he's gone to Old Mexico. The

conductors get rich down there, collecting halffares off the natives and robbing the company. He was

`I asked her, of course, why she didn't insist on a civil marriage at once that would have given her some

hold on him. She leaned her head on her hands, poor child, and said, "I just don't know, Mrs. Steavens. I

guess my patience was wore out, waiting so long. I thought if he saw how well I could do for him, he'd want

`Jimmy, I sat right down on that bank beside her and made lament. I cried like a young thing. I couldn't help

it. I was just about heartbroke. It was one of them lovely warm May days, and the wind was blowing and the

colts jumping around in the pastures; but I felt bowed with despair. My Antonia, that had so much good in

her, had come home disgraced. And that Lena Lingard, that was always a bad one, say what you will, had

turned out so well, and was coming home here every summer in her silks and her satins, and doing so much

for her mother. I give credit where credit is due, but you know well enough, Jim Burden, there is a great

difference in the principles of those two girls. And here it was the good one that had come to grief! I was poor

comfort to her. I marvelled at her calm. As we went back to the house, she stopped to feel of her clothes to

see if they was drying well, and seemed to take pride in their whitenessshe said she'd been living in a brick

`The next time I saw Antonia, she was out in the fields ploughing corn. All that spring and summer she did

the work of a man on the farm; it seemed to be an understood thing. Ambrosch didn't get any other hand to

help him. Poor Marek had got violent and been sent away to an institution a good while back. We never even

saw any of Tony's pretty dresses. She didn't take them out of her trunks. She was quiet and steady. Folks

respected her industry and tried to treat her as if nothing had happened. They talked, to be sure; but not like

they would if she'd put on airs. She was so crushed and quiet that nobody seemed to want to humble her. She

never went anywhere. All that summer she never once came to see me. At first I was hurt, but I got to feel

that it was because this house reminded her of too much. I went over there when I could, but the times when

she was in from the fields were the times when I was busiest here. She talked about the grain and the weather

as if she'd never had another interest, and if I went over at night she always looked dead weary. She was

afflicted with toothache; one tooth after another ulcerated, and she went about with her face swollen half the

time. She wouldn't go to Black Hawk to a dentist for fear of meeting people she knew. Ambrosch had got

over his good spell long ago, and was always surly. Once I told him he ought not to let Antonia work so hard

and pull herself down. He said, "If you put that in her head, you better stay home." And after that I did.

`Antonia worked on through harvest and threshing, though she was too modest to go out threshing for the

neighbours, like when she was young and free. I didn't see much of her until late that fall when she begun to

herd Ambrosch's cattle in the open ground north of here, up toward the big dogtown. Sometimes she used to

bring them over the west hill, there, and I would run to meet her and walk north a piece with her. She had

thirty cattle in her bunch; it had been dry, and the pasture was short, or she wouldn't have brought them so

`It was a fine open fall, and she liked to be alone. While the steers grazed, she used to sit on them grassy

banks along the draws and sun herself for hours. Sometimes I slipped up to visit with her, when she hadn't

`"It does seem like I ought to make lace, or knit like Lena used to," she said one day, "but if I start to work, I

look around and forget to go on. It seems such a little while ago when Jim Burden and I was playing all over

this country. Up here I can pick out the very places where my father used to stand. Sometimes I feel like I'm

`After the winter begun she wore a man's long overcoat and boots, and a man's felt hat with a wide brim. I

used to watch her coming and going, and I could see that her steps were getting heavier. One day in

December, the snow began to fall. Late in the afternoon I saw Antonia driving her cattle homeward across the

hill. The snow was flying round her and she bent to face it, looking more lonesomelike to me than usual.

"Deary me," I says to myself, "the girl's stayed out too late. It'll be dark before she gets them cattle put into

the corral." I seemed to sense she'd been feeling too miserable to get up and drive them.

`That very night, it happened. She got her cattle home, turned them into the corral, and went into the house,

into her room behind the kitchen, and shut the door. There, without calling to anybody, without a groan, she

`I was lifting supper when old Mrs. Shimerda came running down the basement stairs, out of breath and

`Brother William is surely a patient man. He was just ready to sit down to a hot supper after a long day in the

fields. Without a word he rose and went down to the barn and hooked up his team. He got us over there as

quick as it was humanly possible. I went right in, and began to do for Antonia; but she laid there with her

eyes shut and took no account of me. The old woman got a tubful of warm water to wash the baby. I

overlooked what she was doing and I said out loud: "Mrs. Shimerda, don't you put that strong yellow soap

`"Mrs. Steavens," Antonia said from the bed, "if you'll look in the top tray of my trunk, you'll see some fine

`After I'd dressed the baby, I took it out to show it to Ambrosch. He was muttering behind the stove and

`"Now, see here, Ambrosch," says I, "there's a law in this land, don't forget that. I stand here a witness that

this baby has come into the world sound and strong, and I intend to keep an eye on what befalls it." I pride

`Well I expect you're not much interested in babies, but Antonia's got on fine. She loved it from the first as

dearly as if she'd had a ring on her finger, and was never ashamed of it. It's a year and eight months old now,

and no baby was ever better caredfor. Antonia is a naturalborn mother. I wish she could marry and raise a

I slept that night in the room I used to have when I was a little boy, with the summer wind blowing in at the

windows, bringing the smell of the ripe fields. I lay awake and watched the moonlight shining over the barn

and the stacks and the pond, and the windmill making its old dark shadow against the blue sky.

THE NEXT AFTERNOON I walked over to the Shimerdas'. Yulka showed me the baby and told me that

Antonia was shocking wheat on the southwest quarter. I went down across the fields, and Tony saw me from

a long way off. She stood still by her shocks, leaning on her pitchfork, watching me as I came. We met like

the people in the old song, in silence, if not in tears. Her warm hand clasped mine.

`I thought you'd come, Jim. I heard you were at Mrs. Steavens's last night. I've been looking for you all day.'

She was thinner than I had ever seen her, and looked as Mrs. Steavens said, `worked down,' but there was a

new kind of strength in the gravity of her face, and her colour still gave her that look of deepseated health

and ardour. Still? Why, it flashed across me that though so much had happened in her life and in mine, she

Antonia stuck her fork in the ground, and instinctively we walked toward that unploughed patch at the

crossing of the roads as the fittest place to talk to each other. We sat down outside the sagging wire fence that

shut Mr. Shimerda's plot off from the rest of the world. The tall red grass had never been cut there. It had died

down in winter and come up again in the spring until it was as thick and shrubby as some tropical

gardengrass. I found myself telling her everything: why I had decided to study law and to go into the law

office of one of my mother's relatives in New York City; about Gaston Cleric's death from pneumonia last

winter, and the difference it had made in my life. She wanted to know about my friends, and my way of

`Of course it means you are going away from us for good,' she said with a sigh. `But that don't mean I'll lose

you. Look at my papa here; he's been dead all these years, and yet he is more real to me than almost anybody

else. He never goes out of my life. I talk to him and consult him all the time. The older I grow, the better I

She asked me whether I had learned to like big cities. `I'd always be miserable in a city. I'd die of

lonesomeness. I like to be where I know every stack and tree, and where all the ground is friendly. I want to

live and die here. Father Kelly says everybody's put into this world for something, and I know what I've got

to do. I'm going to see that my little girl has a better chance than ever I had. I'm going to take care of that girl,

I told her I knew she would. `Do you know, Antonia, since I've been away, I think of you more often than of

anyone else in this part of the world. I'd have liked to have you for a sweetheart, or a wife, or my mother or

my sisteranything that a woman can be to a man. The idea of you is a part of my mind; you influence my

likes and dislikes, all my tastes, hundreds of times when I don't realize it. You really are a part of me.'

She turned her bright, believing eyes to me, and the tears came up in them slowly, `How can it be like that,

when you know so many people, and when I've disappointed you so? Ain't it wonderful, Jim, how much

people can mean to each other? I'm so glad we had each other when we were little. I can't wait till my little

girl's old enough to tell her about all the things we used to do. You'll always remember me when you think

about old times, won't you? And I guess everybody thinks about old times, even the happiest people.'

As we walked homeward across the fields, the sun dropped and lay like a great golden globe in the low west.

While it hung there, the moon rose in the east, as big as a cartwheel, pale silver and streaked with rose

colour, thin as a bubble or a ghostmoon. For five, perhaps ten minutes, the two luminaries confronted each

In that singular light every little tree and shock of wheat, every sunflower stalk and clump of

snowonthemountain, drew itself up high and pointed; the very clods and furrows in the fields seemed to

stand up sharply. I felt the old pull of the earth, the solemn magic that comes out of those fields at nightfall. I

We reached the edge of the field, where our ways parted. I took her hands and held them against my breast,

feeling once more how strong and warm and good they were, those brown hands, and remembering how

many kind things they had done for me. I held them now a long while, over my heart. About us it was

growing darker and darker, and I had to look hard to see her face, which I meant always to carry with me; the

closest, realest face, under all the shadows of women's faces, at the very bottom of my memory.

`Perhaps you will'I felt rather than saw her smile. `But even if you don't, you're here, like my father. So I

As I went back alone over that familiar road, I could almost believe that a boy and girl ran along beside me,

I TOLD ANTONIA I would come back, but life intervened, and it was twenty years before I kept my

promise. I heard of her from time to time; that she married, very soon after I last saw her, a young Bohemian,

a cousin of Anton Jelinek; that they were poor, and had a large family. Once when I was abroad I went into

Bohemia, and from Prague I sent Antonia some photographs of her native village. Months afterward came a

letter from her, telling me the names and ages of her many children, but little else; signed, `Your old friend,

Antonia Cuzak.' When I met Tiny Soderball in Salt Lake, she told me that Antonia had not `done very well';

that her husband was not a man of much force, and she had had a hard life. Perhaps it was cowardice that

kept me away so long. My business took me West several times every year, and it was always in the back of

my mind that I would stop in Nebraska some day and go to see Antonia. But I kept putting it off until the next

trip. I did not want to find her aged and broken; I really dreaded it. In the course of twenty crowded years one

parts with many illusions. I did not wish to lose the early ones. Some memories are realities, and are better

I owe it to Lena Lingard that I went to see Antonia at last. I was in San Francisco two summers ago when

both Lena and Tiny Soderball were in town. Tiny lives in a house of her own, and Lena's shop is in an

apartment house just around the corner. It interested me, after so many years, to see the two women together.

Tiny audits Lena's accounts occasionally, and invests her money for her; and Lena, apparently, takes care that

Tiny doesn't grow too miserly. `If there's anything I can't stand,' she said to me in Tiny's presence, `it's a

shabby rich woman.' Tiny smiled grimly and assured me that Lena would never be either shabby or rich.

`You really ought to go, Jim. It would be such a satisfaction to her. Never mind what Tiny says. There's

nothing the matter with Cuzak. You'd like him. He isn't a hustler, but a rough man would never have suited

Tony. Tony has nice childrenten or eleven of them by this time, I guess. I shouldn't care for a family of

that size myself, but somehow it's just right for Tony. She'd love to show them to you.'

On my way East I broke my journey at Hastings, in Nebraska, and set off with an open buggy and a fairly

good livery team to find the Cuzak farm. At a little past midday, I knew I must be nearing my destination. Set

back on a swell of land at my right, I saw a wide farmhouse, with a red barn and an ash grove, and

cattleyards in front that sloped down to the highroad. I drew up my horses and was wondering whether I

should drive in here, when I heard low voices. Ahead of me, in a plum thicket beside the road, I saw two boys

bending over a dead dog. The little one, not more than four or five, was on his knees, his hands folded, and

his closeclipped, bare head drooping forward in deep dejection. The other stood beside him, a hand on his

shoulder, and was comforting him in a language I had not heard for a long while. When I stopped my horses

opposite them, the older boy took his brother by the hand and came toward me. He, too, looked grave. This

The younger one did not look up; he was submerged in his own feelings, but his brother met me with

`Does she live up there on the hill? I am going to see her. Get in and ride up with me.'

He glanced at his reluctant little brother. `I guess we'd better walk. But we'll open the gate for you.'

I drove along the sideroad and they followed slowly behind. When I pulled up at the windmill, another boy,

barefooted and curlyheaded, ran out of the barn to tie my team for me. He was a handsome one, this chap,

fairskinned and freckled, with red cheeks and a ruddy pelt as thick as a lamb's wool, growing down on his

neck in little tufts. He tied my team with two flourishes of his hands, and nodded when I asked him if his

mother was at home. As he glanced at me, his face dimpled with a seizure of irrelevant merriment, and he

shot up the windmill tower with a lightness that struck me as disdainful. I knew he was peering down at me

Ducks and geese ran quacking across my path. White cats were sunning themselves among yellow pumpkins

on the porch steps. I looked through the wire screen into a big, light kitchen with a white floor. I saw a long

table, rows of wooden chairs against the wall, and a shining range in one corner. Two girls were washing

dishes at the sink, laughing and chattering, and a little one, in a short pinafore, sat on a stool playing with a

rag baby. When I asked for their mother, one of the girls dropped her towel, ran across the floor with

noiseless bare feet, and disappeared. The older one, who wore shoes and stockings, came to the door to admit

Before I could sit down in the chair she offered me, the miracle happened; one of those quiet moments that

clutch the heart, and take more courage than the noisy, excited passages in life. Antonia came in and stood

before me; a stalwart, brown woman, flatchested, her curly brown hair a little grizzled. It was a shock, of

course. It always is, to meet people after long years, especially if they have lived as much and as hard as this

woman had. We stood looking at each other. The eyes that peered anxiously at me weresimply Antonia's

eyes. I had seen no others like them since I looked into them last, though I had looked at so many thousands

of human faces. As I confronted her, the changes grew less apparent to me, her identity stronger. She was

there, in the full vigour of her personality, battered but not diminished, looking at me, speaking to me in the

She frowned into the slanting sunlight that made her brown hair look redder than it was. Suddenly her eyes

widened, her whole face seemed to grow broader. She caught her breath and put out two hardworked hands.

`Why, it's Jim! Anna, Yulka, it's Jim Burden!' She had no sooner caught my hands than she looked alarmed.

`No. I didn't come to a funeral this time. I got off the train at Hastings and drove down to see you and your

She dropped my hand and began rushing about. `Anton, Yulka, Nina, where are you all? Run, Anna, and hunt

for the boys. They're off looking for that dog, somewhere. And call Leo. Where is that Leo!' She pulled them

out of corners and came bringing them like a mother cat bringing in her kittens. `You don't have to go right

off, Jim? My oldest boy's not here. He's gone with papa to the street fair at Wilber. I won't let you go! You've

got to stay and see Rudolph and our papa.' She looked at me imploringly, panting with excitement.

While I reassured her and told her there would be plenty of time, the barefooted boys from outside were

As she told them off in turn, she made several mistakes about ages, and they roared with laughter. When she

came to my lightfooted friend of the windmill, she said, `This is Leo, and he's old enough to be better than

He ran up to her and butted her playfully with his curly head, like a little ram, but his voice was quite

desperate. `You've forgot! You always forget mine. It's mean! Please tell him, mother!' He clenched his fists

She wound her forefinger in his yellow fleece and pulled it, watching him. `Well, how old are you?'

`I'm twelve,' he panted, looking not at me but at her; `I'm twelve years old, and I was born on Easter Day!'

The children all looked at me, as if they expected me to exhibit astonishment or delight at this information.

Clearly, they were proud of each other, and of being so many. When they had all been introduced, Anna, the

eldest daughter, who had met me at the door, scattered them gently, and came bringing a white apron which

`Now, mother, sit down and talk to Mr. Burden. We'll finish the dishes quietly and not disturb you.'

Antonia looked about, quite distracted. `Yes, child, but why don't we take him into the parlour, now that

The daughter laughed indulgently, and took my hat from me. `Well, you're here, now, mother, and if you talk

here, Yulka and I can listen, too. You can show him the parlour after while.' She smiled at me, and went back

to the dishes, with her sister. The little girl with the rag doll found a place on the bottom step of an enclosed

`She's Nina, after Nina Harling,' Antonia explained. `Ain't her eyes like Nina's? I declare, Jim, I loved you

children almost as much as I love my own. These children know all about you and Charley and Sally, like as

if they'd grown up with you. I can't think of what I want to say, you've got me so stirred up. And then, I've

forgot my English so. I don't often talk it any more. I tell the children I used to speak real well.' She said they

always spoke Bohemian at home. The little ones could not speak English at alldidn't learn it until they

`I can't believe it's you, sitting here, in my own kitchen. You wouldn't have known me, would you, Jim?

You've kept so young, yourself. But it's easier for a man. I can't see how my Anton looks any older than the

day I married him. His teeth have kept so nice. I haven't got many left. But I feel just as young as I used to,

and I can do as much work. Oh, we don't have to work so hard now! We've got plenty to help us, papa and

When I told her I had no children, she seemed embarrassed. `Oh, ain't that too bad! Maybe you could take

one of my bad ones, now? That Leo; he's the worst of all.' She leaned toward me with a smile. `And I love

Antonia threw up her head and laughed. `I can't help it. You know I do. Maybe it's because he came on Easter

I was thinking, as I watched her, how little it mattered about her teeth, for instance. I know so many

women who have kept all the things that she had lost, but whose inner glow has faded. Whatever else was

gone, Antonia had not lost the fire of life. Her skin, so brown and hardened, had not that look of flabbiness,

While we were talking, the little boy whom they called Jan came in and sat down on the step beside Nina,

under the hood of the stairway. He wore a funny long gingham apron, like a smock, over his trousers, and his

hair was clipped so short that his head looked white and naked. He watched us out of his big, sorrowful grey

`He wants to tell you about the dog, mother. They found it dead,' Anna said, as she passed us on her way to

Antonia beckoned the boy to her. He stood by her chair, leaning his elbows on her knees and twisting her

apron strings in his slender fingers, while he told her his story softly in Bohemian, and the tears brimmed

over and hung on his long lashes. His mother listened, spoke soothingly to him and in a whisper promised

him something that made him give her a quick, teary smile. He slipped away and whispered his secret to

When Anna finished her work and had washed her hands, she came and stood behind her mother's chair.

We started off across the yard with the children at our heels. The boys were standing by the windmill, talking

about the dog; some of them ran ahead to open the cellar door. When we descended, they all came down after

Ambrosch, the thoughtfullooking one who had directed me down by the plum bushes, called my attention to

the stout brick walls and the cement floor. `Yes, it is a good way from the house,' he admitted. `But, you see,

in winter there are nearly always some of us around to come out and get things.'

Anna and Yulka showed me three small barrels; one full of dill pickles, one full of chopped pickles, and one

`You wouldn't believe, Jim, what it takes to feed them all!' their mother exclaimed. `You ought to see the

bread we bake on Wednesdays and Saturdays! It's no wonder their poor papa can't get rich, he has to buy so

much sugar for us to preserve with. We have our own wheat ground for flourbut then there's that much less

Nina and Jan, and a little girl named Lucie, kept shyly pointing out to me the shelves of glass jars. They said

nothing, but, glancing at me, traced on the glass with their fingertips the outline of the cherries and

strawberries and crabapples within, trying by a blissful expression of countenance to give me some idea of

`Show him the spiced plums, mother. Americans don't have those,' said one of the older boys. `Mother uses

I turned to him. `You think I don't know what kolaches are, eh? You're mistaken, young man. I've eaten your

We turned to leave the cave; Antonia and I went up the stairs first, and the children waited. We were standing

outside talking, when they all came running up the steps together, big and little, tow heads and gold heads

and brown, and flashing little naked legs; a veritable explosion of life out of the dark cave into the sunlight. It

The boys escorted us to the front of the house, which I hadn't yet seen; in farmhouses, somehow, life comes

and goes by the back door. The roof was so steep that the eaves were not much above the forest of tall

hollyhocks, now brown and in seed. Through July, Antonia said, the house was buried in them; the

Bohemians, I remembered, always planted hollyhocks. The front yard was enclosed by a thorny locust hedge,

and at the gate grew two silvery, mothlike trees of the mimosa family. From here one looked down over the

cattleyards, with their two long ponds, and over a wide stretch of stubble which they told me was a ryefield

At some distance behind the house were an ash grove and two orchards: a cherry orchard, with gooseberry

and currant bushes between the rows, and an apple orchard, sheltered by a high hedge from the hot winds.

The older children turned back when we reached the hedge, but Jan and Nina and Lucie crept through it by a

As we walked through the apple orchard, grown up in tall bluegrass, Antonia kept stopping to tell me about

one tree and another. `I love them as if they were people,' she said, rubbing her hand over the bark. `There

wasn't a tree here when we first came. We planted every one, and used to carry water for them, tooafter

we'd been working in the fields all day. Anton, he was a city man, and he used to get discouraged. But I

couldn't feel so tired that I wouldn't fret about these trees when there was a dry time. They were on my mind

like children. Many a night after he was asleep I've got up and come out and carried water to the poor things.

And now, you see, we have the good of them. My man worked in the orange groves in Florida, and he knows

all about grafting. There ain't one of our neighbours has an orchard that bears like ours.'

In the middle of the orchard we came upon a grape arbour, with seats built along the sides and a warped

plank table. The three children were waiting for us there. They looked up at me bashfully and made some

`They want me to tell you how the teacher has the school picnic here every year. These don't go to school yet,

After I had admired the arbour sufficiently, the youngsters ran away to an open place where there was a

rough jungle of French pinks, and squatted down among them, crawling about and measuring with a string.

`Jan wants to bury his dog there,' Antonia explained. `I had to tell him he could. He's kind of like Nina

Harling; you remember how hard she used to take little things? He has funny notions, like her.'

We sat down and watched them. Antonia leaned her elbows on the table. There was the deepest peace in that

orchard. It was surrounded by a triple enclosure; the wire fence, then the hedge of thorny locusts, then the

mulberry hedge which kept out the hot winds of summer and held fast to the protecting snows of winter. The

hedges were so tall that we could see nothing but the blue sky above them, neither the barn roof nor the

windmill. The afternoon sun poured down on us through the drying grape leaves. The orchard seemed full of

sun, like a cup, and we could smell the ripe apples on the trees. The crabs hung on the branches as thick as

beads on a string, purplered, with a thin silvery glaze over them. Some hens and ducks had crept through the

hedge and were pecking at the fallen apples. The drakes were handsome fellows, with pinkish grey bodies,

their heads and necks covered with iridescent green feathers which grew close and full, changing to blue like

a peacock's neck. Antonia said they always reminded her of soldierssome uniform she had seen in the old

`Are there any quail left now?' I asked. I reminded her how she used to go hunting with me the last summer

before we moved to town. `You weren't a bad shot, Tony. Do you remember how you used to want to run

`I know, but I'm afraid to look at a gun now.' She picked up one of the drakes and ruffled his green capote

with her fingers. `Ever since I've had children, I don't like to kill anything. It makes me kind of faint to wring

`I don't know. The young Queen of Italy said the same thing once, to a friend of mine. She used to be a great

She told me how she and her husband had come out to this new country when the farmland was cheap and

could be had on easy payments. The first ten years were a hard struggle. Her husband knew very little about

farming and often grew discouraged. `We'd never have got through if I hadn't been so strong. I've always had

good health, thank God, and I was able to help him in the fields until right up to the time before my babies

came. Our children were good about taking care of each other. Martha, the one you saw when she was a

baby, was such a help to me, and she trained Anna to be just like her. My Martha's married now, and has a

`No, I never got downhearted. Anton's a good man, and I loved my children and always believed they would

turn out well. I belong on a farm. I'm never lonesome here like I used to be in town. You remember what sad

spells I used to have, when I didn't know what was the matter with me? I've never had them out here. And I

don't mind work a bit, if I don't have to put up with sadness.' She leaned her chin on her hand and looked

`Oh, I'm glad I went! I'd never have known anything about cooking or housekeeping if I hadn't. I learned nice

ways at the Harlings', and I've been able to bring my children up so much better. Don't you think they are

pretty wellbehaved for country children? If it hadn't been for what Mrs. Harling taught me, I expect I'd have

brought them up like wild rabbits. No, I'm glad I had a chance to learn; but I'm thankful none of my daughters

will ever have to work out. The trouble with me was, Jim, I never could believe harm of anybody I loved.'

While we were talking, Antonia assured me that she could keep me for the night. `We've plenty of room. Two

of the boys sleep in the haymow till cold weather comes, but there's no need for it. Leo always begs to sleep

`You can do just as you want to. The chest is full of clean blankets, put away for winter. Now I must go, or

As we went toward the house, we met Ambrosch and Anton, starting off with their milkingpails to hunt the

cows. I joined them, and Leo accompanied us at some distance, running ahead and starting up at us out of

I walked between the two older boysstraight, wellmade fellows, with good heads and clear eyes. They

talked about their school and the new teacher, told me about the crops and the harvest, and how many steers

they would feed that winter. They were easy and confidential with me, as if I were an old friend of the

family and not too old. I felt like a boy in their company, and all manner of forgotten interests revived in

me. It seemed, after all, so natural to be walking along a barbedwire fence beside the sunset, toward a red

pond, and to see my shadow moving along at my right, over the closecropped grass.

`Has mother shown you the pictures you sent her from the old country?' Ambrosch asked. `We've had them

framed and they're hung up in the parlour. She was so glad to get them. I don't believe I ever saw her so

pleased about anything.' There was a note of simple gratitude in his voice that made me wish I had given

I put my hand on his shoulder. `Your mother, you know, was very much loved by all of us. She was a

`Oh, we know!' They both spoke together; seemed a little surprised that I should think it necessary to mention

this. `Everybody liked her, didn't they? The Harlings and your grandmother, and all the town people.'

`Sometimes,' I ventured, `it doesn't occur to boys that their mother was ever young and pretty.'

`Oh, we know!' they said again, warmly. `She's not very old now,' Ambrosch added. `Not much older than

`Well,' I said, `if you weren't nice to her, I think I'd take a club and go for the whole lot of you. I couldn't

stand it if you boys were inconsiderate, or thought of her as if she were just somebody who looked after you.

You see I was very much in love with your mother once, and I know there's nobody like her.'

`She never told us that,' said Anton. `But she's always talked lots about you, and about what good times you

used to have. She has a picture of you that she cut out of the Chicago paper once, and Leo says he recognized

you when you drove up to the windmill. You can't tell about Leo, though; sometimes he likes to be smart.'

We brought the cows home to the corner nearest the barn, and the boys milked them while night came on.

Everything was as it should be: the strong smell of sunflowers and ironweed in the dew, the clear blue and

gold of the sky, the evening star, the purr of the milk into the pails, the grunts and squeals of the pigs fighting

over their supper. I began to feel the loneliness of the farmboy at evening, when the chores seem

What a tableful we were at supper: two long rows of restless heads in the lamplight, and so many eyes

fastened excitedly upon Antonia as she sat at the head of the table, filling the plates and starting the dishes on

their way. The children were seated according to a system; a little one next an older one, who was to watch

over his behaviour and to see that he got his food. Anna and Yulka left their chairs from time to time to bring

After supper we went into the parlour, so that Yulka and Leo could play for me. Antonia went first, carrying

the lamp. There were not nearly chairs enough to go round, so the younger children sat down on the bare

floor. Little Lucie whispered to me that they were going to have a parlour carpet if they got ninety cents for

their wheat. Leo, with a good deal of fussing, got out his violin. It was old Mr. Shimerda's instrument, which

Antonia had always kept, and it was too big for him. But he played very well for a selftaught boy. Poor

Yulka's efforts were not so successful. While they were playing, little Nina got up from her corner, came out

into the middle of the floor, and began to do a pretty little dance on the boards with her bare feet. No one paid

the least attention to her, and when she was through she stole back and sat down by her brother.

Antonia spoke to Leo in Bohemian. He frowned and wrinkled up his face. He seemed to be trying to pout, but

his attempt only brought out dimples in unusual places. After twisting and screwing the keys, he played some

Bohemian airs, without the organ to hold him back, and that went better. The boy was so restless that I had

not had a chance to look at his face before. My first impression was right; he really was faunlike. He hadn't

much head behind his ears, and his tawny fleece grew down thick to the back of his neck. His eyes were not

frank and wide apart like those of the other boys, but were deepset, goldgreen in colour, and seemed

sensitive to the light. His mother said he got hurt oftener than all the others put together. He was always

trying to ride the colts before they were broken, teasing the turkey gobbler, seeing just how much red the bull

After the concert was over, Antonia brought out a big boxful of photographs: she and Anton in their wedding

clothes, holding hands; her brother Ambrosch and his very fat wife, who had a farm of her own, and who

bossed her husband, I was delighted to hear; the three Bohemian Marys and their large families.

`You wouldn't believe how steady those girls have turned out,' Antonia remarked. `Mary Svoboda's the best

buttermaker in all this country, and a fine manager. Her children will have a grand chance.'

As Antonia turned over the pictures the young Cuzaks stood behind her chair, looking over her shoulder with

interested faces. Nina and Jan, after trying to see round the taller ones, quietly brought a chair, climbed up on

it, and stood close together, looking. The little boy forgot his shyness and grinned delightedly when familiar

faces came into view. In the group about Antonia I was conscious of a kind of physical harmony. They leaned

this way and that, and were not afraid to touch each other. They contemplated the photographs with pleased

recognition; looked at some admiringly, as if these characters in their mother's girlhood had been remarkable

people. The little children, who could not speak English, murmured comments to each other in their rich old

Antonia held out a photograph of Lena that had come from San Francisco last Christmas. `Does she still look

like that? She hasn't been home for six years now.' Yes, it was exactly like Lena, I told her; a comely woman,

a trifle too plump, in a hat a trifle too large, but with the old lazy eyes, and the old dimpled ingenuousness

There was a picture of Frances Harling in a befrogged riding costume that I remembered well. `Isn't she fine!'

the girls murmured. They all assented. One could see that Frances had come down as a heroine in the family

`And there's Mr. Harling, in his grand fur coat. He was awfully rich, wasn't he, mother?'

`He wasn't any Rockefeller,' put in Master Leo, in a very low tone, which reminded me of the way in which

Mrs. Shimerda had once said that my grandfather `wasn't Jesus.' His habitual scepticism was like a direct

Leo poked out a supple red tongue at him, but a moment later broke into a giggle at a tintype of two men,

uncomfortably seated, with an awkwardlooking boy in baggy clothes standing between them: Jake and Otto

and I! We had it taken, I remembered, when we went to Black Hawk on the first Fourth of July I spent in

Nebraska. I was glad to see Jake's grin again, and Otto's ferocious moustaches. The young Cuzaks knew all

`Wasn't they good fellows, Jim?' Antonia's eyes filled. `To this day I'm ashamed because I quarrelled with

Jake that way. I was saucy and impertinent to him, Leo, like you are with people sometimes, and I wish

`We aren't through with you, yet,' they warned me. They produced a photograph taken just before I went

away to college: a tall youth in striped trousers and a straw hat, trying to look easy and jaunty.

`Tell us, Mr. Burden,' said Charley, `about the rattler you killed at the dogtown. How long was he?

These children seemed to be upon very much the same terms with Antonia as the Harling children had been

so many years before. They seemed to feel the same pride in her, and to look to her for stories and

It was eleven o'clock when I at last took my bag and some blankets and started for the barn with the boys.

Their mother came to the door with us, and we tarried for a moment to look out at the white slope of the

corral and the two ponds asleep in the moonlight, and the long sweep of the pasture under the starsprinkled

The boys told me to choose my own place in the haymow, and I lay down before a big window, left open in

warm weather, that looked out into the stars. Ambrosch and Leo cuddled up in a haycave, back under the

eaves, and lay giggling and whispering. They tickled each other and tossed and tumbled in the hay; and then,

all at once, as if they had been shot, they were still. There was hardly a minute between giggles and bland

I lay awake for a long while, until the slowmoving moon passed my window on its way up the heavens. I

was thinking about Antonia and her children; about Anna's solicitude for her, Ambrosch's grave affection,

Leo's jealous, animal little love. That moment, when they all came tumbling out of the cave into the light,

was a sight any man might have come far to see. Antonia had always been one to leave images in the mind

that did not fadethat grew stronger with time. In my memory there was a succession of such pictures, fixed

there like the old woodcuts of one's first primer: Antonia kicking her bare legs against the sides of my pony

when we came home in triumph with our snake; Antonia in her black shawl and fur cap, as she stood by her

father's grave in the snowstorm; Antonia coming in with her workteam along the evening skyline. She lent

herself to immemorial human attitudes which we recognize by instinct as universal and true. I had not been

mistaken. She was a battered woman now, not a lovely girl; but she still had that something which fires the

imagination, could still stop one's breath for a moment by a look or gesture that somehow revealed the

meaning in common things. She had only to stand in the orchard, to put her hand on a little crab tree and look

up at the apples, to make you feel the goodness of planting and tending and harvesting at last. All the strong

things of her heart came out in her body, that had been so tireless in serving generous emotions.

It was no wonder that her sons stood tall and straight. She was a rich mine of life, like the founders of early

WHEN I AWOKE IN THE morning, long bands of sunshine were coming in at the window and reaching

back under the eaves where the two boys lay. Leo was wide awake and was tickling his brother's leg with a

dried coneflower he had pulled out of the hay. Ambrosch kicked at him and turned over. I closed my eyes

and pretended to be asleep. Leo lay on his back, elevated one foot, and began exercising his toes. He picked

up dried flowers with his toes and brandished them in the belt of sunlight. After he had amused himself thus

for some time, he rose on one elbow and began to look at me, cautiously, then critically, blinking his eyes in

the light. His expression was droll; it dismissed me lightly. `This old fellow is no different from other people.

He doesn't know my secret.' He seemed conscious of possessing a keener power of enjoyment than other

people; his quick recognitions made him frantically impatient of deliberate judgments. He always knew what

After dressing in the hay, I washed my face in cold water at the windmill. Breakfast was ready when I entered

the kitchen, and Yulka was baking griddlecakes. The three older boys set off for the fields early. Leo and

Yulka were to drive to town to meet their father, who would return from Wilber on the noon train.

`We'll only have a lunch at noon,' Antonia said, and cook the geese for supper, when our papa will be here. I

wish my Martha could come down to see you. They have a Ford car now, and she don't seem so far away

from me as she used to. But her husband's crazy about his farm and about having everything just right, and

they almost never get away except on Sundays. He's a handsome boy, and he'll be rich some day. Everything

he takes hold of turns out well. When they bring that baby in here, and unwrap him, he looks like a little

prince; Martha takes care of him so beautiful. I'm reconciled to her being away from me now, but at first I

We were alone in the kitchen, except for Anna, who was pouring cream into the churn. She looked up at me.

`Yes, she did. We were just ashamed of mother. She went round crying, when Martha was so happy, and the

Antonia nodded and smiled at herself. `I know it was silly, but I couldn't help it. I wanted her right here.

She'd never been away from me a night since she was born. If Anton had made trouble about her when she

was a baby, or wanted me to leave her with my mother, I wouldn't have married him. I couldn't. But he

`I didn't even know Martha wasn't my full sister until after she was engaged to Joe,' Anna told me.

Toward the middle of the afternoon, the wagon drove in, with the father and the eldest son. I was smoking in

the orchard, and as I went out to meet them, Antonia came running down from the house and hugged the two

`Papa,' interested me, from my first glimpse of him. He was shorter than his older sons; a crumpled little man,

with runover bootheels, and he carried one shoulder higher than the other. But he moved very quickly, and

there was an air of jaunty liveliness about him. He had a strong, ruddy colour, thick black hair, a little

grizzled, a curly moustache, and red lips. His smile showed the strong teeth of which his wife was so proud,

and as he saw me his lively, quizzical eyes told me that he knew all about me. He looked like a humorous

philosopher who had hitched up one shoulder under the burdens of life, and gone on his way having a good

time when he could. He advanced to meet me and gave me a hard hand, burned red on the back and heavily

coated with hair. He wore his Sunday clothes, very thick and hot for the weather, an unstarched white shirt,

and a blue necktie with big white dots, like a little boy's, tied in a flowing bow. Cuzak began at once to talk

`Mama, I wish you had see the lady dance on the slackwire in the street at night. They throw a bright light

on her and she float through the air something beautiful, like a bird! They have a dancing bear, like in the old

country, and twothree merrygoaround, and people in balloons, and what you call the big wheel,

`A Ferris wheel,' Rudolph entered the conversation in a deep baritone voice. He was six foot two, and had a

chest like a young blacksmith. `We went to the big dance in the hall behind the saloon last night, mother, and

I danced with all the girls, and so did father. I never saw so many pretty girls. It was a Bohunk crowd, for

sure. We didn't hear a word of English on the street, except from the show people, did we, papa?'

Cuzak nodded. `And very many send word to you, Antonia. You will excuse'turning to me`if I tell her.'

While we walked toward the house he related incidents and delivered messages in the tongue he spoke

fluently, and I dropped a little behind, curious to know what their relations had becomeor remained. The

two seemed to be on terms of easy friendliness, touched with humour. Clearly, she was the impulse, and he

the corrective. As they went up the hill he kept glancing at her sidewise, to see whether she got his point, or

how she received it. I noticed later that he always looked at people sidewise, as a workhorse does at its

yokemate. Even when he sat opposite me in the kitchen, talking, he would turn his head a little toward the

clock or the stove and look at me from the side, but with frankness and good nature. This trick did not

He had brought a tintype of himself and Rudolph for Antonia's collection, and several paper bags of candy

for the children. He looked a little disappointed when his wife showed him a big box of candy I had got in

Denvershe hadn't let the children touch it the night before. He put his candy away in the cupboard, `for

when she rains,' and glanced at the box, chuckling. `I guess you must have hear about how my family ain't so

Cuzak sat down behind the stove and watched his womenfolk and the little children with equal amusement.

He thought they were nice, and he thought they were funny, evidently. He had been off dancing with the girls

and forgetting that he was an old fellow, and now his family rather surprised him; he seemed to think it a joke

that all these children should belong to him. As the younger ones slipped up to him in his retreat, he kept

taking things out of his pockets; penny dolls, a wooden clown, a balloon pig that was inflated by a whistle.

He beckoned to the little boy they called Jan, whispered to him, and presented him with a paper snake, gently,

so as not to startle him. Looking over the boy's head he said to me, `This one is bashful. He gets left.'

Cuzak had brought home with him a roll of illustrated Bohemian papers. He opened them and began to tell

his wife the news, much of which seemed to relate to one person. I heard the name Vasakova, Vasakova,

repeated several times with lively interest, and presently I asked him whether he were talking about the

`You know? You have heard, maybe?' he asked incredulously. When I assured him that I had heard her, he

pointed out her picture and told me that Vasak had broken her leg, climbing in the Austrian Alps, and would

not be able to fill her engagements. He seemed delighted to find that I had heard her sing in London and in

Vienna; got out his pipe and lit it to enjoy our talk the better. She came from his part of Prague. His father

used to mend her shoes for her when she was a student. Cuzak questioned me about her looks, her popularity,

her voice; but he particularly wanted to know whether I had noticed her tiny feet, and whether I thought she

had saved much money. She was extravagant, of course, but he hoped she wouldn't squander everything, and

have nothing left when she was old. As a young man, working in Wienn, he had seen a good many artists

who were old and poor, making one glass of beer last all evening, and `it was not very nice, that.'

When the boys came in from milking and feeding, the long table was laid, and two brown geese, stuffed with

apples, were put down sizzling before Antonia. She began to carve, and Rudolph, who sat next his mother,

started the plates on their way. When everybody was served, he looked across the table at me.

`Have you been to Black Hawk lately, Mr. Burden? Then I wonder if you've heard about the Cutters?'

`Then you must tell him, son, though it's a terrible thing to talk about at supper. Now, all you children be

Rudolph told his story in great detail, with occasional promptings from his mother or father.

Wick Cutter and his wife had gone on living in the house that Antonia and I knew so well, and in the way we

knew so well. They grew to be very old people. He shrivelled up, Antonia said, until he looked like a little

old yellow monkey, for his beard and his fringe of hair never changed colour. Mrs. Cutter remained flushed

and wildeyed as we had known her, but as the years passed she became afflicted with a shaking palsy which

made her nervous nod continuous instead of occasional. Her hands were so uncertain that she could no longer

disfigure china, poor woman! As the couple grew older, they quarrelled more and more often about the

ultimate disposition of their `property.' A new law was passed in the state, securing the surviving wife a third

of her husband's estate under all conditions. Cutter was tormented by the fear that Mrs. Cutter would live

longer than he, and that eventually her `people,' whom he had always hated so violently, would inherit. Their

quarrels on this subject passed the boundary of the closegrowing cedars, and were heard in the street by

One morning, two years ago, Cutter went into the hardware store and bought a pistol, saying he was going to

shoot a dog, and adding that he `thought he would take a shot at an old cat while he was about it.' (Here the

Cutter went out behind the hardware store, put up a target, practised for an hour or so, and then went home.

At six o'clock that evening, when several men were passing the Cutter house on their way home to supper,

they heard a pistol shot. They paused and were looking doubtfully at one another, when another shot came

crashing through an upstairs window. They ran into the house and found Wick Cutter lying on a sofa in his

upstairs bedroom, with his throat torn open, bleeding on a roll of sheets he had placed beside his head.

`Walk in, gentlemen,' he said weakly. `I am alive, you see, and competent. You are witnesses that I have

survived my wife. You will find her in her own room. Please make your examination at once, so that there

One of the neighbours telephoned for a doctor, while the others went into Mrs. Cutter's room. She was lying

on her bed, in her nightgown and wrapper, shot through the heart. Her husband must have come in while she

was taking her afternoon nap and shot her, holding the revolver near her breast. Her nightgown was burned

The horrified neighbours rushed back to Cutter. He opened his eyes and said distinctly, `Mrs. Cutter is quite

dead, gentlemen, and I am conscious. My affairs are in order.' Then, Rudolph said, `he let go and died.'

On his desk the coroner found a letter, dated at five o'clock that afternoon. It stated that he had just shot his

wife; that any will she might secretly have made would be invalid, as he survived her. He meant to shoot

himself at six o'clock and would, if he had strength, fire a shot through the window in the hope that passersby

`Now, would you have thought that man had such a cruel heart?' Antonia turned to me after the story was

told. `To go and do that poor woman out of any comfort she might have from his money after he was gone!'

`Did you ever hear of anybody else that killed himself for spite, Mr. Burden?' asked Rudolph.

I admitted that I hadn't. Every lawyer learns over and over how strong a motive hate can be, but in my

collection of legal anecdotes I had nothing to match this one. When I asked how much the estate amounted to,

Cuzak gave me a twinkling, sidelong glance. `The lawyers, they got a good deal of it, sure,' he said merrily.

A hundred thousand dollars; so that was the fortune that had been scraped together by such hard dealing, and

After supper Cuzak and I took a stroll in the orchard and sat down by the windmill to smoke. He told me his

His father was a shoemaker, his uncle a furrier, and he, being a younger son, was apprenticed to the latter's

trade. You never got anywhere working for your relatives, he said, so when he was a journeyman he went to

Vienna and worked in a big fur shop, earning good money. But a young fellow who liked a good time didn't

save anything in Vienna; there were too many pleasant ways of spending every night what he'd made in the

day. After three years there, he came to New York. He was badly advised and went to work on furs during a

strike, when the factories were offering big wages. The strikers won, and Cuzak was blacklisted. As he had a

few hundred dollars ahead, he decided to go to Florida and raise oranges. He had always thought he would

like to raise oranges! The second year a hard frost killed his young grove, and he fell ill with malaria. He

came to Nebraska to visit his cousin, Anton Jelinek, and to look about. When he began to look about, he saw

Antonia, and she was exactly the kind of girl he had always been hunting for. They were married at once,

`It was a pretty hard job, breaking up this place and making the first crops grow,' he said, pushing back his

hat and scratching his grizzled hair. `Sometimes I git awful sore on this place and want to quit, but my wife

she always say we better stick it out. The babies come along pretty fast, so it look like it be hard to move,

anyhow. I guess she was right, all right. We got this place clear now. We pay only twenty dollars an acre

then, and I been offered a hundred. We bought another quarter ten years ago, and we got it most paid for. We

got plenty boys; we can work a lot of land. Yes, she is a good wife for a poor man. She ain't always so strict

with me, neither. Sometimes maybe I drink a little too much beer in town, and when I come home she don't

say nothing. She don't ask me no questions. We always get along fine, her and me, like at first. The children

don't make trouble between us, like sometimes happens.' He lit another pipe and pulled on it contentedly.

I found Cuzak a most companionable fellow. He asked me a great many questions about my trip through

`Gee! I like to go back there once, when the boys is big enough to farm the place. Sometimes when I read the

papers from the old country, I pretty near run away,' he confessed with a little laugh. `I never did think how I

He was still, as Antonia said, a city man. He liked theatres and lighted streets and music and a game of

dominoes after the day's work was over. His sociability was stronger than his acquisitive instinct. He liked to

live day by day and night by night, sharing in the excitement of the crowd.Yet his wife had managed to

I could see the little chap, sitting here every evening by the windmill, nursing his pipe and listening to the

silence; the wheeze of the pump, the grunting of the pigs, an occasional squawking when the hens were

disturbed by a rat. It did rather seem to me that Cuzak had been made the instrument of Antonia's special

mission. This was a fine life, certainly, but it wasn't the kind of life he had wanted to live. I wondered

I asked Cuzak if he didn't find it hard to do without the gay company he had always been used to. He

knocked out his pipe against an upright, sighed, and dropped it into his pocket.

`At first I near go crazy with lonesomeness,' he said frankly, `but my woman is got such a warm heart. She

always make it as good for me as she could. Now it ain't so bad; I can begin to have some fun with my boys,

As we walked toward the house, Cuzak cocked his hat jauntily over one ear and looked up at the moon.

`Gee!' he said in a hushed voice, as if he had just wakened up, `it don't seem like I am away from there

AFTER DINNER THE NEXT day I said goodbye and drove back to Hastings to take the train for Black

Hawk. Antonia and her children gathered round my buggy before I started, and even the little ones looked up

at me with friendly faces. Leo and Ambrosch ran ahead to open the lane gate. When I reached the bottom of

the hill, I glanced back. The group was still there by the windmill. Antonia was waving her apron.

At the gate Ambrosch lingered beside my buggy, resting his arm on the wheelrim. Leo slipped through the

`That's like him,' his brother said with a shrug. `He's a crazy kid. Maybe he's sorry to have you go, and maybe

he's jealous. He's jealous of anybody mother makes a fuss over, even the priest.'

I found I hated to leave this boy, with his pleasant voice and his fine head and eyes. He looked very manly as

he stood there without a hat, the wind rippling his shirt about his brown neck and shoulders.

`Don't forget that you and Rudolph are going hunting with me up on the Niobrara next summer,' I said. `Your

He smiled. `I won't likely forget. I've never had such a nice thing offered to me before. I don't know what

He made no answer to this, except to smile at me with unabashed pleasure and affection as I drove away.

My day in Black Hawk was disappointing. Most of my old friends were dead or had moved away. Strange

children, who meant nothing to me, were playing in the Harlings' big yard when I passed; the mountain ash

had been cut down, and only a sprouting stump was left of the tall Lombardy poplar that used to guard the

gate. I hurried on. The rest of the morning I spent with Anton Jelinek, under a shady cottonwood tree in the

yard behind his saloon. While I was having my midday dinner at the hotel, I met one of the old lawyers who

was still in practice, and he took me up to his office and talked over the Cutter case with me. After that, I

I took a long walk north of the town, out into the pastures where the land was so rough that it had never been

ploughed up, and the long red grass of early times still grew shaggy over the draws and hillocks. Out there I

felt at home again. Overhead the sky was that indescribable blue of autumn; bright and shadowless, hard as

enamel. To the south I could see the dunshaded river bluffs that used to look so big to me, and all about

stretched drying cornfields, of the palegold colour, I remembered so well. Russian thistles were blowing

across the uplands and piling against the wire fences like barricades. Along the cattlepaths the plumes of

goldenrod were already fading into sunwarmed velvet, grey with gold threads in it. I had escaped from the

curious depression that hangs over little towns, and my mind was full of pleasant things; trips I meant to take

with the Cuzak boys, in the Bad Lands and up on the Stinking Water. There were enough Cuzaks to play with

for a long while yet. Even after the boys grew up, there would always be Cuzak himself! I meant to tramp

As I wandered over those rough pastures, I had the good luck to stumble upon a bit of the first road that went

from Black Hawk out to the north country; to my grandfather's farm, then on to the Shimerdas' and to the

Norwegian settlement. Everywhere else it had been ploughed under when the highways were surveyed; this

halfmile or so within the pasture fence was all that was left of that old road which used to run like a wild

thing across the open prairie, clinging to the high places and circling and doubling like a rabbit before the

On the level land the tracks had almost disappearedwere mere shadings in the grass, and a stranger would

not have noticed them. But wherever the road had crossed a draw, it was easy to find. The rains had made

channels of the wheelruts and washed them so deeply that the sod had never healed over them. They looked

like gashes torn by a grizzly's claws, on the slopes where the farmwagons used to lurch up out of the

hollows with a pull that brought curling muscles on the smooth hips of the horses. I sat down and watched the

This was the road over which Antonia and I came on that night when we got off the train at Black Hawk and

were bedded down in the straw, wondering children, being taken we knew not whither. I had only to close my

eyes to hear the rumbling of the wagons in the dark, and to be again overcome by that obliterating

strangeness. The feelings of that night were so near that I could reach out and touch them with my hand. I had

the sense of coming home to myself, and of having found out what a little circle man's experience is. For

Antonia and for me, this had been the road of Destiny; had taken us to those early accidents of fortune which

predetermined for us all that we can ever be. Now I understood that the same road was to bring us together

again. Whatever we had missed, we possessed together the precious, the incommunicable past.